Recent Scientific Research on the Transcendental ...
Transcript of Recent Scientific Research on the Transcendental ...
David W. Orme-Johnson, PhD Professor Emeritus of Psychology Maharishi International University
Research Desk, Maharishi Foundation [email protected]
Recent Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation ® technique
(2014-2019)
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Four Stories Knowledge (Basic Research) —> Organizing Power (Applied Research)
Story # 1: TM Improves Gene Expression —> Health and Longevity
Story #2: TM Increases Brain Integration —> Improves Academic Outcomes
Story #3: TM Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Universal Stress Reduction
Story #4: TM Is From Authentic Vedic Knowledge —> Improved National Consciousness
Story #1: TM Improves Gene Expression —> Health and Longevity New Basic Research
• TM improves gene expression in a manner that could be expected to reduce inflammation, improve the response to stress, protect from cardiovascular disease, and protect from cancer.
• TM increases telomere length, which is associated with increased longevity.
New Applications • TM prevents enlargement of heart in hypertensive patients. • TM enhances cardiac rehabilitation. • TM enhances cardiac rehabilitation. • TM decreases risk of atherosclerosis. • TM improves immune function. • TM increases vitality in HIV patients. • Chapter on Stress, TM and Hypertension published in major medical text
book.
Reference. Wenuganen S, Fagan J, Wallace K, Travis F, Srivastava M, Walton K. “The effects of the TM technique on gene expression.” Fairfield, Iowa: Maharishi University of Management; 2014.
DNA: Improved Gene Expression (Basic Research)through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
Red = Genes that were increased in expressionBlue = Genes that were decreased in expression TM affects global gene expression in a manner that could be expected to reduce inflammation, improve the response to stress, protect from cardiovascular disease, and protect from cancer.
Transcendental Meditation and Health Education: Effects on Telomerase
Gene Expression
Chan
ge in
Mea
n Sc
ore
0
1.5
3
4.5
6
TM (Before) TM (After) Health Ed (Before) Health Ed (After)
• p=.055 • P<.01
Funded by National Institutes of Health
Reference. Duraimani, Shanthi , Schneider, Robert H., Randall, O.S., Nidich, S.I., Xu, S. , Ketete, M, . . . Fagan, John (2015, Nov 16). Effects of lifestyle modification on telomerase gene expression in hypertensive patients: A pilot trial of stress reduction and health education programs in African Americans. PLoS ONE, 10(11), e0142689. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142689
LVM
I gm
/m2
-3
0
3
6
9
12
TM HE
p = 0.040
TM = Transcendental Meditation HE = health education LVM = Left Ventricle Mass Index
Change in Left Ventricle Mass Index (±Standard Error of Mean) after 6-months of Transcendental Meditation or Health Education
Prevention of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcendental Meditation and Health
Education
Reference. Schneider, R. H., Myers, H. F., Marwaha, K., Rainforth, M. A., Salerno, J. W., Nidich, S. I., . . . Norris, K. C. (2019). Stress Reduction in the Prevention of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcendental Meditation and Health Education in Hypertensive African Americans. Ethnicity & Disease, 29(4), 577 - 586.
Enhanced Cardiac Rehabilitation through TM
Reference. Bokhari S, Schneider R, Salerno J, Rainforth M, Gaylord-King C, Nidich S. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation with and without meditation on myocardial blood flow using quantitative positron emission tomography: A pilot study. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology. 2019(Sept 16):1-12 (online).
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
TM + CR CR alone TM alone usual care
Effect Size
n=9
MFR0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
MyocardialFlow Reserve
(ml/min/g) by PET E
ffect size
n=10 n=9 n=9
Caro
tid-
IMT,
mm
-0.16
-0.12
-0.08
-0.04
0.00
0.04
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p < .01
Reduced Risk of Atherosclerosis through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
TM, along with a heart-healthy Ayurvedic diet, exercise, and herbal food supplements, significantly decreases blockage to the carotid artery (carotid-IMT), a correlate of atherosclerosis in the heart and brain.
Reference. Walton, K. G., B. Olshansky, E. Helene, and R. H. Schneider. "Trials of Maharishi AyurVeda for Cardiovascular Disease: A Pooled Analysis of Outcome Studies with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness." Journal of Preventive Cardiology 4, no. 1 (2014): 615-23.
Valu
e Ti
tle
0.0
175.0
350.0
525.0
700.0
NK Cells B Lymphocytes T Cells*
630.9
273.1203.5
ControlsTranscendental Meditation
p < .01p < .01
p < .05
Reference. Infante, Jose R, Fernando Peran, Juan I Rayo, Justo Serrano, Maria L Dominguez, Lucia Garcia, Carmen Duran, and Ana Roldan. "Levels of Immune Cells in Transcendental Meditation Practitioners." International Journal of Yoga 7, no. 2 (2014): 147-51
Mea
n Va
lues
Stronger Immune Systemthrough the Transcendental Meditation Technique
TM increases white blood cells that defend the body from infection and cancer.
* CD3+CD4−CD8+ lymphocytes
Valu
e Ti
tle
-9.00
-4.50
0.00
4.50
9.00
13.50
18.00
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p < .03 p < .04
General Health HIV Functional Assessment, Total Score
Reference. Chhatre, Sumedha, David S. Metzger, Ian Frank, Jean Boyer, Edward Thompson, Sanford Nidich, Luis J. Montaner, and Ravishankar Jayadevappa. "Effects of Behavioral Stress Reduction Transcendental Meditation Intervention in Persons with HIV." AIDS Care 25, no. 10 (2013): 1291-97.
Mea
n Ch
ange
Increased Vitality in HIV Patientsthrough the Transcendental Meditation Technique
The TM technique improves general health as well as quality of life and health issues specific to HIV.
New Chapter on Stress, Transcendental Meditation and Hypertension
Komal Marwaha, MD, PhD Cand. and Robert Schneider, MD, FACC, 2018
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #1: TM Improves Gene Expression —> Health and Longevity Conclusion #1. The many documented benefits of TM for improving health and reducing biological aging may be explained on the level of DNA.
TM appears to improve the way the DNA expresses itself such that it promotes better health and longevity.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #2: TM Increases Brain Integration –> Improved Academic Outcomes New Basic Research
• Brain Imaging study (fMRI) confirms TM is a state of restful alertness. • Study of EEG Microstates describes the mechanics of how TM normalizes stresses in
the body to create normal brain functioning—> enlightenment. • Studies on the Brain Integration Scale of cosmic consciousness find it is associated
with success in many fields. • Longitudinal study in college students shows that TM increases scores on the Brain
Integration Scale. • The same longitudinal study in college students shows that TM decreases sleepiness. • Longitudinal study on administrators and staff shows that TM increases scores on the
Brain Integration Scale. • Paper on cosmic consciousness is presented at a major scientific conference in New
York.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #2: TM Increases Brain Integration –> Improved Academic Outcomes
New Applications • TM improves school outcomes. • TM reduces the number of high school dropouts. • TM increases the percentage graduating. • TM Increases the percentage accepted to college and post-secondary education.
Increased activity in
frontal executive cortex:
Alertness, inner
awareness
Reference. Mahone, Michelle C., Travis, Fred , Gevirtz, Richard, & Hubbard, David (2018). fMRI during Transcendental Meditation practice. Brain and Cognition, Epub 2018 Mar 2.
fMRI Study of Restful Alertness: The Pattern of Brain Blood Flow During TM
Decreased activity in the brain
stem: Restfulness- decreased
respiration, heart rate,
etc.
