Recognizing And Responding To Acute Seizures
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Transcript of Recognizing And Responding To Acute Seizures
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Recognizing And RespondingTo Acute Seizures
Bernard S. Chang, M.D.Assistant Professor of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolComprehensive Epilepsy CenterBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
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Outline
Definitions and epidemiology
Seizures as a complication of TMS
Differential diagnosis and seizure types
Responding acutely to seizures
Diagnostic workup and management
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Seizures are defined by pathophysiology,not by specific symptoms
Seizure A clinical episode of neurologic dysfunction
caused by the abnormal hypersynchronous activity of a group of neurons
Epilepsy Any disorder characterized by a tendency
toward recurrent, unprovoked seizures In practice, diagnosed after two unprovoked
seizures
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Seizures and epilepsy are quite common
Prevalence of epilepsy in the general population is about 0.5%, or 1 in 200 persons
Cumulative lifetime incidence of one or more seizures is 5-10%, including febrile seizures
Annegers, 2001
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The incidence of epilepsy is highestin the young and in the old
Stephen and Brodie, 2000
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Seizures are rare in the setting of TMS…
1 stroke patient out of 150 developed a seizure within 30 secs after TMS (Homberg and Netz, 1989)
2 healthy subjects out of 9 developed seizures acutely during TMS (stimulation frequency 10 Hz, 25 Hz) (Pascual-Leone et al., 1993)
Classen et al., 1995
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…even in patients with known epilepsy…
Schrader et al., 2004
All were typical seizures followed by typical recovery Impossible to be certain about their relationship to TMS No long-lasting adverse effects
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…and even in those with known epilepsy undergoing rTMS
Crude risk of induced seizures in patients with known epilepsy during a rTMS session estimated to be 1.4%
Only one reported case of an atypical seizure, apparently arising from stimulation site (16 Hz)
No instances of status epilepticus
Almost all reported seizures predate the advent of current safety guidelines
Bae et al., 2007
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But seizures are still important to learn about
They are the most dramatic and medically dangerous acute complication of TMS
IRB/ethics boards expect them to be addressed as a risk of TMS research
The world of TMS research has expanded:
To researchers who are not physicians or who are not familiar with clinical neurological disorders
To labs that are not located proximate to medical facilities To subject populations with known epilepsy or with
neurological disorders that have an increased risk of seizures
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Seizures can be classified by type
Partial-onset Simple partial Complex partial
Generalized-onset Generalized tonic-clonic Absence Myoclonic
All partial-onset seizures can become secondarily generalized
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Netter F, Ciba collection of medical illustrations
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Netter F, Ciba collection of medical illustrations
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Netter F, Ciba collection of medical illustrations
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Most seizures in adults are partial-onset
Holt-Seitz et al., 1999Seizure types in the elderly population
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There is little to do acutelyfor most types of seizures
Absence, myoclonic, simple partial seizures Usually no intervention necessary except reassurance
when event ends
Complex partial seizures Allow event to run its course while preventing patient from
encountering harm Patients may become hostile or violent if actively
restrained
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Some standard measures are taken for generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Cushion Head Loosen Necktie
Turn On Side Nothing In Mouth
Look For ID Don't Hold Down
As Seizure Ends ...Offer HelpEpilepsy Foundation
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Life-threatening complicationsof isolated seizures are rare
Vast majority of generalized tonic-clonic seizures last less than 120 seconds
Emesis, aspiration, face-down positioning
Cardiac arrest or prolonged respiratory arrest
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How do I work up a possible seizure?
History Details of the event Past history of seizure-like symptoms or similar events History of head trauma, febrile seizures, CNS infection Family history of seizures
Exam General exam: evidence of head injury, meningismus,
tongue bite Neurologic exam: evidence suggesting a focal brain
lesion Labs
Evidence of infection or metabolic disturbance: CBC, electrolytes, toxicologic screen, drug levels
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Many paroxysmal events can appear similar to seizures clinically
Seizure TIA Confusion/delirium Syncope / orthostatic hypotension Medication side effects Cardiac arrhythmia Migraine (without headache) Hallucinations from sensory deprivation Myoclonus Transient global amnesia Vertigo
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The initial clinical diagnosis is basedon some distinguishing features
Sudden onset Possible warning / “aura” Minutes-long, with possible postictal state Altered consciousness Automatisms “Positive” neurological symptoms
Sudden onset Minutes-long, with rapid recovery Focal neurological deficit Preserved consciousness “Negative” neurological symptoms
Seizure TIA
Waxing and waning Inattention No focal neurological deficit Drowsiness / decreased alertness / delirium Asterixis / myoclonus
Gradual onset Presyncopal warning Change in color / appearance Brief loss of consciousness, with
rapid recovery Loss of tone
Syncope Acute confusion
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What about the neurology triad?
MRI / CT All new partial-onset seizure patients should have a
nonurgent MRI If acute neurologic lesion is suspected, obtain an urgent
CT or MRI
EEG Most new seizure patients should have an EEG Can help to clarify partial- vs. generalized-onset and
prognosticate risk of recurrence
LP Does not need to be automatically performed after any
unexplained seizure Should be performed if CNS infection is suspected
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A single seizure does not generallywarrant antiepileptic drug treatment
The risk of recurrence after a single unprovoked seizure in next two years is 25-40% Depends on seizure type, EEG findings
The risk of recurrence after two unprovoked seizures is 80% or more Most neurologists do treat after two episodes
Berg and Shinnar, 1991
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There are many antiepileptic drugs,some of which have multiple indications
• “Older”– 1912 Phenobarbital– 1938 Phenytoin (Dilantin)– 1974 Carbamazepine (Tegretol)– 1978 Valproic acid (Depakote)
• “Newer”– 1993 Gabapentin (Neurontin)– 1994 Lamotrigine (Lamictal)– 1996 Topiramate (Topamax)– 1997 Tiagabine (Gabitril)
• “Newest”– 1999 Levetiracetam (Keppra) – 2000 Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)– 2000 Zonisamide (Zonegran)– 2006 Pregabalin (Lyrica)
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Status epilepticus is a medical emergency
Either a state of continuous seizure activity or a state in which seizures are recurring so frequently that there is no recovery in between
The operational definition (when to begin acting) is 5 minutes
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There are many precipitating risk factorsfor status epilepticus
Preexisting epilepsy Medication noncompliance Sleep deprivation or alcohol Worsening underlying disease
Metabolic / toxic disturbances Hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, etc. Drug intoxication
Structural neurological causes Acute stroke, hemorrhage Head trauma
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Summary
Seizures are quite common in the population, but rare as a direct complication of TMS
Most seizures in adults are partial-onset, but can become secondarily generalized
Seizures have some distinguishing characteristics, but can still be confused with other types of events
There is little to do other than ensure safety in the setting of an acute seizure
The vast majority of seizures stop by themselves, but any lasting 5 minutes or more should be treated as a medical emergency
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Things to think about
Do any of my TMS subjects have epilepsy, or neurological conditions with a high risk of associated seizures?
Are my subjects undergoing changes in antiepileptic medication use?
Am I using rTMS? At high frequencies?
What would I do if a seizure occurred in my TMS lab?
Who is responsible for the medical care of patients who experience adverse effects in my study?