Rebirth of Learning 1350-1600. Middle Ages Europe EarlyHigh Kings Lords Bishops Lower lords Peasants...
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Transcript of Rebirth of Learning 1350-1600. Middle Ages Europe EarlyHigh Kings Lords Bishops Lower lords Peasants...
Rebirth of Learning
1350-1600
Middle Ages EuropeEarly High
Kings
Lords Bishops
Lower lords
Peasants Parish priests
Serfs
Crusades
Black Death
2nd Agr Revolution
New Economy
Kings
Lords Bishops
GUILDS (university)
journeyman Lower lords
apprentice laborers
Peasants Parish priests
Townsmen
Centers for trade and shipping Purchase of luxury goods such as silk, spices, ivory, and porcelain Guilds dominated social and civic life of towns Guilds reflected importance of Christianity in towns
A) contributed to building cathedralsB) adopted patron saints and sponsored parades in their honor
Trade and Commerce: The Foundations of Town Life
Moneychanger and his Wife
by Quentin Massys
European RenaissanceEuropean Renaissance ~1300- ~1700~1300- ~1700
Kings New wealthNew wealth Lords Bishops
GUILDS HumanismHumanism (university)
journeyman Art Art Lower lords
apprentice PrintingPrinting laborers
New MonarchsNew MonarchsPeasants Parish priests
New TechnologiesNew Technologies Townsmen
KingsClergyNobles
BourgeoisieBourgeoisielawyers
merchantsguildsmen
ProletariatProletariat
peasants
Town Life in the Middle Ages
• Towns were small because society was based on agriculture and most people lived in the countryside
• Nobles had most of the power a) lords owned the land where
most towns were locatedb) towns needed protection from knights that lords could provide
• Status determined by birthright
• Towns grew because society began to be based on commerce and more people started to live in cities
• Middle class had most of the power
a) limited the power of feudal lords by forcing them to grant chartersb) gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks
• Status determined by wealth and ability
Town Life in the Renaissance
SOCIETY
POWER
STATUS
500 C.E. 1400 1650
What was the Renaissance?
Why did it begin in Italy?• Renaissance is a French word meaning
“rebirth.” It refers to a revival in arts and learning
• Period when scholars became interested in ancient Greek and Roman culture
• Italian city-states displayed their wealth by giving financial support to artists who created works with classical themes
New Wealth
1. Venice and Genoa2. Followed by
FlorenceMilanRome
3. Acceptance by church of profit motive
St. Thomas Aquinas
1. IndividualismFocus on man rather than God
Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man(1463-94) “You shall determine your own nature without constraint from any barrier.”
Castiglione’s The Book of the CourtierHow should the ideal man and woman behave?
Humanism
2. Classicism a. translation of Greek, Roman texts b. Arab texts that used Greek and Roman texts that no longer existed
-Ibn Sina, Averroes
3. Secularism- focus on world/not just heaven
*transforms education
Universities not just for educating clergy
The Arts
Renaissance Art and Artists/Genius
Italian city-states/Florence
de Medici family=bankers, art patrons
Cathedral of Florencethe Duomo
Brunelleschi’s Dome
How did Florence become the most influential city-
state?• Maintained thriving industry in wool and silk
trade• Purchased luxury items from the East and sold
them for a large profit• Sold insurance to sea traders to protect their
overseas investments• Created numerous banks that made loans or
exchanged currencies• Medici family promoted trade, banking, the arts,
scholarship and civic pride
The Medici Family
• Made a fortune as merchants and bankers.
• Used their profits to promote trade, banking, the arts, scholarship and civic pride.
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
Raphael’s “School of Athens”
Pythagoras
Socrates Plato Aristotle
Ptolemy
EuclidAverroes
Massys’ “A Money Changer and His Wife”
Da Vinci’s “Proportional Study of Man in the Manner of Vitruvius”
Durer’s “Erasmus”
Bruegel’s “Summer”
1. Public ArtDavid as symbol of Florence (small city-state surrounded by large states)
Michelangelo Donatello
MasaccioMasaccio Trinity with the Virgin
1427
2.Perspective
Use ofgeometricproportions,arrangements
Leonardo da da VinciVinci Mona Lisa
3. chiaroscuro
MichelangeloMichelangelo Sistine Chapel ceiling
4. Biblical/classical themes
5. Realism
Van Eyck’s The Arnolfini Wedding
1434Northern Renaissance
5. Realism/Merchants as subjects
Printing
Chinese had pioneered wood block printing press
Gutenberg puts it together with new thicker inks and moveable type
What about paper?
Northern Renaissance
• Late 15th century
• Van Eyck
• Durer
• Holbein’s Henry VIII
• Brueghel
Satires were very popular as well as “how-to” books
Renaissance Literature Writing in the Vernacular (not Latin)
Petrarch—sonnets
Dante—The Divine Comedy
Erasmus—Father of Humanism wrote “In Praise of Folly”
Machiavelli The Prince 1512 realpolitick observations of how politics really worked in Florence and rest of Europe
“…it is much safer to be feared than loved..”“A prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by so doing it would be against his interest..”“…one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.”
principle=the end justifies the means
1. Caravel and lateen (triangular) sail from Arab
dhows combine with straight sternpost, stern
rudder, and square sails of northern Europe
New Technologies
Dhow Caravel
2. New maps portolani– sailing maps
• 3. Applications for gunpowder
cannons- cannonballs by 14th century
Galileo’s telescope
First portable clocks developed in Florence, Italy, in 1410
by Brunelleschi. Before this time, mechanical clocks were large, fixed devices. The spring- driven clock made it possible to carry the time around with you.
Renaissance Ends
• Invasions by French, Spanish and Holy Roman Empire sap strength of Italian city-states
• Italy lost monopoly on trade routes--wealth decreases
• Catholic Reformation stifles creativity with Forbidden Books list and Inquisition