Microstate class topographies. Equipotential area maps are shown. Head seen from above, nose up, left ear left. The isopotential contour maps show the areas of opposite polarity in black and white. Here is some of what is known about them.
Class A: relates to visualization. Class B: relates to verbalization. Class C: relates to interoceptive and autonomic processes. Class D: relates to reality testing.
Reference. Faber, P. L., Travis, F., Milz, P., & Parim, N. (2017). EEG microstates during different phases of Transcendental Meditation practice. Cognitive Processes, Published online: 27 April, 2017. doi:10.1007/s10339-017-0812-y
EEG Microstates: The “Atoms” of Thought and Emotions
Cove
rage
(pe
rcen
t ti
me
cove
red)
0%
8%
15%
23%
30%
A B C D
UMTM
EEG Microstates : Comparison of Transcending and Undirected Mentation
During the Transcendental Meditation Technique
Reference. Faber, P. L., Travis, F., Milz, P., & Parim, N. (2017). EEG microstates during different phases of Transcendental Meditation practice. Cognitive Processes, Published online: 27 April, 2017. doi:10.1007/s10339-017-0812-y
* p-values for t-tests comparing UM and TM.
Occ
urre
nce
(occ
urre
nces
/se
cond
)
0
1.13
2.25
3.38
4.5
A B C DUMTM
p =.58p =.001 p =.001
p =.005*
Coverage Occurrence
Microstates Microstates
p =.002* p =.11 p =.01 p =.001
What Science Tells Us About Transcending and Undirected Mentation (i.e., the rise of thoughts during the practice of TM)
Undirected Mentation Transcending
Faster breathing Slower breathing
Decreased EEG coherence Increased EEG coherence
Increased arousal (sympathetic nervous system activity)
Decreased arousal (sympathetic nervous system activity)
More microstate A – visualization, thoughts Less microstate A- less visualization, mental quiescence
No difference in microstate B No difference in microstate B
More microstate C, thoughts from internal processes Less microstate C
Less microstate D, undirected thought More microstate D, executive awareness of thoughts
References Travis, F. T. (2001). Autonomic and EEG patterns distinguish transcending from other experiences during Transcendental Meditation practice. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42(1), 1-9. Faber, P. L., Travis, F., Milz, P., & Parim, N. (2017). EEG microstates during different phases of Transcendental Meditation practice. Cognitive Processes, Published online: 27 April, 2017. doi:10.1007/s10339-017-0812-y
The TM Stress Pump
Undirected Mentation (rise of thoughts during TM)
Normalization of Stress
Transcending Restful
Alertness
In the Transcendental Meditation process, the mind automatically transcends to finer levels of thought, settling the body into a unique state of restful alertness, characterized by a marked reduction of arousal and global integration of brain functioning. In this state of restful alertness, the body’s intrinsic self-repair feedback loops detect and repair imbalances, creating physiological activity that creates undirected mentation (thoughts). When the physical activity of stress normalization lightens up, the person becomes aware that he or she was off on thoughts and comes back to begin the transcending process again for another round of detecting and repairing stress in the system, “pumping” stresses out of the system.
References. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 71(2), 170-176 (2009) Management, Spirituality & Religion 214, 230-244 (2014) Creativity Research Journal 26 (2), 239-243 (2014)
Increased Brain Integration for Successthrough the Transcendental Meditation Technique
The TM and TM-Sidhi programs increase brain integration, which is the hallmark of creativity and success in many professions.
Increased Brain Integration
TM and TM-Sidhi®® Programs
• Top Managers• World Class
Athletes• Professional
Musicians• Successful
Police• Creativity
Brai
n In
tegr
atio
n Sc
ale
0
0.7
1.4
2.1
2.8
Pretest Postest
ControlTM
•p =.005*
Increased Brain Integration in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial of
the Transcendental Meditation technique
A 10-week randomized controlled trial of 38 college students found that those in the TM group increased on the Brain Integration Scale by 59%. Controls who waited until after the experiment to learn TM decreased by 38%, probably because posttest was during the highly stressful exam week.
Reference. Travis FT, Haaga D, Hagelin JS, Tanner M, Nidich SI, King CG, Grosswald, S, Rainforth, M, and Schneider, RH. Effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on brain functioning and stress reactivity in college students. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2009;71(2):170-6.
* The p-value compares change in TM compared to change in controls.
Brai
n In
tegr
atio
n Sc
ale
0
0.7
1.4
2.1
2.8
Pretest Postest
ControlTM
•p =.007*
Decreased Sleepiness in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial of
the Transcendental Meditation technique
A 10-week randomized controlled study of 38 college students found that those in the TM group increased on the Brain Integration Scale by 59%. Controls decreased over the same period 38%, probably because posttest was during the highly stressful exam week.
Reference. Travis FT, Haaga D, Hagelin JS, Tanner M, Nidich SI, King CG, Grosswald, S, Rainforth, M, and Schneider, RH. Effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on brain functioning and stress reactivity in college students. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2009;71(2):170-6.
* The p-value compares change in TM compared to change in controls.
Stre
ss R
eact
ivit
y (
Tria
ls t
o H
abit
uati
on)
0
2
4
6
8
Pretest Postest
ControlTM
•p =.007*
Reduced Stress Reactivity in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial of
the Transcendental Meditation technique
The same 10-week randomized controlled trial of college students that found TM increases brain integration also found that it reduces stress reactivity. The TM group decreased by 21% compared to an increase of 55% by controls, a 76% difference.
Reference. Travis FT, Haaga D, Hagelin JS, Tanner M, Nidich SI, King CG, Grosswald, S, Rainforth, M, and Schneider, RH. Effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on brain functioning and stress reactivity in college students. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2009;71(2):170-6.
* The p-value compares change in TM compared to change in controls.
Increased Brain Integration in Administrators and Staff: A Randomized Controlled Study
Control TM
0.5
1.0
Brai
n In
tegr
atio
n Sc
ale
0-
p< .044
Reference: Travis, Valosek, L., Konrad, A., Link, J., Salerno, J., Scheller, R., Nidich, S. Effect of meditation on psychological distress and brain functioning: A randomized controlled study. Brain and Cognition, 2018, 125, 100-105.
Development of Cosmic Consciousness through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
Transcendental Consciousness Cosmic Consciousness
Subjective Transcending time, space, and body sense
Inner self-awareness coexisting with waking, sleeping, and dreaming, greater emotional stability, 24-hour bliss, more effective activity
Objective Slowing of the breath, heightened α1 (8–10 Hz) frontal EEG coherence
Coexistence of α1 EEG coherence (inner awareness) with delta EEG of deep sleep
Reference: Travis, F. "Transcendental Experiences During Meditation Practice." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1307, no. Advances in Meditation Research: Neuroscience and Clinical Applications (2014): 1-8.
Reference. Nidich S, Mjasiri S, Nidich R, Rainforth M, Grant J, Valosek L, Chang W, Zigler RL. Academic achievement and Transcendental Meditation: a study with at-risk urban middle school students. Education,131(3): 556-564 (2011).
Valu
e Ti
tle
0.00
5.50
11.00
16.50
22.00
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p < .001
-86%
Perc
ent
of S
tude
nts
Dro
ppin
g O
ut
Decreased High School Drop Out Ratethrough the Transcendental Meditation Technique
TM practice decreased high school dropout rate by 86%, from 20.5% in non-meditators to only 2.9% in meditators.Reference. Colbert, R. D., and S. Nidich. "Effect of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Graduation, College Acceptance and Dropout Rates for Students Attending an Urban Public High School." Education 133, no. 4 (2013): 495-501.
