RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS

7/30/2019 RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS

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Dr. Y. NARASIMHA MURTHY Ph.DSri Sai Baba National College

(Autonomous)

ANANTAPUR- 515001-A.Pyayavaram @ yahoo.com


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Recent advances in ElectronicsEngineering & Technology has

revolutionized almost every aspect of

human life. Communications, householdappliances, medical are few names from

the vast list of areas.


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Contd..

Rapid advancement in the field ofElectronics Engineering promises a

new future to the mankind byredefining all aspects of human life.

Let us try to see these developments

in a systematic order.


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First generation Electronics-Vacuum Tubes


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Contd..

In 1875, American, G.R. Carey inventedthe phototube.

In 1878, Englishman Sir William

Crookes invented the 'Crookes tube', anearly prototype of cathode-ray tube.

In 1895, German, Wilhelm Roentgen

invented an early prototype X-ray tube.


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Contd..

In 1897, German, Karl Ferdinand Brauninvented the cathode ray tubeoscilloscope.

In 1904, John Ambrose Fleminginvented the first practical electrontube called the 'Fleming Valve'. Leming

invents the vacuum tube diode.


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Contd..

In 1906, Lee de Forest invented theaudion later called the triode, animprovement on the 'Fleming Valve'

tube.In 1913, William D. Coolidge invented

the 'Coolidge Tube', the first practical

X-ray tube. In 1920, RCA began the first

commercial electron tube

manufacturing.


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Triode , Tetrode


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Limitations !!

Large size

Power dissipation

Time of operation Poor responce

Cost


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Second Generation -Solid state

electronics

Started in 1930s with the first solid-state device the "cat's whisker"

detector, first used in radio receivers. Awhisker-like wire is placed lightly incontact with a solid crystal (such as a

germanium crystal) in order to detect aradio signal by the contact junctioneffect.


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Revolution in Solid state electronics

Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley inventedin 1947 the first bipolar point-contact

transistor

As an acknowledgement of this

accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and

Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956

Nobel Prize in Physics "for their

researches on semiconductors and their

discovery of the transistor effect.


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John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at

Bell Labs, 1948.


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Contd.

The first silicon transistor wasproduced by Texas Instruments in 1954.

The first MOS transistor actually builtwas by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in1960


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Advantages

Small size and minimal weight, allowingthe development of miniaturized

electronic devices.

Highly automated manufacturingprocesses, resulting in low per-unit cost.

Lower possible operating voltages,

making transistors suitable for small,

battery-powered applications.


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Contd..No warm-up required for cathode heaters

after power applicationLower power dissipation and generally

greater energy efficiency.

Higher reliability and greater physicalruggedness.

Extremely long life. Sometransistorized devices have been inservice for more than 50 years.


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Contd..

Complementary devices available,facilitating the design of complementary-symmetry circuits, which is not possible

with vacuum tubes.

Insensitivity to mechanical shock and

vibration, thus avoiding the problem ofmicro phonics in audio applications


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Limitations

Silicon transistors typically do not operateat voltages higher than about 1000 volts

(SiC devices can be operated as high as

3000 volts). In contrast, vacuum tubeshave been developed that can be operated

at tens of thousands of volts.


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IC TECHNOLOGY

The integration of large numbers of tiny

transistors into a small chip was an

enormous improvement over the manualassembly of circuits using discrete

electronic components.


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Contd..

Early developments of the integrated circuit go

back to 1949, when the German engineer

Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG) filed a patent for

an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor

amplifying device showing five transistors on acommon substrate in a 2-stage amplifier

arrangement. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap

hearing aids as typical industrial applications ofhis patent. A commercial use of his patent has

not been reported.


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First Commercial IC

Jack Clair Kilby an Americanelectrical engineer took part

(along with Robert Noyce)

in the realization of the first

integrated circuit while

working at Texas Instruments

in 1958. He was awarded the

Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.


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Jack Kilby's original integrated circuit


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VLSI

SSI : "small-scale integration , digitalcircuits containing transistors numbering inthe tens

MSI : Contained hundreds of transistors ona single chip, called "medium-scaleintegration" (MSI)-1960s.

LSI :Large-scale integration with tens ofthousands of transistors per chip-mid 1970s


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contd..

