Recognizing Stances in Online Debates Debate: iPhone vs. Blackberry iPhone of course. Blackberry is...
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Transcript of Recognizing Stances in Online Debates Debate: iPhone vs. Blackberry iPhone of course. Blackberry is...
Recognizing Stances in Online Debates
Debate: iPhone vs. Blackberry
iPhone of course. Blackberry is now for the senior businessmen market! The iPhone incarnate the 21st century whereas Blackberry symbolizes an outdated technology. The iPhone can reach a very diversified clientele …
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Recognizing Stances in Online Debates
Debate: iPhone vs. Blackberry
iPhone of course. Blackberry is now for the senior businessmen market! The iPhone incarnate the 21st century whereas Blackberry symbolizes an outdated technology. The iPhone can reach a very diversified clientele …
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Side Classification: pro-iPhone stance
Recognizing Stances in Online Debates
Debate: iPhone vs. Blackberry
iPhone of course. Blackberry is now for the senior businessmen market! The iPhone incarnate the 21st century whereas Blackberry symbolizes an outdated technology. The iPhone can reach a very diversified clientele …
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Arguing why their stance is correct
Recognizing Stances in Online Debates
Debate: iPhone vs. Blackberry
iPhone of course. Blackberry is now for the senior businessmen market! The iPhone incarnate the 21st century whereas Blackberry symbolizes an outdated technology. The iPhone can reach a very diversified clientele …
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Justifying why the opposite side is not good
ACL 2009 [email protected]
http://www.convinceme.net/
ACL 2009 [email protected]
http://www.convinceme.net/
Side Classification: pro-iPhone stance Side Classification: pro-
Blackberry stance
Side Classification: pro-iPhone stance
Topics:1. iPhone2. Blackberry
Sides/ Stances:1. Pro-iPhone2. Pro-Blackberry
Dual-topic, Dual-sided debates regarding Named Entities
Goal
Debate stance recognition using opinion analysis
Learn debating preferences from the web
Exploited in an unsupervised approach Combines the individual pieces of information to
classify the overall stance
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Challenges
ACL 2009 [email protected]
The iPhone incarnate the 21st century whereas Blackberry symbolizes an outdated technology
Challenges
ACL 2009 [email protected]
The iPhone incarnate the 21st century whereas Blackberry symbolizes an outdated technology
Positive and negative opinions are employed to argue for a side
Side Classification: pro-iPhone stance
Challenges
ACL 2009 [email protected]
The iPhone incarnate the 21st century whereas Blackberry symbolizes an outdated technology
Positive and negative opinions are employed to argue for a side
Opinions towards both topics within a post
Side Classification: pro-iPhone stance
Challenges
ACL 2009 [email protected]
The iPhone incarnate the 21st century whereas Blackberry symbolizes an outdated technology
Positive and negative opinions are employed to argue for a side
Opinions towards both topics within a post
Side Classification: pro-iPhone stance
+ towards iPhone
- towards Blackberry
Challenges
ACL 2009 [email protected]
The iPhone incarnate the 21st century whereas Blackberry symbolizes an outdated technology
Positive and negative opinions are employed to argue for a side
Opinions towards both topics within a post
Side Classification: pro-iPhone stance
+ towards iPhone
- towards Blackberry
We need to consider not only positive and negative opinionsbut also what they are about (targets)
Challenges
Pro-blackberry
The Pearl does music and video nicely …
First, you still can't beat the full QWERTY keyboard for quick, effortless typing.
Pro-iPhone
Well, Apple has always been a well known company.
Its MAC OS is also a unique thing.
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Challenges
Pro-blackberry
The Pearl does music and video nicely …
First, you still can't beat the full QWERTY keyboard for quick, effortless typing.
Pro-iPhone
Well, Apple has always been a well known company.
Its MAC OS is also a unique thing.
Debate topics are evoked in a variety of ways: Opinions explicitly toward the named topics are not enough
Type of Blackberry
Feature of Blackberry
Maker of iPhone
Feature of iPhone
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Challenges
Pro-blackberry
The Pearl does music and video nicely …
First, you still can't beat the full QWERTY keyboard for quick, effortless typing.
Pro-iPhone
Well, Apple has always been a well known company.
Its MAC OS is also a unique thing.
We need to consider not only opinions towards topics,But also opinions towards aspects
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Challenges
Pro-blackberry
The Pearl does music and video nicely …
First, you still can't beat the full QWERTY keyboard for quick, effortless typing.
Pro-iPhone
Well, Apple has always been a well known company.
Its MAC OS is also a unique thing.
We need to consider not only opinions towards topics,But also opinions towards aspects
Unique Aspects
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Challenges
iPhone and Blackberry, both Have e-mail facilities Can be used to take photos Operate on batteries Etc.