0.0
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
Low GPA Students All Students High GPA Students
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p < .01
p < .001
Perc
ent
Gra
duat
ing
Increased Percentage Graduating through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
Practice of the TM technique increased the percentage of high school students graduating, especially those with low grade point averages.
Reference. Colbert, R. D., and S. Nidich. "Effect of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Graduation, College Acceptance and Dropout Rates for Students Attending an Urban Public High School." Education 133, no. 4 (2013): 495-501.
Valu
e Ti
tle
0.00
15.00
30.00
45.00
60.00
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p = .0002
Reference. Colbert, R. D., and S. Nidich. "Effect of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Graduation, College Acceptance and Dropout Rates for Students Attending an Urban Public High School." Education 133, no. 4 (2013): 495-501.
Perc
ent
Acc
epte
d to
Col
lege
or
Post
-Sec
onda
ry S
choo
l
Increased Acceptance to College and Post- Secondary Schoolthrough the Transcendental Meditation Technique
The percent of students practicing the TM technique accepted to college or post-secondary school was 59.3% compared to only 33.3% for non-meditator controls.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #2: TM Increases Brain Integration –> Improved Academic Outcomes Conclusion #2. The brain integration associated with Cosmic Consciousness has been identified, and it has been shown to be the style of brain integration that is the hallmark of the most successful people in different fields. Randomized controlled studies demonstrate that TM increases the brain integration of enlightenment, which has enormous practical benefits.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Stress Reduction in Many Different Populations New Basic Research
• Reduced major stress-hormone cortisol during waking, indicative of reduced stress.
New Applications • Increased social-emotional competencies in sixth-grade students. • Decreased anxiety and increased resilience in ninth-grade students. • Increased resilience with more regular TM practice in ninth graders. • High level of satisfaction with TM in ninth-grade students. • Reduced teacher burnout.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Stress Reduction in Many Different Populations
More New Applications • Decreased perceived stress and improved emotional intelligence in school
administrators and staff. • Increased self-actualization in school administrators and staff. • Decreased mood disturbances in family caregivers. • Decreased burnout, secondary trauma, and increased resilience in nurses. • Reduced physician burnout. • Decreased perceived stress and increased self-efficacy in women in
Uganda. • Increased physical and mental health in women in Uganda.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Stress Reduction in Many Different Populations
More New Applications • Effective treatment for alcohol use disorder. • Decreased stress, craving for alcohol, and heavy drinking. • Decreased stress in freshmen military cadets. • Decreased depression in freshmen military cadets. • Increased constructive thinking (greater resilience, behavioral and
emotional coping) in freshmen military cadets. • Increased situational awareness: Decreased hypervigilance, greater
attentiveness to relevant stimuli, and decreased attentional processing of irrelevant stimuli.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Stress Reduction in Many Different Populations
More New Applications • Decreased PTSD symptoms and depression in veterans published in major medical journal, The Lancet Psychiatry. • More clinically meaningful reductions in PTSD symptoms and depression in veterans published in major medical journal, The Lancet Psychiatry. • More rapid reduction in PTSD symptoms in veterans through TM than Prolonged Exposure Therapy of Health Education. • More rapid reduction in depression in veterans through TM than Prolonged Exposure Therapy or Health Education
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Stress Reduction in Many Different Populations
More New Applications • Greater reduction in PTSD symptoms than Adopted Mantra Meditation or
Patient-Centered Care. • Decrease in PTSD symptoms in veterans to below clinical levels in one
month. • Greater and more rapid reduction in PTSD symptoms with twice-a-day
TM compared to once-a-day TM. • Clinically significant decreases in PTSD symptoms in South-African
college students in 15 days and to non-symptomatic levels on 105 days. • Clinically significant decreases in depression in South-African college
students in 15 days with continued reductions in 105 days.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Stress Reduction in Many Different Populations
More New Applications • Decreased PTSD symptoms in Congolese war refugees to non-
symptomatic levels in one month. • Clinically significant decreases in PTSD symptoms in Congolese war
refugees in 10 days and to non-symptomatic levels in one month. • Reduced use of psychotropic medication in military personnel with
PTSD and anxiety disorders. • Decreased severity of PTSD and anxiety along with decreased use of
psychotropic medication in military personnel.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Stress Reduction in Many Different Populations
More New Applications • Decreased PTSD in female prison Inmates. • Decreased Trauma symptoms in male prison inmates. • Decreased PTSD in male prison inmates. • Decreased stress levels after the earthquake–tsunami disaster of
2011 in Japan.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Stress Reduction in Many Different Populations
More New Applications • Meta-analysis: Greater anxiety reduction with TM® than mindfulness. • Meta-analysis: Greater decrease in negative emotions through TM
than mindfulness or other meditations. • Meta-Analysis: Greater decrease in trait anxiety through TM than
mindfulness or other meditations. • Meta-Analysis: Greater decrease in neuroticism through TM than
mindfulness or other meditations.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Stress Reduction in Many Different Populations
More New Applications • Meta-Analysis: Greater increase in self-realization through TM than
mindfulness or other meditations. • Meta-Analysis: Comparisons of TM, mindfulness, and other
meditations on psychological variables • Meta-Analysis: Meta-Analysis: Comparison of mindfulness, other
meditations, and TM on index of six variables.
Chan
ge in
Cor
tiso
l (µg
/dL)
-0.12
-0.07
-0.01
0.05
0.10
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p < .02
Decreased Stress: Reduced Cortisol Waking Response (CAR)
through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
A randomized controlled study of 27 college students found that four weeks of TM practice significantly reduced the level of the major stress hormone cortisol when waking up from a night’s sleep compared to controls, indicating reduced stress.
Reference. Klimes-Dougan, Bonnie , Shen Chong, Li , Samikoglu, Ali , Thai, Michelle , Amatya, Palistha , Cullen, Kathryn R. , & Lim, Kelvin O. . (2019). Transcendental Meditation and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis functioning: A pilot, randomized controlled trial with young adults. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress. doi:doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2019.1656714
Increased Social-Emotional Competencies in Sixth-Grade Students: A Matched Controlled Study
Control-5.00
-2.50
0
Dev
ereu
x St
uden
t Str
engt
hs A
sses
smen
t (D
ESSA
) Te
ache
r Rat
ing
Sca
le –
Tota
l Com
pete
nces
RReference. Valosek, Laurent, Nidich, Sanford, Wendt, Staci, Grant, Jamie, & Nidich, Randi. (2019). Effect of meditation on social-emotional learning in middle school students. Education, 139(3), 111-119.
2.50
5.00p < .001
Transcendental Meditation
Effe
ct S
ize
(Sta
ndar
d D
evia
tion
s)
-0.60
-0.45
-0.30
-0.15
0.00
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60Increased Resilience
(p = .05)
Decreased Anxiety (p = .05)
Reference. S. Wendt, Hipps J., Abrams A., et al. "Practicing Transcendental Meditation in high schools: Relationship to well-being and academic achievement among students." Contemporary School Psychology July 22 (2015).
Decreased Anxiety and Increased Resilience in Ninth-Grade Students
through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
Resilience
Perc
ent
Incr
ease
in R
esili
ence
0
13
25
38
50
Number of TM Meditations per Week
1 3 5 7 8 10 12 14
Increased Resilience with More Regular TM Practice in Ninth Graders
Reference. S. Wendt, Hipps J., Abrams A., et al. "Practicing Transcendental Meditation in high schools: Relationship to well-being and academic achievement among students." Contemporary School Psychology July 22 (2015).
