Recent advances in nanotechnology

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RECENT ADVANCES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY BY: VARSHA A. ANDHALE M.PHARM (FIRST YEAR) GUIDE NAME: DR.SUDHA RATHOD Monday, June 6, 2022 1

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Transcript of Recent advances in nanotechnology

  • 1. RECENT ADVANCES INNANOTECHNOLOGYBY:VARSHA A. ANDHALEM.PHARM (FIRST YEAR)GUIDE NAME: DR.SUDHA RATHOD16 September 2014 1

2. INTRODUCTIONNanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions orsolid particles with a size in the range of 10-1000nm.The drug dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated orattached to a nanoparticles matrix.Depending upon to the method of preparation,nanoparticles, nanospheres or nanocapsules can beobtained.Nanocapsules are systems in which the drug isconfined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymermembrane, while nanospheres are matrix systems inwhich the drug is physically and uniformly dispersed.16 September 2014 2 3. Why Nano is GOODFasterDifferent properties at very small scaleLighter Can get into small spacesCheaper More energy efficient16 September 2014 3 4. LIPOSOMEAPPROACHNANOSOMESRESIPIROCYTENANOTUBES FULLEFFRENENANOPORESQUANTQUMDOTNANONSHELLNPPPPPPPNANOROBOTMICROBIVOREMDENDRIMERSPARAMAGNET16 September 2014 4 5. LIPOSOME:DEFINATIONWhen phoshpolipids are dispersed in water, theyspontaneously form closed structure With internal aqueousenvironment bounded by phoshpolipipd bilayer membrane,this vasicular system called as liposome.Liposome are the small vesicles of spherical shape that canbe produced from cholesterol, non toxic surfactantsphingolipids, glycolipids, long chain fatty acidand even membrane proteins.16 September 2014 5 6. PREPARATION METHOD1.Mechanical methodA. Film methodB. Ultrasonic method2.Method based on replacement of organic solventA. Reverse phase evaporationB. Ether vaporisation method3.Fusion of preformed vesicleA. Freeze thaw extrusion methodB. Rehydration method16 September 2014 6 7. PREPARATION METHOD OF LIPOSOME16 September 2014 7 8. APPLICATION OF LIPOSOMEAntibody Directed Enzyme Pro-Drug TherapyLiposomes conjugated with an enzyme to activate aprodrug and an antibody directed to a tumour antigen(enzyme linked immunoliposomes).The antibody directs the enzyme to the target tissuewhere it activates the prodrug selectively and convertsit to its active form.Action of the drug is avoided in other normal tissues.Example: Epirubicin and doxorubicin16 September 2014 8 9. 16 September 2014 9 10. NANOPOREDEFINATIONA nanopore is a very small hole. It may, for example, becreated by a pore-forming protein or as a hole insynthetic materials such as silicon or graphene.It can be a biological protein channel in a highelectrical resistance lipid bilayer, a pore in a solid-statemembrane or a hybrid of these - a protein channel setin a synthetic membrane.These can be about 20 nm in a diameter.These pores allow small molecules like oxygen, glucose,insulin to pass however they prevent large immune systemmolecules like immunoglobilin from passing.16 September 2014 10 11. 16 September 2014 11 12. NANOPORE BASED DNA SEQUENCING Ability to differentiate DNA strands based ondifferences in base pair sequences. Ability to differentiate purines from pyrimidines. Incorporation of electricity conducting electrodes isbeing designed to improve longitudinal resolution forbase pair identification. Pass a DNA molecule through a nanoscale pore in amembrane from head to tail, and read off each basewhen it is located at the narrowest constriction of thepore, using the ion current passing through the pore toprobe the identity of the base.16 September 2014 12 13. 16 September 2014 13 14. NANOTUBESSTRUCTUREA. Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structuralfamily.B. Their name is derived from their long, hollowstructure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheetsof carbon, called graphene.C. These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete("chiral") angles, and the combination of the rollingangle and radius decides the nanotube properties; forexample, whether the individual nanotube shell is ametal or semiconductor.D. Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes(SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes(MWNTs).16 September 2014 14 15. NANOTUBE APPLICATIONCarbon nanotubes can be made more soluble byincorporation of carboxylic or ammonium groups totheir structure and can be used for the transport ofpeptides, nucleic acids and other drug molecules. Nanotubes to transport DNA across cell membrane isused in studies involving gene therapy.SWCN used with siRNA to silence targeted geneexpression.16 September 2014 15 16. 16 September 2014 16 17. QUANTUM DOTSA quantum dot is a nanocrystal made of semiconductormaterials that are small enough to exhibit quantummechanical properties.Specifically, its excitons are confined in all three spatialdimensions.16 September 2014 17 18. 16 September 2014 18 19. APPLICATION OF QUANTUM DOTUsed for biomedical purposes as a diagnostic as wellas therapeutic tool.The quantum dots conjugated with polyethylene glycol(PEG) and antibody to prostate specific membraneantigen (PSMA) were accumulated and retained in thegrafted tumour tissue.This method can be adopted for various malignancies likemelanoma, breast, lung and gastro intestinal tumours.16 September 2014 19 20. 16 September 2014 20 21. NANOSHELLDEFINATIONA nanoshell, or rather a nanoshell plasmon, is a type ofspherical nanoparticle consisting of a dielectric corewhich is covered by a thin metallic shell (usually gold).These nanoshells involve a quasiparticle called plasmonwhich is a collective excitation or quantum plasmaoscillation where the electrons simultaneously oscillatewith respect to all the ions.Nanoshells can be varied across a broad range ofthe light spectrum that spans the visible and nearinfrared regions.16 September 2014 21 22. GOLD NANOPARTICLE SHELL PREPARATION16 September 2014 22 23. APPLICATION OF NANOSHELL Nanoshells can also be embedded in a hydrogelpolymer containing the drug. After directing the nanoshells to the tumour tissueby immunological methods, with an infrared laser,these can be made to get heated up, melting thepolymer and releasing the drug at tumour site. Nanoshells are also useful for diagnostic purposesin whole blood immunoassays.16 September 2014 23 24. 16 September 2014 24 25. NANOBUBBLES The appearance of hydrophobic surface,causes formationof nanobubbles. Inrefacially associated nanobubble of decreasing size andnumber are observed as hydrophobicity of subphaseincreases.16 September 2014 25 26. DEVICE USE FOR NANOBUBBLE GENERATION16 September 2014 26 27. 16 September 2014 27 28. APPLICATIOB OF NANOBUBBLERemain stable at room temperature and when heated tophysiological temperature within the body coalesce toform microbubbles.These have the advantages of targeting the tumourtissue and delivering the drug selectively under theinfluence of ultrasound exposure.This results in increased intracellular uptake of thedrug by the tumour cells. It also provides an additional advantage of enablingvisualisation of the tumour by means of ultrasoundmethods.16 September 2014 28 29. 16 September 2014 29 30. 16 September 2014 30 31. PARAMAGNETIC PARTICLE MNPs are spherical nanocrystals of 10-100 nm in sizewith an Fe2+ or Fe3+ core surrounded by lipids,liposomes, proteins, polymers, or dextran and surface-coatedwith non-polymeric stabilizers, providing theopportunity for the smart delivery of therapeuticmaterials Iron oxide MNPs (magnetite, Fe3O4; maghemite,Fe2O3) are extensively used as the core of magneticnanocarriers due to super paramagnetic properties andbiocompatibility.16 September 2014 31 32. PARAMAGNETIC PARTICLE SYNTHESIS16 September 2014 32 33. APPLICATION OF PARAMAGNETIC PARTICLE Paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are used ascontrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. Targeting of these nanoparticles enables identificationof specific organs and tissues. Monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) helpin over coming the disadvantage of surgically inducedcontrast enhancement in brain due to leak of contrastmaterial from the cut end and oozing blood vessels inbrain when MR imaging is done post-operatively. This is avoided when MIONs are used pre-operatively.16 September 2014 33 34. Some novel SPIONs as MRI contrast agents in stem cell labelingand tracking.16 September 2014 34 35. NANOSOMES Nanosomes also called as PEBBLEs (Probes Encapsulatedby Biologically Localized Embedding). Nanosomes can also be integrated with a photocatalystwhich produces reactive oxygen species when stimulatedby light and destroy the target tissue. This method has advantage over conventional drugs inbeing much safer without the adverse effects of cancerchemotherapy drugs and also the absence of developmentof drug resistance.16 September 2014 35 36. NANOSOMES STRUCTURE16 September 2014 36 37. DENDRIMERS Dendrimers are large and complex molecules with verywell-defined chemical structures. From a polymer chemistry point of view, dendrimers arenearly perfect monodisperse (basically meaning of aconsistent size and form) macromolecules With a regularand highly branched three dimensional architecture. They consist of three major architectural componentsA. CoreB. BranchesC. End groups16 September 2014 37 38. 