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![Page 1: Recent Innovations in Concrete & Foundations Leading Growth By Dr. N V Nayak Principal Advisor, Gammon India Limited Chairman, Geocon International Pvt.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649cba5503460f94981f54/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Recent Innovations in Concrete & Foundations Leading Growth
By
Dr. N V NayakPrincipal Advisor, Gammon India Limited
Chairman, Geocon International Pvt. Ltd
Organizers : ISSE, Pune District Center
Sustainable
The First Memorial Lecture In Memory of Late Prof. Y.S. Sane
9TH Sep 2014
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I. Concrete1.0 Preamble
“Worldwide levels of carbon dioxide, have reached their highest level in 3 million years, US Scientists have said”.
“Times of India, Mumbai, June 2013”
“In 1.8bn years Earth Will Become Too Hot As Seas Will Evaporate”
“Times of India, Mumbai, 20th September 2013”
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World Average Temperature will rise by at least 4°C by the year 2100 and at least by 8°C by 2200.
“Times of India, Mumbai, 21st October 2013”
“East Himalayan Forests Turning Brown”
“Times of India, Mumbai, 2nd January 2014”
We have to reverse this trend, for our survival for the future.
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How?
&
Without affecting the Growth/Development by
Sustainable Development;
Why Discuss “Concrete” for Sustainable Development?
o Concrete is Most Widely used construction Material only next to water.
o It Generally produces Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
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2.0 Sustainable Development
Annual World Concrete Consumption : 20000 Mt
Annual India’s Concrete consumption : 1000t Mt
Target without increased cement : 4000 Mt
production (4 Times)
World Annual Cement Production :4000Mt Consumption (in 2013)
China’s Annual Cement Production : 2350 Mt
(58.7%)
India’s Annual Cement Production : 280 Mt
(6.7%)
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India 6.7%
China58.7 %
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3.0 Emission of CO2
1 t of Cement Production releases 0.9 t of CO2
1 t of Cement consumed in (-) 0.4 t of CO2
concrete absorbs while hardening
Therefore, net 1 t of cement produced
and releases consumed in concrete 0.5 t of CO2
emits
Hence we in India release 0.34 Mt of CO2
producing & Consuming 280 Mt of Cement Annually / day
Concrete Production for Growth Must
How to make it Sustainable
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4.0 Sustainable Concrete Production6 Steps to be followed
(*)Make Compulsory use of Secondary Cementing Material (SCM)
(Saving Roughly 60-70%)
Produce more Durable Concrete
(Increased Life Almost Double)
(*) Use Higher Strength Concrete
(Saving roughly 30%).
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(*)Use Higher Size of Aggregate (MSA) in Concrete
(Saving roughly 10%).
(*)Use optimum Cement Content in Concrete.
Encourage use of “Carbon Negative Cement”.
With (*) alone, we can produce ≈ 4 times the concrete for given amount of cement manufactured.
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4.1 Main Secondary Cementing Materials
o Fly Ash (FA)
–Annual Production – 200 Mt;
o Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS);
- Annual Production : 90 Mt
o Metakaoline (MK);
– Annual Production : 7000 t ( Complete Export……..)
o Rice Husk Ash (RHA);
o Micro-silica (MS);
o Ultrafine Fly Ash & Ultrafine GGBS (UFFA; UFS, Alcofine) (Recent Innovations)o Annual Production : (5000 t + 15000 t) = 20000to Annual Export : (2000 t + 4000 t) = 6000 t… (30%)
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4.2 Codal Provisions
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Author’s Recommendation
Use fly Ash up to = 50%
Use 70% in combination with Fly Ash + GGBS, or 85% GGBS Alone. Why ?
Avoid Micro Silica (MS) ; Why ?(explained later)
Substitute MS by UFS/Alccofine, Ultrafine Fly Ash. Why ?
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4.3 Durable Concrete
Present Practice, Design = 50 - 60 years Life
AIM Design for Life = 100 - 125 Years
Possible
Increased Life - Reduced Concrete Requirement
- Reduced Cement Requirement
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To make Durable Concrete, Concrete to Resist certain Aggressive Environment (Mainly 6)
1.0 Chloride corrosion
2.0 Carbonation corrosion
3.0 Alkali Silica Reaction
4.0 Sulphate attack
5.0 Industrial waste
6.0 Casual approach
Why ? (See photos below)
Solution
Common to all
Low
w/b ratio ≈ 0.3
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To make Durable Concrete, Concrete to Resist certain Aggressive Environment
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4.3.1 Chloride CorrosionSolution
SCM Maximum Permissible limit
GGBS in marine conditions preferred.