Perc
ent
of S
tude
nts
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Schoo
l More
Peacefu
l
Feel Less
Stresse
d
Better
Focus
in Sch
ool
Get Alon
g Bett
er with
Othe
rs
Impro
ved S
leep
Feel H
appie
r
Feel Less
Angry
Feel M
ore Self
-Con
fiden
t
73%
77%
81%79%79%
84%84%87%
Reference: Criminal Justice and Behavior 5 (1978): 3-20.
High Level of Satisfaction with TM Program in Ninth-Grade Students
(N = 112)
Reference. S. Wendt, Hipps J., Abrams A., et al. "Practicing Transcendental Meditation in high schools: Relationship to well-being and academic achievement among students." Contemporary School Psychology July 22 (2015).
-6.0
-3.8
-1.5
0.8
3.0
Controls Transcendental Meditation
Depression Perceived Stress Overall Teacher Burnout
p < .01
p < .001p < .02
Reference. Elder, Charles , Sanford Nidich, Francis Moriarty, and Randi Nidich. "Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Employee Stress, Depression, and Burnout: A Randomized Controlled Study." The Permanente Journal 18, no. 1 (2014): 19-23.
Mea
n Ch
ange
Reduced Teacher Burnout through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
TM decreases depression, stress, and burnout in teachers.
Reference. Elder, Charles , Sanford Nidich, Francis Moriarty, and Randi Nidich. "Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Employee Stress, Depression, and Burnout: A Randomized Controlled Study." The Permanente Journal 18, no. 1 (2014): 19-23.
Decreased Perceived Stress and Improved Emotional Intelligence in School Administrators and Staff: A Randomized Controlled Study
ControlTranscendental Meditation
-6.00
-3.00
0
C
hang
es o
n Pe
rcei
ved
Stre
ss S
cale
RReference: Valosek, L., Link, J., Mills, P., Konrad, A., Rainforth, M., & Nidich, S. . (2018). Effect of meditation on emotional intelligence and perceived stress in the workplace: A randomized controlled study. The Permanente Journal(E-pub: 10/29/2018). doi:10.7812/TPP/17-172
3.00
6.00 p = .003Perceived Stress Emotional Intelligence
p = .015
ControlTranscendental Meditation
C
hang
e on
Bar
-On
Emot
iona
l Quo
tient
Inve
ntor
y 6.00
3.00
0
-3.00
-6.00
-1.50
0.00
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p = .003
Reference: Valosek, L., Link, J., Mills, P., Konrad, A., Rainforth, M., & Nidich, S. . (2018). Effect of meditation on emotional intelligence and perceived stress in the workplace: A randomized controlled study. The Permanente Journal(E-pub: 10/29/2018). doi:10.7812/TPP/17-172
Chan
ge in
Sel
f-A
ctua
lizat
ion
Increased Self-Actualization in School Administrators and Staff: A Randomized Controlled Study
Prof
ile o
f M
ood
Stat
es
0
0.85
1.7
2.55
3.4
Anxiety Depression Anger Confusion FatiguePretest Posttest
•p = .001•p = .001•p = .001
•p = .001•p = .001
Reference: Criminal Justice and Behavior 5 (1978): 3-20.
A 3-month study of inmates at Folsom maximum security prison found that TM practice reduced the time to fall asleep, increased deep sleep with no waking, and resulted in a better trend of recent sleep.
Decreased Mood Disturbancesin Family Caregivers
through the Transcendental Meditation technique
Two months of regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique reduced caregivers’ anxiety by 31%, depression by 31%, anger by 36%, confusion by 19%, and fatigue by 29%.
Reference. Nidich S, Nidich RJ, Salerno J, Hadfield B, Elder C. Stress reduction with the Transcendental Meditation program in caregivers: A pilot study. International Archives of Nursing and Health Care Perspectives. 2015;1(011):1-4.
Decreased Burnout, Secondary Trauma, and Increased Resilience in Nurses
Reference. Bonamer, J. R., & Aquino-Russell, C. (2019 May/April). Self-care strategies for professional development: Transcendental Meditation reduces compassion fatigue and improves resilience for nurses. Journal for nurses in professional development, 35(2), 93-97. doi:10.1097/NND.0000000000000522
-10.0
-7.5
-5.0
-2.5
0.0
-5
-7.5
-9.3
ControlsTranscendental Meditation
Loiselle M, et al. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Physician Burnout, Depression, and Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Study. In preparation for publication, 2018.
Mea
n C
hang
e
Reduced Physician Burnout through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
TM decreases depression, stress, and burnout in physicians
Physician Burnout Depression Insomnia-.
Adj
uste
d M
ean
Chan
ge
Scor
es
-6.0-4.5-3.0-1.50.01.53.04.56.0
Perceived Stress Self-Efficacy
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p < .01 p < .001
Reference. Goldstein, L., Nidich, S., Goodman, R., & Goodman, D. H. (2018). The effect of Transcendental Meditation on self-efficacy, perceived stress, and quality of life of mothers in Uganda. Health Care for Women International. doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2018.1445254
Decreased Perceived Stress and Increased Self-Efficacy in Women in Uganda
A Controlled Trial
Adj
uste
d M
ean
Chan
ge
Scor
es
0.0
1.3
2.5
3.8
5.0
Physical Health Mental Health
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p < .004 p < .007
Increased Physical and Mental Health in Women in Uganda
A Controlled Trial
Reference. Goldstein, L., Nidich, S., Goodman, R., & Goodman, D. H. (2018). The effect of Transcendental Meditation on self-efficacy, perceived stress, and quality of life of mothers in Uganda. Health Care for Women International. doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2018.1445254
TM
War RefugeesWar
Veterans
University Students
Nurses
Family Caregivers
Administrators
Male & Female Prisoners
Grade School Students
Decreased PTSD
Decreased PTSD
Decreased PTSD
Decreased Depression and Fatigue
Decreased Perceived Stress
Decreased Burnout, Increased Resilience
Decreased Stress, Anxiety
Teachers
Summary: Reduced Stress for Different Populations
Research published in peer-reviewed journals finds that TM reduces stress in all populations studied.
Decreased PTSD
Decreased Anxiety and Drop out Rate
Decreased Burnout
High School Students
Effective Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder: Decreased Return to Drinking and Elimination of Heavy Drinking
Perc
ent
of t
he S
ampl
e
0%
15%
30%
45%
60%
Return to Drinking Heavy Drinking
47%
59%
0%
25%Twice-a-Day TMControls
Reference. Gryczynski, J., Schwartz, R. P., Fishman, M. J., Nordeck, C. D., Grant, J., Nidich, S., et al. (2018). Integration of Transcendental Meditation® (TM) into alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, Available online.
p=.02
p=.001
Twice-a-day TM reduces return to drinking and eliminates heavy drinking in patients being treated for alcohol use disorder.
Twice-a-Day TM
Reduced Days of
Alcohol Use
Decreased Craving for
Alcohol
Decreased Frequency of Craving
Fewer Days of Heavy Drinking
Reduced Stress
p = .003p = .01
p = .05
p = .02
p = .03
Reference. Gryczynski, J., Schwartz, R. P., Fishman, M. J., Nordeck, C. D., Grant, J., Nidich, S., et al. (2018). Integration of Transcendental Meditation® (TM) into alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, Available online.