16 September 2014 38 39. DENDRIMERSPAMAM dendrimers can also be used in treatment ofcancer by conjugating with anti-cancer drugs like cisplatin,adriamycin or methotrexatePAMAM dendrimers in transfer of antisense survivingoligonucleotides in tumour cell lines.These methods provide an effective alternative to viralvectors of gene transfer for treatment of various tumours.Reagent of Qiagen are dendrimer based DNAtransfection kits used for delivering DNA into the cell.16 September 2014 39 40. 16 September 2014 40 41. Respirocytes The respirocytes are intend designed to mimic all theimportant functions of red blood cells and also used intreatment of anaemia, heart attack, lung diseases These have higher capacity to deliver oxygen to tissues,supplying 236 times more oxygen per unit volume thannatural red blood cells.These devices have sensors on the surface which can detectchanges in the environment and the onboard nanocomputerwill regulate the intake and output of the oxygen and carbondioxide molecules.16 September 2014 41 42. 16 September 2014 42 43. MicrobivoresHypothetical structures which function as white bloodcells in the blood stream designed to trap circulatingmicrobes.They are expected to have greater efficacy than cellularblood cells in phagocytosis.The microbivores surface is arranged with processeswhich can extend in length and secure the microbe whichgets in contact with it.16 September 2014 43 44. MICROBIVORES16 September 2014 44 45. 16 September 2014 45 46. Hunting malaria with magnets The new SMART system detects a parasitic wasteproduct called hemozoin. When the parasites infect red blood cells, they feed on thenutrient-rich hemoglobin carried by the cells. As hemoglobin breaks down, it releases iron, which canbe toxic, so the parasite converts the iron into hemozoin aweakly paramagnetic crystallite. How the hydrogens nuclear magnetic resonance isaffected by the proximity of other magnetic particles.16 September 2014 46 47. 16 September 2014 47 48. APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY16 September 2014 48 49. COMPANIES INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF NANOPARTICLECOMPANY PRODUCTBioDeliverySciencesOral drug delivery of drugs encapuslated in a nanocrystallinestructure called a cochleateCytImmune Gold nanoparticles for targeted delivery of drugs to tumorsInvitrogen Q dots for medical imagingSmith andNephewAntimicrobial wound dressings using silver nanocrystalsLuna Inovations Bucky balls to block inflammation by trapping free radicalsNanoBio Nanoemulsions for nasal delivery to fight viruses (such as the fluand colds) or through the skin to fight bacteriaNanoBioMagneticsMagnetically responsive nanoparticles for targeted drug deliveryand other applications16 September 2014 49 50. CONCLUSION Nanoparticulate systems have great potentials,being able to convert poorly soluble, poorlyabsorbed and labile biological active substance intopromising deliverable drugs. Generally nanoparticle have relatively higherintracellular uptake compared to microparticles andavailable to a wide range of biological targets due totheir small size and relative mobility.16 September 2014 50 51. REFERENCESPrabhjot kaur, Loveleenpreet kaur and MU. Khan ,International journal of research in pharmacy andchemistry 2012,2(3) ISSN:2231-2781,756A.Surendiran , S.sandhiya , S.C.Pradhan & C. AdithanIndian J Med Res 130 , December 2009 ,689 -701Priyanka R. Kulkarni , Jaydeep Yadav ,Kumar A VaidyaInternational Journal of Current Pharmaceutical ReasearchISSN-0975-70666 VOL 3 ,ISSUE 2 , 2011 , 10-18Zhan Wang1 and Yuan-Cheng Cao2 Nanomedicine &Nanotechnology Wang and Yuan-Cheng, J NanomedNanotechnol 2014, 5:3 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7164 Se3pt9em.b1er 020104 020 , 1-7 51 52. ANYQUESTION?16 September 2014 52 53. 16 September 2014 53