Fly ash & not GGBS in Roads
In General 70% replacement GGBS + fly ash together
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Solution• Fly ash preferred
• If GGBS used, Restrict to 50%; for higher percentage plastering is to be adopted.
4.3.2 Carbonation Corrosion
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Solution
High permissible % of SCM like • fly ash (25 to 50%)• GGBS (50 to 70%)• Metakaoline (10 to
20%)• Silica Fume (5 to
10%)
4.3.3 Damp patches on the surface of a reinforced concrete arch affected by ASR
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4.3.4 Sulphate Attack
SolutionHigh percentage of • GGBS – 1st
preference• Fly ash – 2nd
preferenceNot to be preferred• Silica Fume• Metakaoline
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4.3.5 Pile Concrete in Industrial Environment
√ Normally we determine pH, Chloride and Sulphate in ground Water and Subsoil;
√ Many other factors of ground water affect performance of concrete;
√ These are of importance in Industrialized Areas.
√ Why? [See Figures]
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Influence of Industrial Wastes on Structures
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Solution:
GGBS : > 50% (1st Preference)
: < 50% (2nd Preference)
Fly Ash : ≈ 50% (3rd Preference)
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Summary of effectiveness of SCM on concrete
Type of SCM
% Addition with respect to
Total Cementitious content
Resistance to Alkali-Silica Reaction/Expansion
On Carbonation Resistance
On Chloride Resistance
On Sulphate Resistance
On Industrial Waste
Fly ash 10% to 25%
26% to 50%
Good to Very Good
Excellent
Moderate
Moderate
Good
Excellent
Good
Good
a) Slightly better than OPC
b) Better than 1(a)
GGBS 50%
50 to 70%
Very Good
Excellent
Moderate
Poor
Very Good
Excellent
Very Good
Excellent
Very Good
ExcellentSilica Fume
5 to 10% Excellent Moderate Very Good
Moderate -
Metakaoline
10 to 20% Excellent Moderate Very Good
Moderate -
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Category Preferential order of Various SCM
Alkali-Silica Reaction
Fly ash (High%), GGBS (high%), Silica Fume, Metakaoline
Carbonation Fly ash, GGBS (<50%), Silica Fume, Metakaoline
GGBS (>50%)
Chloride Corrosion
Fly ash (>26%), GGBS (>50%)
Silica Fume, Metakaoline
Fly ash (≤25%), GGBS (≤50%)
Sulphate Resistance
GGBS (>50%)
Fly ash
Silica Fume, Metakaoline
Industrial WasteGGBS (> 50%)
GGBS (<50%)
Fly ash (<50%)
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Densely Reinforced Beam-Column Junction
4.3.6 CASUAL APPROACH Innumerable cases
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Solution
Self Compacting Concrete
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Benefits of Ultrafine Slag and Fly ash Better Workability & Retention Period
Better Pumpability
Early Strength Gain
Reduced Drying Shrinkage
Better Sulphate Resistance
Better Pore Size and Particle Packing (Reduced permeability)
Better Resistance to Industrial Waste
Reduced Cost
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Recent & Future Developments of Concrete Ultrafine Slag & Ultrafine Fly ash - Need Fast
Implementation
Self curing concrete - High Priority
Dry mixing of concrete in Batching plant - High Priority
Industry waste as aggregate Bendable concrete Self cleaning concrete Self healing concrete (Bacterial concrete) Carbon negative cement controlled permeability formwork
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5.0 Foundations : Pile Foundations - Bored Cast-in-situ
Preamble
Simple innovations are referred here which will have great effect on durability and sustainability
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Taets Pile Breaker
5.1 Removal of Concrete above cutoff level
Chipping of concrete by Jack Hammer by Wedge Method – Widely adopted
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5.1 Removal of Concrete above cutoff level
Performance of Taets
Taets Pile breaker – Costly but time effective and quality suspect
ConsequencesMicro Cracks getting developed in Piles below cutoff level and chances of endangering its performance.• Measures for
Improved Performance ?????