Decreased Stress, Craving for Alcohol, and Heavy Drinking
Decreased Stress in Freshmen Military Cadets
Study 1
Stre
ss In
vent
ory
5
10
15
20
Baseline 2 Months 6 Months
TMControl
• P* < .04 .001
Reference. Bandy, Carole L. , Fleming, Kevin K. , & Dulmage, John (2013). Meditation training in rook cadets increases resilience. Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Psychological Science, May 23-26 Washington, D.C.
Study 2
Stre
ss In
vent
ory
5
10
15
20
Baseline 2 Months 6 Months
TMControl
P* < .001
Decreased Depression in Freshmen Military Cadets
Study 1
Beck
Dep
ress
ion
Inve
ntor
y
0
3
6
9
12
Baseline 2 Months 6 Months
TMControl
• P* < .008 .001
Reference. Bandy, Carole L. , Fleming, Kevin K. , & Dulmage, John (2013). Meditation training in rook cadets increases resilience. Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Psychological Science, May 23-26 Washington, D.C.
Study 2
Beck
Dep
ress
ion
Inve
ntor
y
0
3
6
9
12
Baseline 2 Months 6 Months
TMControl
P* < 008 .001
Increased Constructive Thinking (Resilience, Behavioral and Emotional Coping) in Freshmen Military Cadets
Study 1
Stre
ss In
vent
ory
40
45
50
55
Baseline 2 Months 6 Months
TMControl
• P* < .01
Reference. Bandy, Carole L. , Fleming, Kevin K. , & Dulmage, John (2013). Meditation training in rook cadets increases resilience. Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Psychological Science, May 23-26 Washington, D.C.
Study 2
Stre
ss In
vent
ory
40
43.5
47
50.5
54
Baseline 2 Months 6 MonthsTMControl
P* <.01
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
Hyper
vigila
nce
Atte
ntive
ness
(R
eleva
nt St
imul
i)
Atte
ntion
al Pr
oces
sing (
Irrele
vant
Stim
uli)
Transcendental MeditationControls
p < .001 p < .001
p < .002
Nidich. "Effect of Transcendental
Mea
n Pe
rcen
t Ch
ange
Reference. Bandy, Carole L. , Fleming, Kevin K. , & Dulmage, John (2013). Meditation training in rook cadets increases resilience. Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Psychological Science, May 23-26 Washington, D.C.
Increased Situational Awareness: Decreased Hypervigilance, Greater Attentiveness to Relevant Stimuli, and Decreased Attentional
Processing of Irrelevant Stimuli
The Effects of TM on Military Cadets: Summary
o Greater Emotional Evenness (Decreased Stress, Decreased Depression, Decreased Hypervigilance)
o Increased Constructive Thinking (Improved Emotional Coping, Improved Behavioral Coping, Increased Resilience)
o Increased Situational Awareness (Increased Attentiveness to Relevant Stimuli, Decreased Attentional Processing of Irrelevant Stimuli)
Reference. Bandy, Carole L. , Fleming, Kevin K. , & Dulmage, John (2013). Meditation training in rook cadets increases resilience. Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Psychological Science, May 23-26 Washington, D.C.
Reduction in PTSD Symptoms and Depr ession: Compar ison of Tr anscendental M editation, Pr olonged Exposur e and H ealth Education
W
ith
in-G
rou
p U
nad
just
ed
Eff
ect
Size
s
1.20
.80
.60
0 Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale PTSD Checklist – Military Version Patient Health Questionnaire ( CAPS) Interview (PCL-M) Self-Report (PHQ)-9 Depression
Health Education
1.00
.40
.20
Prolonged Exposure Transcendental Meditation
Between-Gr oup Compar isons Adjusted by ANCOVA: TM vs. HE (p values < .001) PE vs. HE (p values < .05) TM vs. PE (p values < .001, non-infer ior ity compar isons)
Effect Sizes
Small = .20 M edium = .50 Large = .80
Reference:!Nidich,!S.,!Mills.,!P.,!Rainforth,!M.,!Heppner,!P.,!Schneider,!R.,!Salerno,!J.,!Gaylord-King,!C.,!Rutledge,!T.!!Non-trauma-focused!meditation!compared!to!exposure!therapy!in!veterans!with!post-traumatic!stress!disorder:!a!randomized!controlled!trial.!The!Lancet!Psychiatry,!online!version,!Nov.!15,!2018.!Funded!by!the!Department!of!Defense,!US!Army!Medical!Research.!
Decreased PTSD in Veterans Published in The Lancet Psychiatry
CAPS Interview PTSD PCL-M Self-Report PTSD PHQ-9 Depression
Reference: Nidich, S., Mills., P., Rainforth, M., Heppner, P., Schneider, R., Salerno, J., Gaylord-King, C., Rutledge, T. Non-trauma-focused meditation compared to exposure therapy in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, online version, Nov. 15, 2018.
Percentages with Clinically Meaningful Improvement: Transcendental Meditation, Prolonged Exposure and Health Education
Per
cent
ages
70
50
40
0 CAPS Interview PTSD PCL-M Self-Report PTSD PHQ-9 Depression
Health Education
60
30
20
Prolonged ExposureTranscendental Meditation
Clinically Meaningful Improvement
CAPS > 10 pts.
PCL-M > 10 pts.
PHQ-9 > 5 pts.
Reference: Nidich, S., Mills., P., Rainforth, M., Heppner, P., Schneider, R., Salerno, J., Gaylord-King, C., Rutledge, T. Non-trauma-focused meditation compared to exposure therapy in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, online version, Nov. 15, 2018.
Significant Results:
TM vs. HE for CAPS, PCL-M, PHQ-9 (all p values<.001)
PE vs. HE for PCL-M (p<.03); CAPS (p=.30, ns); PHQ (p=.12, ns)
TM vs. PE (non-inferiority analysis not compatible with data)
More Clinically Meaningful Improvements through TM
Reference. Nidich, Sanford, Mills, Paul J , Rainforth, Maxwell , Heppner, Pia , Schneider, Robert H , Rosenthal, Norman E , . . . Rutledge, Thomas (2018). Non-trauma-focused meditation versus exposure therapy in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(12), 975-986. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30384-5
More Rapid Reduction in PTSD Symptoms in Veterans through TM
Health Education
Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Transcendental Meditation
Reference. Nidich, Sanford, Mills, Paul J , Rainforth, Maxwell , Heppner, Pia , Schneider, Robert H , Rosenthal, Norman E , . . . Rutledge, Thomas (2018). Non-trauma-focused meditation versus exposure therapy in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(12), 975-986. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30384-5
Conducted at the Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System
More Rapid Reduction in Depression in Veterans through TM
Health Education
Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Transcendental Meditation
Decreased PTSD Symptoms in Veterans, Saginaw Michigan VA Randomized Controlled Trial
Effe
ct S
ize
(Hed
ge’s
g,
± SE
)
-1.4
-1.05
-0.7
-0.35
0
TMAdopted Mantra MeditationPatient-Centered Therapy
•p < .001, Test of group with differences collapsed across time.
Reference. Heffner, K. L., Caine, E. D., Crean, H., Franus, N., Moynihan, J. A. , & Talbot, N. (2014). Meditation for PTSD demonstration project: Final report to Mental Health Services, Department of Veteran Affairs. Retrieved from Rochester, New York: Saginaw, Michigan Study.
Decreased PTSD Symptoms In Veterans After 30 Days and 90 Days Through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
Reference. Herron RE, Rees B. The Transcendental Meditation Program's Impact on the Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder of Veterans: An Uncontrolled Pilot Study. Military Medicine. 2017;1:1-7.
