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Recent Trends in Renewable Energy Research
and Education for Sustainable Energy Future
Fuad Abulfotuh
Professor Emeritus (Solar Energy ), Department of Materials Science,
Institute Of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University.
President of IEF (International Energy Foundation) North African Regional Headquarters.
E-mail: [email protected]
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
THE CONCEPT
Meet today’s Needs Without Compromising the Ability of the
Future Generation.
REALIZATION
Develop Economically and Environmentally Sustainable
Systems and Technologies
TOOLS
• ADVANCES OF TECHNOLOGY (R&D, R&TD : Education and Training)
• ADEQUATE POLICIES & REGULATIONS
• Sustainable Resources (Energy, Water, and Healthy Environment
WHY ENERGY ?
• STRONG ECONOMY
• NATIONAL SECURITY
• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• CLEAR VISSION To Identify Balanced Energy Portfolio of
all available resources (including RE and Fossil)
• OWNERSHIP of TECHNOLOGY
•PARTNERSHIP
WHAT DO WE NEED ?
How Much Solar Electric
Power Will Be Part Of The
Solution?
PV is the only direct conversion process of
Solar Solar energy into electric power
PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY (PV)
Advanced/Clean Electric Power Generation
Technologies
Hydro
Wind
Solar-Thermal
Biomass
Small Engine Gen- sets
Fuel cells
Batteries
Small Combustion Turbines
Renewable Technologies Distributed Technologies
PV
Today’s Central Utility
Central Generation
Tomorrow's Distributed Utility
Central Generation
Battery
PVFuel Cell
Generator
Wind
Home Load
Customer
PV and Sustainability
• PV can provide considerable portion of the Electric Power needs through direct conversion of sun light.
• PV technology is now economically and technologically feasible.
• PV is friendly to the environment.
• Large scale application of PV technology started to show a considerable impact on socio-economic development.
• VLS-PV development, on the other hand, can provide a long-term solution if it gets consistent supportive policies.
PV Electricity from the desert
Total
Earth
surfaceTotal
Land
surface
Sahara
8,600,000 km2
(107PWh/y 1071012KWh /y)
If 6.5%of the dessert is covered
by 15% Efficient PV modules
)101( 18 JEJ
470 EJ/year of PV
Electricity will be generated(assuming 12% system efficiency
and 50% space factor)
World Primary Energy Supply
In2006 = 510 EJ/year
Concentrator Photovoltaics
• Shifts the major system cost from the cell to the optics
• Can afford more efficient, expensive cells
solar cell
Flat Plate Concentrator
lens or
mirror
Use optics to reduce the cell area
(from 2 to more than 1000 times)
CPV Systems
Solar Systems (reflective)
Amonix (refractive)
www.Solfocus.com
Solfocus (reflective & optical rod)
www.solarsystems.com.au
www.amonix.com
4 5 6 7 8 91
2 3 4
Energy (eV)
Single-junction cells respond to a specific
portion of the solar spectrum
in
4 5 6 7 8 91
2 3 4
Energy (eV)
Multijunction cells use multiple materials to
more fully match the solar spectrum
100%
74%68%
54%49%44%39%31%
0%
58%
multiple junction (n ∞ ) hot carrier, MEG
impact ionisation
down converterssingle-junction cell
{(multiple junction (n = 6)
(multiple junction (n = 3)
(multiple junction (n = 2)
Efficiency
Hydrogen Fuel(Closed Energy Cycle)
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Water
Electricity
Heat
Water
Solar
Electricity
Hydrogen
Generation
Hydrogen
Utilization
Photovoltaic Multiply Oil Reserves
0.129 Kwh + Sand PV Module + Sun Light 1 kwh electricity
At higher production efficiency(0.1Kwh)
1730-1750
2000-2010
1945-1955
Diffusion, Distribution, & Techno-
Education Age 2005-2010+
Neoteric Energy &
Medical Science Age
Materials,
Biotechnology, &
Nanotechnology Age
1990-2005 Information
Age1985-2000
Industrial Age
Agrarian
Age
Time ( Relative Scale )
Glo
bal, E
co
no
mic
, Tech
no
log
ical
Sig
nif
ican
ce
/Va
lue-A
dd
ed
Technology Development Pathways
TOOLS
• Fundamental science
• Applied science and technology
• Transformational science &technology
Center of Electric Energy Education Development (CEEED)
Structure & Links
Executive Authority(University Administration)
Industry & Business
Department of
Economy / BA/
Management
Technology
E E
Department
Examples of education programs needed
to support EE graduates in the Job market
• Power systems transitioning to sustainable energy
future
• Advanced concepts in the design, installation, and
performance of electric power generation
• Alternative electric energy engineering technology
program
• Hands-on lab courses to demonstrate the
fundamentals of RE electric power generation
• Fundamentals of solar electric and grid-tied system
design
Concluding Remarks:
•Electrical Energy is the major player to sustain development.
•PV Technology is a major source of Green Electric Energy.
•Business Oriented Education & Training Programs are needed.
•Education, Training, and Communication are essential to
overcome barriers to deployment and practices.
•Partnerships between Academia, Industry, and Business is the
key to a successful education process able to realize
sustainable energy goals.
•But who is carrying the responsibility?
Academia BusinessIndustryOR OR
Better be All Together