REASON FOR COLLECTING SEDIMENT DATA
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REASON FOR COLLECTING SEDIMENT DATA
Designed for Native Americans in Oregon & Washington--------------------------------------------Confederated Tribes of Siletz- Siletz, and Coquille TribesUmatilla Tribe, Pendleton, OR--------------------------------------------Cowlitz Tribe
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TO BE COVERED
THE SEDIMENT SYSTEM DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT
IN RIVERS SEDIMENT DATA NEEDS WHY COLLECT SEDIMENT DATA AND
HOW IS IT USED WHAT DECISIONS CAN BE MADE SEDIMENT RECORDS
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THE SEDIMENT SYSTEM
Erosion Transportation Deposition - on land/instream
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Fluvial Sediment Transport The fluvial system commonly is conceptualized into three process-dominated zones: (1) the upper source zone, (2) the middle transfer zone, and (3) the lower accumulation zone (Schumm, 1977) (Figure 1). This macroscopic conceptual model generally is applicable for large, coastal-draining river systems, and all three of the general processes; erosion, transport, and deposition; occur to varying degrees in each zone. Sediment transport processes associated with flowing water begin when earth material is entrained and terminate when the material either is deposited or dissolved. Fluvial deposits, including instream bars and benches, floodplains, and deltas, are either temporary and remobilized or permanent and converted to sedimentary rock over geologic timescales.
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EROSION
Flowing water Wind Gravity Biological Activity Water Waves Flowing Ice
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TRANSPORTATION
Movement of material detached by erosion
Factors effecting runoff and erosion:
Gravity Climate GeologyLand Use Soil
Topography Vegetation
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DEPOSITION
Coming to rest of transported material
Can be temporary or permanent
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DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT IN RIVERS
Reducing storage capacity of reservoirs- Cowlitz Basin
Causing changes in channel configuration- Siletz & Umatilla Basins
Slowing or halting, either temporarily or permanently, plant growth when deposited on productive Tribal land
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DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT IN RIVERS (cont.)
Altering or destroying aquatic and fish-spawning habitat- Siletz Basin-lamprey
Creating turbidity that reduces photosynthetic activity which a healthy stream requires- Klamath Basin
Degrading water for consumptive use Increasing the cost of water treatment by
damaging distribution systems and need to remove sediment from filters City of Salem
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DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT IN RIVERS (cont.)
Acting as a carrier of other pollutants, such as nutrients, insecticides, and heavy metals
Acting as a carrier of bacteria and virus
Causing stream to not meet its intended use, i.e. would need TMDL
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SEDIMENT DATA NEEDS
The evaluation of sediment yields with respect to different natural environmental conditions
The evaluation of sediment yields with respect to different kinds of land use
The evaluation of the differences between these two (how much is natural, how much anthropogenic).
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SEDIMENT DATA NEEDS (cont.)
The evaluation of erosion and deposition in channel systems
The amount and size characteristics of sediment delivered to a body of water (fines vs coarse material)
The relationship between sediment, water quality, and biota (holistic approach)
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SEDIMENT DATA NEEDS (cont.)
The characteristics of sediment deposited as related to particle size and flow conditions (track to source areas, Oregon Coastal rivers)
The time distribution of sediment concentration and transport rate in a stream (input from tributaries)
Wood R- restore upper meander-belts & reconnect to lower channel (drained)
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Why collect sediment data and how is it used ?
Channel and lake restoration, retrofit dams for fish passage & temp control
Need to track sediment transport over time- getting better/worse
Background data to establish trends Channel navigation- dredge rivers for
shipping and commerce Driven by a legal mandate- TMDL,
Endangered Species, WQ constituent
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Why collect sediment data and how is it used ? (cont.)
Relate to fish survival and recovery (is sediment covering fish eggs, or making it difficult to see prey
Understand the flux of sediment from land to water (hazards, landslide studies, fire and burned areas, road building, agriculture, cropland)
Other pollutants will attach to sediment (DDT) ; measure sed chemistry
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What decisions can be made from sediment
data? Define areas for remediation and restoration- where sediment ends up
Define source areas of sediment to reduce or eliminate transport – where sediment comes from
Mobilize dredging operations to specific areas (Oregon Coast)
Design and engineer bridges, roads, dams, and infrastructure to withstand sediment forces and volumes
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What decisions can be made from sediment data?
(cont.) After dam removal:1. Where did sediment end up2. How much was deposited in channel3. How much flushed out4. How long will it take to restore river to
pre-dam conditions5. Did fish return, what fish returned6. What was learned in one removal
can be used in the next
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What decisions can be made from sediment data?
(cont.) In restoring stream to natural
conditions- local economy effected1. How many jobs needed and created2. Did salmon and other fish recover3. Did ancestral tribal fisheries return4. Increase in target businesses- angling,
rafting, recreation, tourism, commercial fishery (less dollars for disaster relief)
5. Riverfront property values increase6. Public health improves
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Types and parts of a sediment record
Daily, periodic, event based Water discharge Sediment concentration Particle Size analysis Water Temperature
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BASIC TRANSPORT, LOAD, COMPUTATION
Transport curve method: Q (x-axis) vs Conc (y-axis) Qs = sediment discharge) Concentration curve developed for
daily discharge (traditional approach) Qs = K*Conc (mg/L) *Q = tons/day Sediment surrogate- instream sensor
reading (such as turbidity or voltage, on x-axis vs Conc in mg/L on y-axis
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Summary
We are measuring the transport phase of the sediment cycle
Collect data to determine the detrimental effects of sediment in rivers
Use data to compute sediment transport (tons per day)
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What are your reasons to collect sediment?