Greater Reduction in PTSD Symptoms with More Regular TM Practice
Reference. Herron RE, Rees B. The Transcendental Meditation Program's Impact on the Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder of Veterans: An Uncontrolled Pilot Study. Military Medicine. 2017;1:1-7.
Decreased PTSD Symptoms in South-African College Students
PTSD
Sev
erit
y (P
CL-C
)
25
33.8
42.5
51.3
60
Baleline 15 Days 60 days 105 Days
TMComparison
• P* < .001
• P* < .001
• P* < .001
Reference. Bandy, C. L., Dillbeck, M. C., Sezibera, Vincent , Taljaard, L., Wilks, M., Shapiro, D., & de Reuck, J. (2019). Reduction of PTSD in South African university students using Transcendental Meditation practice. Psychological Reports, February, 1–16. doi:10.1177/0033294119828036
Non-Symptomatic
Decreased Depression in South-African College Students
Beck
Dep
ress
ion
Inve
ntor
y
5
8.8
12.5
16.3
20
Baleline 15 Days 60 days 105 Days
TMComparison
• P* < .001
• P* < .001
Reference. Bandy, C. L., Dillbeck, M. C., Sezibera, Vincent , Taljaard, L., Wilks, M., Shapiro, D., & de Reuck, J. (2019). Reduction of PTSD in South African university students using Transcendental Meditation practice. Psychological Reports, 0(0), 1–16. doi:10.1177/0033294119828036
Reference. Rees, B., F. Travis, D. Shapiro, and R. Chant. "Reduction in Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Congolese Refugees Practicing Transcendental Meditation." Journal of Traumatic Stress 26 (2013): 295-98.
Decreased PTSD Symptoms in Congolese War Refugees
through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
PTSD
Sym
ptom
s (P
CL-C
)
17
32.1111
47.2222
62.3333
77.4444
Days0 35 70 105 140
TM Controls
The TM technique reduced PTSD symptoms in war refugees.
Symptomatic
Non-symptomatic
Reference. Rees, B., F. Travis, D. Shapiro, and R. Chant. "Significant Reductions in Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Congolese Refugees after 10 Days Transcendental Meditation Practice." Journal of Traumatic Stress 27, no. 1 (2014): 112-15.
Rapid Reduction in PTSD Symptoms in Congolese War Refugees
through the Transcendental Meditation Technique
PTSD
Sym
ptom
s (P
CL-C
)
1724.55632.11139.66747.22254.77862.33369.88977.444
85
Days
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Non-symptomatic
Symptomatic
TM reduces PTSD symptoms within 10 days, and after 30 days they decline to non-symptomatic levels.
Learned TM
Reduced Use of Psychotropic Medication in Military Personnel with PTSD and Anxiety Disorders
Through the Transcendental Meditation technique
Reference. Barnes VA, Monto A, Williams JJ, Rigg JL. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on psychotropic medication use among active duty military service members with anxiety and PTSD. Military Medicine. 2016;181(1):56-62
Prop
ortio
n ch
ange
of
sym
ptom
s se
verit
y
from
bas
elin
e
0.8
0.875
0.95
1.025
1.1
Baseline 1 2 3 4 5 6
TMControl
Months Since Initial
Decreased Severity of PTSD and Anxiety along with Decreased Use of Psychotropic Medication
Through the Transcendental Meditation technique
Reference. Barnes VA, Monto A, Williams JJ, Rigg JL. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on psychotropic medication use among active duty military service members with anxiety and PTSD. Military Medicine. 2016;181(1):56-62
Mea
n Va
lues
(±
SE)
0.0
7.5
15.0
22.5
30.0
Percieved Stress Total Trauma
Controls Transcendental Meditation
p < .001p < .001
Reference. Nidich S, O’Connor T, Rutledge T, Duncan J, Compton B, Seng A, et al. Reduced trauma symptoms and perceived stress in male prison Inmates through the Transcendental Meditation program: A randomized controlled trial. The Permanente Journal. 2016;20(4):16-007.
Decreased Trauma Symptoms in Male Prison Inmates Randomized Controlled Trial
Trau
ma
Sym
ptom
Che
cklis
t A
djus
ted
Post
test
Mea
ns (
± SE
)
0
12.5
25
37.5
50
Total Trauma Intrusion Avoidance Hyperarousal
ControlsTranscendental Meditation
•p < .04
•p < .03• p < .1
•p < .04
Reference. Nidich, S., Seng, A., Compton, B., O'Connor, T., Salerno, J. W., & Nidich, R. (2017). Transcendental Meditation and Reduced Trauma Symptoms in Female Inmates: A Randomized Controlled Study. Perm J, 21. doi:10.7812/TPP/16-008
Decreased PTSD in Female Prison Inmates Randomized Controlled Trial
Trau
ma
Sym
ptom
Che
cklis
t A
djus
ted
Post
test
Mea
ns (
± SE
)
0
2.25
4.5
6.75
9
Dissociation Depression Anxiety Sleep Problems
ControlsTranscendental Meditation
•p < .001
•p < .001
•p < .001
•p < .001
Reference. Nidich S, O’Connor T, Rutledge T, Duncan J, Compton B, Seng A, et al. Reduced trauma symptoms and perceived stress in male prison Inmates through the Transcendental Meditation program: A randomized controlled trial. The Permanente Journal. 2016;20(4):16-007.
Decreased PTSD in Male Prison InmatesRandomized Controlled Trial
Tota
l Str
ess
Sym
ptom
s Sc
ores
0
10
20
30
40
Sendai Ishinomaki Tokyo Control
Reference. Yoshimura, Mitsunobu, Etsuko, Kurokawa, Noda, Takayuki, Hineno, Koji, Tanaka, Yasuo, Kawai, Yuji, & Dillbeck, Michael C. (2015). Disaster relief for the Japanese earthquake-tsunami of 2011: Stress reduction through the Transcendental Meditation technique. Psychological Reports: Mental & Physical Health, 117(1), 1-11.
The chart shows stress levels decreased from before and to after learning TM in two cities affected by the 2011 Japanese earthquake-tsunami disaster (Sendai and Ishinomaki). TM also decreased stress in people living in Tokyo, which was not affected by the earthquake-tsunami. No change in controls subjects who did not learn TM.
p < .001*
Before TM Before
TM
Before TM
TMTMTM
No TM
TM Decreased Stress Levels After theEarthquake–Tsunami Disaster in Japan.
All Studies, Treatment as Usual Controls
Effe
ct S
ize
(Hed
ges
g)
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
Mindfulness TM
Studies on Groups with Elevated Anxiety
References: 1. Orme-Johnson, D. W., and V. A. Barnes. "Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Trait Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 20, no. 5 (2013): 330-41. 2. Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169-183. doi:10.1037/a0018555
Meta-Analysis: Greater Anxiety Reduction with TM® than Mindfulness
Meta-Analysis: Greater Decrease in Negative Emotions Through TM Than Mindfulness or Other Meditations
Reference. Sedlmeier, P., J. Eberth, M. Schwarz, D. Zimmermann, and F. Haarig. "The Psychological Effects of Meditation: A Meta-Analysis." Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 6 (2012): 1139-71.