The final step in the development process,starting in the 1980s and continuing

through the present, was "very large-scale

integration" (VLSI). The developmentstarted with hundreds of thousands of

transistors in the early 1980s, and

continues beyond several billiontransistors as of 2009.


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ADVANTAGES

Size : Sub-micron sizeSpeed and Power: Smaller size of IC

components yields higher speed and lower

power consumption due to smaller parasitic

resistances, capacitances an.d inductances.

Design is versatile , Simply change the maskto change the design .

But designing the lay-out is a timeconsuming process


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MICROPROCESSOR

The first known advertisement for the 4004 isdated November 15, 1971 and appeared in

Electronic News.

The Intels 4004 is generally regarded as thefirst commercially available microprocessor.

Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin and Busicom

engineer Masatoshi Shima are the people whotook part in the design of first 4-bit

microprocessor INTEL 4004.


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The 4004 with cover removed (left) and as

actually used (right)


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Microprocessor chronology


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Contd


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Contd


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Microcontroller

TI engineers Gary Boone and MichaelCochran succeeded in creating the first

microcontroller (also called a

microcomputer) in 1971.

The result of their work was the TMS

1000, a 4-bit microcontroller and released

commercially into market in 1974


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ASIC Technology

An application-specific integrated circuit, orASIC , is an integrated circuit (IC) customized

for a particular use, rather than intended for

general-purpose use. For example, a chipdesigned to run in a digital voice recorder is an

ASIC. Application-specific standard products

(ASSPs) are intermediate between ASICs and

industry standard integrated circuits like the

7400 or the 4000 series.


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A tray of Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)

chips


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SOC- System on -chipModern ASICs often include entire

microprocessors, memory blocks

including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flashand other large building blocks. Such an

ASIC is often termed a SoC (system-on-

chip)


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The implications of these developments

The rapid advancements in electronics influenced :

Consumer Electronics

Communications & Wireless

communication

Medical electronics

Transport Electronics(Automobile)Optoelectronic systems

Remote sensing & Power Electronics


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Consumer ElectronicsHigh-definition TV sets

have become a part

of almost every household .

Resolution is now up

to 4096 x 2160 (4K) pixels,

equivalent to more than

8 megapixels, and visitors

will be amazed by the pin-sharp images. With four timesthe resolution of full HD now available this technology

is ideal for beamers and large screens.


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HDTV Pictures


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OLED displays

OLED displays are very thin, making themideal for devices with very slim designs.

To date they have found their way onto

mobile phones, smart phones and tabletPCs.

Small OLED TVs have been on the market

for some time and this year the first large(55-inch) OLED are ready for sale.


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Smart TVs

Conventional broadcasts are not the onlything that smart TVs can receive. They canalso access internet content and services.

Owners can start apps on-screen, playgames with partners in the cloud, take outfilms from media theques, or keep in touchwith friends through e-mails, Skype, Twitteror Face book.


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Contd

By 2011 some 6 million internet TVs hadalready been sold. According to market

researchers, in 2012 every second set sold

in Germany will be a smart TV.In addition to apps some smart TVs

also feature browsers that can surf the

internet, similar to a PC.


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Ultra Books

Last year tablets were the big hit and in 2012ultra books are setting a new trend. They areextremely thin, feature extended batterylife, boot up in seconds and sport handsomelooks. Some models even let the user decidewhether to operate this mobile device as anotebook or tablet. Weighing only 1 to 2

kilograms, ultra books fully match theperformance of a conventional notebook.


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Samsung Series 9 Ultra book


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Contd

Photos, music and videos are no longer stored

on shelves, in albums and shoe boxes. All that

is a thing of the past. Nowadays they are

archived digitally on PCs, notebooks and

network hard drives and via a home networkcan be retrieved by virtually any digital device,

be it a smart phone, networked TV set or a

tablet. Standards such as UPnP and DLNAmake accessing media in a home network easy


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Contd..

Communication between CE components and

household appliances opens up wealth of

possibilities for future applications. Washing

machines can be monitored via a smart phone

or tablet while their owners are on the move.The lighting or blinds in the house can be

activated even when on holiday. When

shopping, users can be alerted to low foodstocks in the fridge.


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Communications Wireless

GPS, Bluetooth ,CDMA ,2G,3G ,WiFi ,

Zigbee etc.. are the recent trends in

communication technology.

The mobile phone technology has

revolutionized the entire communication

domain


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Contd..