Both sides share aspects
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Challenges
… I love the ability to receive emails from my work account…
ACL 2009 [email protected]
People expressing positive opinions regarding emails (generally) prefer Blackberry
Challenges
… I love the ability to receive emails from my work account…
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Certain shared aspects may be perceived to be better in one side• Email on Blackberry
Value for shared aspects depends on personal preferences• Emailing – pro-Blackberry people will argue via Email+
• That is, Email+ is often a strategy for arguing for the pro-Blackberry stance.
• Or, Browsing+ for iPhone
Challenges
… I love the ability to receive emails from my work account…
ACL 2009 [email protected]
We need to find what a preference/dislike for an individual target means towards the debate stance as a whole
Challenges
While the iPhone looks nice and does play a decent amount of music, it can't compare in functionality to the BB.
Concessionary opinions can be misleading
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Side Classification: pro-Blackberry stance
Challenges
While the iPhone looks nice and does play a decent amount of music, it can't compare in functionality to the BB.
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Side Classification: pro-Blackberry stance
We need to detect and handle concessionary opinions
Challenges: Summary
For debate stance recognition we need to:
Consider not only positive and negative opinions, but also what they are about (targets).
Consider not only opinions towards topics, but also opinions towards aspects
Find what a preference/dislike for an individual target means towards the debate stance as a whole
Detect and handle concessionary opinions
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Challenges: Summary
For debate stance recognition we need to:
Consider not only positive and negative opinions, but also what they are about (targets).
Consider not only opinions towards topics, but also opinions towards aspects
Find what a preference/dislike for an individual target means towards the debate stance as a whole
Detect and handle concessionary opinions
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Turney, 2002; Pang et al, 2002; Dave et al, 2003; Yu and Hatzivassiloglou, 2003, Pang and Lee 2005, Wilson et al 2005, Goldberg and Zhu, 2006, Kim and Hovy 2006 …
Challenges: Summary
For debate stance recognition we need to:
Consider not only positive and negative opinions, but also what they are about (targets).
Consider not only opinions towards topics, but also opinions towards aspects
Find what a preference/dislike for an individual target means towards the debate stance as a whole
Detect and handle concessionary opinions
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Hu and Liu, 2004; Popescu and Etzioni., 2005; Bloom et al. 2007, Stoyanov and Cardie 2008; Xu et al., 2008 …
For debate stance recognition we need to:
Consider not only positive and negative opinions, but also what they are about (targets).
Consider not only opinions towards topics, but also opinions towards aspects
Find what a preference/dislike for an individual target means towards the debate stance as a whole
Detect and handle concessionary opinions
Our Approach
ACL 2009 [email protected]
For debate stance recognition we need to:
Consider not only positive and negative opinions, but also what they are about (targets).
Consider not only opinions towards topics, but also opinions towards aspects
Find what a preference/dislike for an individual target means towards the debate stance as a whole
Detect and handle concessionary opinions
Our Approach
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Adopting from previous work,Opinion-target pairing using
Opinion Lexicons and Syntactic rules
For debate stance recognition we need to:
Consider not only positive and negative opinions, but also what they are about (targets).
Consider not only opinions towards topics, but also opinions towards aspects
Find what a preference/dislike for an individual target means towards the debate stance as a whole
Detect and handle concessionary opinions
Our Approach
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Unsupervised system Learn Associations from web and incorporate
these towards stance recognition
Adopting from previous work,Opinion-target pairing using
Opinion Lexicons and Syntactic rules
For debate stance recognition we need to:
Consider not only positive and negative opinions, but also what they are about (targets).