-1.30
-0.98
-0.65
-0.33
0.00
-0.5833
-0.4082
-1.2832 TM Mindfulness Other Med
Large Effect
Meta-analysis: 21 studies 1134 subjects
Meta-Analysis: Greater Decrease in Trait Anxiety Through TM Than Mindfulness or Other Meditations
Reference. Sedlmeier, P., J. Eberth, M. Schwarz, D. Zimmermann, and F. Haarig. "The Psychological Effects of Meditation: A Meta-Analysis." Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 6 (2012): 1139-71.
Effe
ct S
ize
(d,
stan
dard
dev
iati
ons)
-0.90
-0.68
-0.45
-0.23
0.00
-0.6521-0.606
-0.899 TM Mindfulness Other Med
Large Effect
Meta-analysis: 30 studies 1896 subjects
Meta-Analysis: Greater Decrease in Neuroticism Through TM Than Mindfulness or Other Meditations
Reference. Sedlmeier, P., J. Eberth, M. Schwarz, D. Zimmermann, and F. Haarig. "The Psychological Effects of Meditation: A Meta-Analysis." Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 6 (2012): 1139-71.
Effe
ct S
ize
(d,
sta
ndar
d de
viat
ions
)
-0.90
-0.68
-0.45
-0.23
0.00
-0.5608
-0.2622
-0.899TM Mindfulness Other Meditation
Large Effect
Meta-analysis: 16 studies 1218 subjects
Effe
ct S
ize
(d,
st
anda
rd d
evia
tion
s)
0.00
0.23
0.45
0.68
0.90
Self-Realization
0.3034
0.4296
0.8471
TM Mindfulness Other Med
Large
Effect
Meta-Analysis: Greater Increase in Self-Realization Through TM Than Mindfulness or Other Meditations
Reference. Sedlmeier, P., J. Eberth, M. Schwarz, D. Zimmermann, and F. Haarig. "The Psychological Effects of Meditation: A Meta-Analysis." Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 6 (2012): 1139-71.
Meta-analysis: 18 studies 772 subjects
Effe
ct S
ize
(d
, st
anda
rd d
evia
tion
s)
-1.40
-1.05
-0.70
-0.35
0.00
0.35
0.70
1.05
Negative Emotions Anxiety Trait Neuroticism Self-Realization
0.3034
-0.5608-0.6521
-0.5833
0.4296
-0.2622
-0.606
-0.4082
0.8471
-0.899-0.899
-1.2832
TM Mindfulness Other Med
Large Effect
Large Effect
Meta-Analysis: Comparisons of TM, Mindfulness, and Other Meditations on Psychological Variables
Reference. Sedlmeier, P., J. Eberth, M. Schwarz, D. Zimmermann, and F. Haarig. "The Psychological Effects of Meditation: A Meta-Analysis." Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 6 (2012): 1139-71.
Mea
n E
ffect
Siz
e
(r
, ± S
td. E
rr.)
0.00
0.13
0.25
0.38
0.50
Mindfulness Other TM
p = .01**
References: Orme-Johnson, D. W., and M. C. Dillbeck. Methodological Concerns for Meta-Analyses of Meditation. Psychological Bulletin 140, no. 2 (2014): 610–16
Meta-Analysis: Comparison of Mindfulness, Other Meditations, and TM on Index of Six Variables (Trait Anxiety, Negative Emotions, Neuroticism, Self-Realization,
Perception, Self-Concept)
** Comparison of TM with the other two types of meditation.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Four Stories
Story #3: TM Is the Most Effective Stress Reduction Technique —> Universal Stress Reduction Conclusion #3. TM has repeatedly been demonstrated by meta-analyses to be the most effective means of stress reduction. It has been shown to be highly effective in many populations for reducing PTSD, anxiety, depression, and use of psychotropic drugs and alcohol.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Four Stories Story #4: Authentic Vedic Knowledge —> Improved National Consciousness
New Knowledge
• New Translation and commentary of Vedic Text “Yogic Flying According to Yoga Vasishtha”, documenting the authenticity of Maharishi’s programs for higher states of consciousness and the use of group Yogic Flying to create an ideal society.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Four Stories Story #4: Authentic Vedic Knowledge —> Improved National Consciousness
New Applications The Invincible America Assembly of group 1,725 Yogic Flyers improved the US quality of life as indicated by:
• Decreased U.S. homicide rate; • Decreased U.S. urban violent crime rate; • Decreased U.S. murder rate; • Decreased U.S. motor vehicle fatality rate; • Decreased U.S. fatality rate due to other types of accidents; • Decreased U.S. infant mortality rate; and • Decreased U.S. rate of drug-related deaths.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Four Stories Story #4: Authentic Maharishi Vedic Knowledge —> Improved National
Consciousness
New Applications
• Increased the competitive advantage of Norway and New Zealand compared to other nations when they gained 1% of their population practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique.
• Group practice of TM and TM-Sidhi program at Maharishi Vedic University (MVU) in Cambodia reduced socio-political violence in the country.
• In a new area of research, a study found that a building built according the principles of Maharishi Vedic architecture (Vastu), increased both verbal and spatial creativity in people working in the building.
Freund, P. Yogic Flying According to Yoga Vasishtha. Paperback Prime and Kindle Edition. www.amazon.com.
A translation of seven chapters from Yoga Vasishtha, with commentary written in light of the teaching of the Transcendental Meditation technique, TM-Sidhi program, and Yogic Flying around the world by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
Verse 49:
श्रीराम उवाच
आकल्पादनविच्छन्ना िचत्संिवत्सवर्मिस्त िह
तस्मातु्कण्डिलनीकोशाते्कनाथेर्नोदयः सु्फटः ४९The glorious Rām said:Since ancient times the knowledge of all the higher states of consciousness has been there in every generation:The knowledge of enlightenment in terms of the [realization of the] Constitution of the Universe in human physiology [through Yogic Flying] certainly came from that [same] eternal tradition of knowledge. With what purpose was the knowledge of Yogic Flying brought forth in the world? (Freund, P. )
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. Societal violence and collective consciousness: Reduction of U.S. homicide and urban violent crime rates. SAGE Open. 2016;April-June:1-16.
Mon
thly
Ave
rage
Num
ber
of
TM
-Sid
hi P
arti
cipa
nts
per
day
Size of TM-Sidhi Group During Baseline and Experimental Period
Baseline Period 2002-2006
Experimental Period 2007-2010
√1% of US Population Achieved, Group of 1,725 Meditators
Reduced U.S. Homicide Rate
U.S
. H
omic
ides
per
100
mill
ion
p = 2.7 x 10−16
21.2 % reduction 8,157 fatalities averted
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2016. Societal violence and collective consciousness: Reduction of U.S. homicide and urban violent crime rates. SAGE Open, 7(1), 1-16.
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2016. Societal violence and collective consciousness: Reduction of U.S. homicide and urban violent crime rates. SAGE Open, 7(1), 1-16.
Correlation: 0.936 Squared correlation: R2 = 0.876
U.S
. H
omic
ides
per
100
mill
ion
U.S. Homicide Rate: Predictions of Statistical Model vs. Actual Data
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2016. Societal violence and collective consciousness: Reduction of U.S. homicide and urban violent crime rates. SAGE Open, 7(1), 1-16.
Decreased Violent Crime Rate in 206 Urban Areas
p = 2.7 x 10−8
18.5 % reduction 186,774 crimes averted
Urb
an V
iole
nt C
rim
e Ra
te
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2016. Societal violence and collective consciousness: Reduction of U.S. homicide and urban violent crime rates. SAGE Open, 7(1), 1-16.
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2016. Societal violence and collective consciousness: Reduction of U.S. homicide and urban violent crime rates. SAGE Open, 7(1), 1-16.