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5.1Removal of Green Concrete above pile cut-off
Developed by Speaker and adopted in IRC 78 – 2011
Methodology• Remove Concrete soon after
completion of Pile Concrete;
• Generally removed manually by Tumbler for depth up to 0.5m below ground;
• Special Tool is used for deeper depth (See Figure );
• After removal, Vibrate Concrete using Rammer (Fig in next slide);
• In absence of Ramming/Vibration, Air voids will be present in concrete which will result in strength reductionScooping Tool
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5.2 Removal of Green Concrete above pile cut-off
Rammer for Vibration of Concrete after scooping
Compressive Strength Results
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5.3 L Bend to Pile Reinforcement Cage
Theoretically Not Required Except in some special cases.
Majority Still ProvideConsequences ??????
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L Bend to Pile Reinforcement Cage (Contd..)
Reasons:O Proper flushing may
not be possible;O Concrete Flow also
may not be proper. (see Adjacent
pic)
Recommendations :
Avoid L Bend in Main Reinforcement steel at bottom of Pile, unless mandated
Sand, Not
Concrete
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5.4 Socketing of Pile in Weathered/Soft Rock
• Many Practices are adopted to decide Socket Length;• Speaker has been Adopting “Cole-Stroud Approach
Based on N Values of SPT” since 1974. (Now adopted by Bureau ofIndian Standards “IS 2911- 2010”)
Main Point to note
FS = 3 in Friction and also in End Bearing. Thorough Investigation needed
Was adopted for Zuari- Mandovi bridges for KRCL, Goa India.
(see Adjacent Figure).
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Socketing of Pile in Weathered / Soft Rock (Contd..)
O Some Insist of doing “SPT” Test. This is not desirable from time and cost consideration.
O To overcome this problem, quality control concept involving “Pile Penetration Ratio-PPR” has been developed.
O PPR Reflects Energy in tm required to Advance Borehole of 1m2 cross section by 1 cm
N Value of SPT
PPR Value (tm/m2/cm)
Remarks
50 37.35
For N Values in between, Linear Extrapolation will be adopted
100 74.70
150 112.05
200 149.40
250 186.75
This approach can be adopted up to N Value of 400300 224.1
0
350 261.45
400 298.80
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5.5 .Torque Meters on Control Panel
Torque Meters Force Meter
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5.6 Convert Marine Piling to Land Piling
In Konkan Railway Project, out of 15 marine jobs, 13 jobs were converted fully to land piling by AFCONS
4.5 Km long Bridge on Godavari River converted into Land Piling by Gammon,
Max Depth of water ~ 14m (See Adjacent pic)
Advantages : Substantial Time and Cost Reduction
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5.7 Settlement Criteria for Load Test
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Settlement Criteria For Load Test Cont’d…a) Curve (a) – IS 2911 Part 4 – 1985 @ 1.5
times design loadb) Curve (b) - IS 2911 Part 4 – 2013 @ 1.5
times design loadc) Curve (c ) - 10% of Pile dia @ ultimate
loadd) Curve (d) – 2% of pile dia @ 1.5 times
design loade) Curve (e ) - 3% of pile dia @ 1.5 times
design load
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5.8 Capacity of Under ream Piles
IS 2911 – Part 3 – 1980 –
Incorrect Recommendation.
Why?
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5.9 MSA in Foundations & Substructures
Recommend – 40mm MSA
Save 10% in cementitious material
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5.10 Highly Innovative Indian Design
Zuari Bridge on Konkan Railway
Novel Concept Adopted for the First Time in India
o Only 14 Well Foundations on entire Konkan Railway Project (over 100 bridges)
o Caissons / Wells were pneumatically sunk.
o Founding depth of one caisson was 30 m below water level.
- Workers could hardly work for ½ hour.
Hence Novel Idea founding caisson on piles was adopted for the first time in India
(See Pic in Next Slide)
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Details of Caisson Resting on Piles
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Way Forward
Determined Approach by all of us to follow “Sustainable Growth Guidelines”
Saving in Piling – Minimum 25% over the present practice
Saving in Concrete – Minimum 10% over the present practice
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Thank you
“Jai Hind”
“Jai Bharat (India)”
“Jai Maharashtra”