Consider not only opinions towards topics, but also opinions towards aspects
Find what a preference/dislike for an individual target means towards the debate stance as a whole
Detect and handle concessionary opinions
Our Approach
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Unsupervised system Learn Associations from web and incorporate
these towards stance recognition
Adopting from previous work,Opinion-target pairing using
Opinion Lexicons and Syntactic rules
Rule-based Concession Handler using PDTB connectives
Methodology
Learn associations from web data (weblogs) Process the web data to
Find opinion-target pairs Associate opinion-target pairs with each debate side
Utilize the associations to classify debate posts Process the debate posts to
Find opinion-target pairs in the post Handle concessionary opinions Optimize over all opinion-targets for a post-level stance
classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Methodology
Learn associations from web data (weblogs) Process the web data to
Find opinion-target pairs Associate opinion-target pairs with each debate side
Utilize the associations to classify debate posts Process the debate posts to
Find opinion-target pairs in the post Handle concessionary opinions Optimize over all opinion targets for a post-level stance
classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Yahoo search engine API
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Weblogs containing both topics
Yahoo search engine API
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Weblogs containing both topics Par
ser
Stanford parser
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Weblogs containing both topics Par
ser
Parsed web documents
Stanford parser
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Weblogs containing both topics Par
ser
Parsed web documents
Opinion-target pairing
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Weblogs containing both topics Par
ser
Parsed web documents
Opinion-target pairing
Lexicon
like: +hate: -
Wilson et al., 2005
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Weblogs containing both topics Par
ser
Parsed web documents
Opinion-target pairing
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
like = +hate = -
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Weblogs containing both topics Par
ser
Parsed web documents
Opinion-target pairing
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
like = +hate = -
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Weblogs containing both topics Par
ser
Parsed web documents
Opinion-target pairing
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Associations with topic-
polarity
like = +hate = -
Topic1+
Topic1-Topic2-
Topic2+
targetj+
what does a positive opinion towards a target mean with respect to positive or negative opinions regarding either of the topics
Associations with topic-polarity
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Associations with topic-polarity
For each opinion-topic pair (topic1+, topic1-, topic2+, and topic2-) found in the web document
Find other opinion target pairs (targetjp) in its vicinity
For each opinion-target (targetjp) calculate its
association with each of the opinion-topics P(topic1+|targetj+)
P(topic1-|targetj+)
P(topic2+|targetj+)
P(topic2-|targetj+)
ACL 2009 [email protected]
P(iPhone+ |email+)
P(iPhone- |email+)
P(BB+ |email+)
P(BB- |email+)
Methodology: Learning associations
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Web search engine
Debate title
Topic1 = iPhoneTopic2 = BB
Weblogs containing both topics Par
ser
Parsed web documents
Opinion-target pairing
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Associations with topic-
polarity
P(iPhone- |email+)
P(BB- |email+)
P(iPhone+ |email+)
P(BB+ |email+)
like = +hate = -
Blackberry+
Blackberry-iPhone-
iPhone+
Storm- 0.062
0.8430.06
0.03
Associations with topic-polarity
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Methodology
Learn associations from web data (weblogs) Process the web data to
Find opinion-target pairs Associate opinion-target pairs with each debate side
Utilize the associations to classify debate posts Process the debate posts to
Find opinion-target pairs in the post Handle concessionary opinions Optimize over all opinion targets for a post-level stance
classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Methodology: Stance Classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate PostDebate
PostDebate Post
Par
ser
Debate PostDebate
PostParsed Debate Post
Methodology: Stance Classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate PostDebate
PostDebate Post
Par
ser
Debate PostDebate
PostParsed Debate Post
Opinion-target
pairing in the post
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Methodology: Stance Classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate PostDebate
PostDebate Post
Par
ser
Debate PostDebate
PostParsed Debate Post
Opinion-target
pairing in the post
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Association lookup, Side
Mapping
Methodology: Stance Classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate PostDebate
PostDebate Post
Par
ser
Debate PostDebate
PostParsed Debate Post
Opinion-target
pairing in the post
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Association lookup, Side
Mapping
P(iPhone- |email+)P(BB- |email+)P(iPhone+ |email+)P(BB+ |email+)
Topic1+
Topic1-Topic2-
Topic2+
target+
Association of positive opinion towards a target to positive or negative opinions regarding either of the topics
Association Lookup
0.1
0.05
0.5
0.35
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Side-1 Side-2
Topic1+
Topic1-Topic2-
Topic2+
target+
Side-1 = Topic1+ alternatively Topic2-Side-2 =Topic2+ alternatively Topic1-
Association Lookup, Side Mapping
0.1
0.05
0.5
0.35
ACL 2009 [email protected]
target+Side-1 Side-2
0.150.85
Association of positive opinion towards a target to both of the stances
Association Lookup, Side Mapping
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Methodology: Stance Classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate PostDebate
PostDebate Post
Par
ser
Debate PostDebate
PostParsed Debate Post
Opinion-target
pairingin the post
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Association lookup, Side
Mapping
P(iPhone- |email+)P(BB- |email+)P(iPhone+ |email+)P(BB+ |email+)
Methodology: Stance Classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate PostDebate
PostDebate Post
Par
ser
Debate PostDebate
PostParsed Debate Post
Opinion-target
pairingin the post
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Association lookup, Side
Mapping
P(iPhone- |email+)P(BB- |email+)P(iPhone+ |email+)P(BB+ |email+) Assoc(Side-1,
email+)Assoc(Side-2, email+)
Methodology: Stance Classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate PostDebate
PostDebate Post
Par
ser
Debate PostDebate
PostParsed Debate Post
Opinion-target
pairing in the post
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Association lookup, Side
Mapping
P(iPhone- |email+)P(BB- |email+)P(iPhone+ |email+)P(BB+ |email+)
Concession Handling
Assoc(Side-1, email+)Assoc(Side-2, email+)
Concession Handling
Detecting concessionary opinions
Find Concession indicators Discourse connectives from Penn Discourse Treebank
(Prasad et al., 2007)
Use simple rules to find the conceded part of the sentence While the iPhone looks nice and does play a decent amount
of music, it can't compare in functionality to the BB.