Decreased Murder Rate in 206 U.S. Urban Areas
p = 1 x 10−13
28.4 % reduction 4,136 fatalities averted
Urb
an M
urde
rs p
er 1
00
mill
ion
Reference. Cavanaugh KL, Dillbeck MC. 2017. Field Effects of Consciousness and Reduction in U.S. Urban Murder Rates: Evaluation of a Prospective Quasi-Experiment. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 3(3-1), 32-43.
Reference. Cavanaugh KL, Dillbeck MC. 2017. Field Effects of Consciousness and Reduction in U.S. Urban Murder Rates: Evaluation of a Prospective Quasi-Experiment. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 3(3-1), 32-43.
Urban Murder Rate and Forecast 2007-2010
Urb
an M
urde
rs p
er 1
00 m
illio
n
Reference. Cavanaugh KL, Dillbeck MC. 2017. Field Effects of Consciousness and Reduction in U.S. Urban Murder Rates: Evaluation of a Prospective Quasi-Experiment. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 3(3-1), 32-43.
p < 3.7 x 10−13
20.6 % reduction 19,435 fatalities averted
Mot
or V
ehic
le F
atal
ity
Rate
s
Decreased U.S. Motor Vehicle Fatality Rate
Reference. Cavanaugh KL, Dillbeck MC. 2017. The contribution of proposed field effects of consciousness to the prevention of U.S. accidental fatalities: Theory and empirical tests. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 24(1-2), 53–86.
Reference. Cavanaugh KL, Dillbeck MC. 2017. The contribution of proposed field effects of consciousness to the prevention of U.S. accidental fatalities: Theory and empirical tests. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 24(1-2), 53–86.
p < 8.4 x 10−6
13.5 % reduction 16,759 fatalities averted
Fata
lity
Rate
s fr
om O
ther
A
ccid
ents
Decreased U.S. Fatality Rate – Other Accidents
Reference. Cavanaugh KL, Dillbeck MC. 2017. The contribution of proposed field effects of consciousness to the prevention of U.S. accidental fatalities: Theory and empirical tests. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 24(1-2), 53–86.
Reference. Cavanaugh KL, Dillbeck MC. 2017. The contribution of proposed field effects of consciousness to the prevention of U.S. accidental fatalities: Theory and empirical tests. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 24(1-2), 53–86.
p = 2.1 x 10−5
12.5 % reduction 992 fatalities averted
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rate
Decreased U.S. Infant Mortality Rate
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2017. Group Practice of the Transcendental Meditation® and TM-Sidhi® Program and Reductions in Infant Mortality and Drug-Related Death: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis. SAGE Open. 7(1), 1-15.
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2017. Group Practice of the Transcendental Meditation® and TM-Sidhi® Program and Reductions in Infant Mortality and Drug-Related Death: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis. SAGE Open. 7(1), 1-15.
p = 3.1 x 10−10
30.4 % reduction 26,425 fatalities averted
Dru
g-Re
late
d D
eath
Rat
e
Decreased U.S. Drug-Related Fatality Rate
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2017. Group Practice of the Transcendental Meditation® and TM-Sidhi® Program and Reductions in Infant Mortality and Drug-Related Death: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis. SAGE Open. 7(1), 1-15.
Reference. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2017. Group Practice of the Transcendental Meditation® and TM-Sidhi® Program and Reductions in Infant Mortality and Drug-Related Death: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis. SAGE Open. 7(1), 1-15.
Summary: Effects of the Invincible America Assembly on U.S. Crime and Fatality Rates
Mot
or V
ehic
le
Fata
lity
Rate
s
Decreased Motor Vehicle Fatality Rate
U.S
. H
omic
ides
pe
r 10
0 m
illio
n
Decreased Homicide Rate
Dru
g-Re
late
d D
eath
Ra
te
Decreased Drug-Related Death Rate
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rate
Decreased Infant Mortality Rate
Viol
ent
Crim
e Ra
te
Decreased Violent Crime Rate
Fata
lity
Rate
s fr
om
Oth
er A
ccid
ents
Decreased Fatality Rate For Other Accidents
References. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL.2016. Societal violence and collective consciousness: Reduction of U.S. homicide and urban violent crime rates. SAGE Open, 6(2),1-16. Cavanaugh KL, Dillbeck MC. 2017. The contribution of proposed field effects of consciousness to the prevention of U.S. accidental fatalities: Theory and empirical tests. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 24(1-2), 53–86. Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL. 2017. Group Practice of the Transcendental Meditation® and TM-Sidhi® Program and Reductions in Infant Mortality and Drug-Related Death: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis. SAGE Open, 7(1), 1-15. Cavanaugh KL, Dillbeck MC. 2017. Field Effects of Consciousness and Reduction in U.S. Urban Murder Rates: Evaluation of a Prospective Quasi-Experiment. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 3(3-1), 32-43.
Perc
ent
Chan
ge
-32.00%
-24.00%
-16.00%
-8.00%
0.00%
Viole
nt C
rime
Homici
des
Traf
fic Fa
talit
ies
Other
Accid
enta
l Dea
ths
Drug-R
elate
d Dea
ths
Infan
t Mor
talit
y
Mean
% Cha
nge
Summary: Effects of the Invincible America Assembly on the United States
Percent Change in Crime and Fatality Rates 2007-2010
Reference. Hatchard, G., & Cavanaugh, K. L. (2017). The Effect of Coherent Collective Consciousness on National Quality of Life and Economic Performance Indicators—An Analysis of the IMD Index of National Competitive Advantage. Journal of Health and Environmental Research. Special Issue: Maharishi Vedic Science: Creating a Sustainable Future, 3(3-1), 16-31. doi:10.11648/j.jher.s.2017030301.12
Increased Competitive Advantage in Countries After they Reached 1% of the Population Practicing TM
Reference: L. Fergusson & K. L. Cavanaugh (2019). Socio-political violence in Cambodia between 1990 and 2008: An explanatory mixed methods study of social coherence. Studies in Asian Social Science, 6(2), 1-45.
Group Practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Reduced Socio-Political Violence in Cambodia
Num
ber
of O
rigi
nal I
deas
G
ener
ated
0
1.5
3
4.5
6
Verbal Creativity Figural CreativityConventional MVA
• p = .002
• p = .03
References: Maheshwari, A., & Werd, M. R. P. (2019). Architecture and creativity: Examining the impact of Maharishi Vastu on workplace creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 31(4). doi:10.1080/10400419.2019.1667943
Increased Originality of Verbal and Figural Creative Thinking in People Working in a Maharishi Vedic Architecture (MVA) Settings
People working in a building built according the principles of Maharishi Vedic architecture (MVA) increased in both verbal and spatial creativity compared to people working in conventional architecture.
Recent Research (2014-2019) on the Transcendental Meditation® Technique
Four Stories Story #4: Authentic Vedic Knowledge —> Improved National Consciousness
Conclusion. Maharishi’s programs to create coherence in collective consciousness are based on the ancient Vedic tradition and have been repeatedly verified to improve quality of life in cities, nations, and the world, in prospective empirical demonstrations.
Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation technique:
Collected Papers, Vols 1 – 7.
• Over 675 Studies • Conducted at over 250 Universities and Research
Institutions • In 30 Countries
Contact Information:
• David Orme-Johnson, PhD • Professor Emeritus of Psychology • Maharishi International University • Research Desk, Maharishi Foundation • www.TruthAboutTM.org • [email protected]