The Cell Phone Has Become the BiggestPlatform Created.

Nearly 3 ~ 4.6 B Total Wireless

subscribers and nearly 950 M 3GSubscribers are now enjoying . It is

expected to be ~2.7B by 2014

S G l I f


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Samsung Galaxy- Icon for

Innovative technology ?


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Contd

The recent technology thatrevolutionized the home security

is the Zig Bee. i.e Zig Bee enableddigital home.


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A ZigBee-enabled digital home

As soon as you use your digital key tounlock the door, your house adjusts thelighting, heat, and window blinds to yourliking and puts on your favorite CD in thekitchen. While you were at work, thehouse fed the cat, turned off the spaceheater your kids accidentally left on in the

basement, and recorded motion-triggeredvideo from security cameras around theproperty.


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Contd

Your refrigerator detect an almost emptymilk carton and add a gallon of two

percent to the shopping list that it will e-

mail to you automatically. Your house wasready to detect water or gas leaks,

freezing pipes, and fire and could have

called you or the fire department or aplumber.


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Safety trends in automotive electronics

Safety awareness for vehicles has been

increasing strongly since the 1980s. It

started with simple seat-belt systemscontinued with airbags, and has now led

to the first really intelligent safety

systems.


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Contd --

With todays advances in sensor andprocessor technology, the possibilities are

growing rapidly. Governments are also

viewing these as ways to decrease trafficcasualties, and legislation is starting to

demand that car manufacturers make use

of the technology.


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Night vision camera


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Most car headlights can light the road up to

around 60 meters away. Lamps like High-Intensity Discharge (HID) types havegradually increased the range, but it is still

limited. Infrared imaging systems will allow drivers

to gain information about traffic up to

around 150 meters away - more than twicethe distance of ordinary low beamheadlights.


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Blind spot detection

Most blind spot detection systems use

radar sensors located behind the rearbumper that can monitor both sides of avehicle. The driver is alerted to any

potential hazard when another vehicleenters the blind spot. Very often, this isdone by a visible icon displayed in the

side view mirror, although some vendorsare now also using cameras for blind spotdetection.

Contd


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Contd..

Radar has the advantage of operating inall weather conditions, and accurately

measures the distance to moving objects.

Cameras can identify moving andstationary objects, though, and can

therefore improve the accuracy of radar

obstacle detection systems.


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Blind spot detection


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Driver alertness

Drivers not being alert, whether fromfatigue or distraction, is one of the main

causes of vehicle crashes. For some high-

end cars, buses and trucks offer an optionthat monitors the drivers face using a

camera located in the vehicle instrument

panel.


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Contd..

The camera monitors a drivers head andeye position , and the frequency at which

the driver blinks his or her eyes. When

needed, it sounds an alert to keep thedriver awake, and can apply additional

braking force when other sensors predict

an imminent collision.


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Driver alertness systems


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Lane departure warning

In US alone, around 4,500 deaths occureach year from head-on collisions or

sideswipes when vehicles cross the

enterline and collide with oncomingtraffic. Lane departure warning systems

can indicate when its possible to cross

the centerline using a green symbol on thedashboard display.


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They can provide an auditory alert if a

driver crosses a lane marking without first

having indicated. Most recent systems use

CMOS cameras to "follow" the

centerlines. Besides lane departure

warning systems, these cameras will in

the near future also be used for traffic signrecognition.


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Lane departure warning system


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Medical ElectronicsRecent developments in electronics has

also revolutionized the medical

domain especially patient monitoringand diagnosis. Tele medicine ,remotepatient monitoring technology is

slowly gaining momentum


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contd

The huge advances in medical devices,

especially the new mobile and connected

devices, are being driven by the latest

developments in semiconductors. These

include large scale integration and reduced

power consumption, but also semiconductor

devices specifically targeted at medicalapplications.


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Texas Instruments thermometer


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Wrist-Worn Pulse Oximeter

El h l h EEG


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Electroencephalograph-EEG


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vision of personal medical devices.

Insulin pump with wireless control


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Insulin pump with wireless control.


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Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery


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Wireless technology in patient

monitoring

Contd


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Contd..

The electronics has given everything tomake lives happy, but its up to the

humans to use the technology for the

betterment of their lives.

Otherwise.


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Imagine !!!!

RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS

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