I like my music, and phone, but I don't want to carry a brick around in my pocket when I only need my phone.
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Concession Handling
I like my music, and phone, but I don't want to carry a brick around in my pocket when I only need my phone.
Conceded opinions music+ phone+
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Side-2Pro-Iphone
Side-1Pro-Blackberry
music+
phone+
1.0
0.5090.45
Original associations learnt from the web
Concession Handling
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Side-2Pro-Iphone
Side-1Pro-Blackberry
music+
phone+
1.0
0.509 0.45
Concession Handling
Associations after concession handling
Conceded opinions are counted for the opposite side
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Methodology: Stance Classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate PostDebate
PostDebate Post
Par
ser
Debate PostDebate
PostParsed Debate Post
Opinion-target
pairing in the post
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Association lookup, Side
Mapping
P(iPhone- |email+)P(BB- |email+)P(iPhone+ |email+)P(BB+ |email+)
Concession Handling
Post-level associationaggregation
Assoc(Side-1, email+)Assoc(Side-2, email+)
Side-2Pro-Iphone
Side-1Pro-
Blackberry
Aggregation
target1+
target2+
target3+
target4+
Each opinion-target pair in the post has a bias toward one or the side
0.9
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.5
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Side-2Pro-Iphone
Side-1Pro-
Blackberry
Aggregation
target1+
target2+
target3+
target4+
Each opinion-target pair in the post has a bias toward one or the other side
Optimize the post classification such that The side assigned to the post maximizes the association value of the post
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Methodology: Stance Classification
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Debate PostDebate
PostDebate Post
Par
ser
Debate PostDebate
PostParsed Debate Post
Opinion-target
pairing in the post
Lexicon
Syntactic Rules
I like email = email+
Association lookup, Side
Mapping
P(iPhone- |email+)P(BB- |email+)P(iPhone+ |email+)P(BB+ |email+)
Concession Handling
Post-level associationaggregation
Side= pro-Topic1
Assoc(Side-1, email+)Assoc(Side-2, email+)
Blackberry+
Blackberry-iPhone-
iPhone+
Storm- 0.062
0.8430.06
0.03
Associations learnt from web data
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Blackberry+
Blackberry-iPhone-
iPhone+
Storm+ 0.227
0.068
0.022
0.613
Associations learnt from web data
Both OpPMI, and Op-Pref agree with each other;Both learnt the IS-A relationship
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Blackberry+
Blackberry-iPhone-
iPhone+
Keyboard+
0.718
0.0
0.12
0.09
Associations learnt from web data
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Blackberry+
Blackberry-iPhone-
iPhone+
Keyboard- 0.25
0.25
0.125
0.375
Associations learnt from web data
Negative opinions towards keyboards are not useful for side discrimination
0.5 0.5
ACL 2009 [email protected]
Summing Up
Looked at several tasks ranging from purely lexical to discourse classification Identify subjective words Classify their senses as subjective or objective Recognize, in a text or conversation, whether a word
is used with a subjective or objective sense Sense-aware contextual subjectivity and sentiment
analysis Contextual polarity recognition Discourse-Level Opinion Interpretation
Many ambiguities are involved in interpreting subjective language!
Summing Up
Many other ambiguities than these! Sarcasm and Irony
Yeah, he’s just wonderful. You’re no different from the mob! Oh, there’s a big
difference, Mrs. De Marco. The mob is run by murdering, thieving, lying, cheating psychopaths. We work for the President of the United States. [Married to the Mob]
Literal versus non-literal language He is a pain in the neck
Pointers
Please see http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~wiebe Publications OpinionFinder Subjectivity lexicon MPQA manually annotated corpus Tutorials Bibliography
Acknowledgements
Subjectivity Research Group, Pittsburgh Cem Akkaya, Yaw Gyamfi, Paul Hoffman, Josef Ruppenhofer, Swapna
Somasundaran, Theresa Wilson
Cornell: Claire Cardie, Eric Breck, Yejin Choi, Ves Stoyanov
Utah: Ellen Riloff, Sidd Patwardhan, Bill Phillips
UNT: Rada Mihalcea, Carmen Banea
NLP@Pitt: Wendy Chapman, Rebecca Hwa, Pam Jordan, Diane Litman, …
Thank you
ACL 2009 [email protected]