Reality and practices of utilizing early maturity soybeans ...NI 4-19 3295 Sandy I 4-19 3919 Sandy...
1
Reality and practices of utilizing early maturity soybeans in the Mid-South. Lingxiao Zhang, Stephen Kyei-Boahen, Daniel Poston, and Gabe Sciumbato. Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University SUMMARY Growing early soybeans, such as MG III and early MG IV, in the Mid- South is feasible and sometimes has advantages if they can be properly managed. The optimum planting window for early soybeans in Mid- South is between mid-April to early May. For non-irrigated fields, soybeans may be planted in early April to avoid late season drought; however, march-planting may result in short plant height, early flowering, and low pod position, which may significantly reduce final seed yield. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Average yields of early MG soybeans on irrigated and non-irrigated fields with different planting dates were summarized in Table 1 and 2. Yields of early MG soybeans were acceptable and sometimes better than some late MGs, but they were varied depending on irrigation and rainfall of the year (Table 1, 2 and Fig. 1). Yield of an early soybean varieties on irrigated fields can reach to over 4600 kg/h (~68 bu/A, Table 2). A INTRODUCTION Growing very early soybeans, such as maturity group (MG) III and early MG IV, are common practices in Mississippi and some other areas in the Mid-South in recent years, especially on non-irrigated fields. Some advantages are recognized with this practice, including early harvest to avoid late season drought stress. However, results were not consistent and varied with location, planting dates and years. The full potential and the limitation along with proper practice methods of growing these early soybeans in the regions were not systematically evaluated. The objectives of this presentation are: 1) to discuss the potential benefits and problems as well as proper managerial practices on growing these early soybeans based on seven years of yield data (MG value ranged from 3.4 to 4.4) and some other agronomic traits from three locations in Mississippi; and 2) to provide some recommendations for local soybean producers and other interested parties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiments were conducted on irrigated and non-irrigated fields at three locations, Stoneville (1998-2004), Clarksdale (2001-2004), and Starkville (2001-2004), Mississippi. Number of early soybean varieties in each experiment varied between 11 and 21. Planting dates varied from early March to mid-May. Soybean plots were planted and managed with best practice procedures recommended for the region. Experiments were conducted using a Randomized Compete Block Design with 20- to 30- inch row spacing and three to four replications. Rainfall (1998 to 2004) at Stoneville was recorded and summarized (Fig. 1). Phenological growth dates (from planting to maturity), yield components (plant height, pod height, seed size, shattering life etc.), and seed yield were recorded. Yields and other data presented on the tables here are the average values of all varieties at the correspondent locations and plantings. Fig. 1. Summary of rainfall for critical soybean growth season (June to September) from 1998 to 2004 Fig. 2. After-harvest loss of late-March planted early soybeans resulted from short plant height and low pod positions. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Rainfall (mm) June July August September † : Field was irrigated right before heavy rain fall in late June, and plots and final yields were seriously affected. Table 2. Summary of planting date (PD), yield, maturity date (R8) and plant height of MG III soybean varieties at three locations from 2001 to 2004. Numbers are the averages of 11, 21, 20, and 13 varieties for 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. NI – non-irrigated, I-Irrigated Year Location PD Yield Maturity PD to R8 Height (kg/h) (Date) (# of days) (cm) 2001 Stoneville (NI) 4-11 3837 8-07 119 69.6 Stoneville (I) 4-27 3743 8-13 108 85.1 Clarksdale 4-21 3159 8-11 112 69.1 Starkville (1) 4-27 3743 8-10 105 74.4 Starkville (2) 5-14 3397 9-01 110 90.2 2002 Stoneville (NI) 4-18 2088 8-19 123 51.2 Stoneville (I) 5-02 4625 8-26 116 77.5 Clarksdale 4-25 2575 8-25 122 56.6 Starkville 5-01 3053 8-22 113 77.9 2003 Stoneville (NI) 4-16 2634 8-09 115 57.4 Stoneville (I) 4-30 4160 8-23 115 62.2 Starkville 4-21 2013 8-14 115 55.6 2004 Stoneville (NI) 4-28 3207 8-13 107 59.0 Stoneville (I) † 4-28 1684 8-22 116 59.6 Clarksdale 4-20 3885 8-17 119 59.2 Starkville 4-22 3133 8-09 109 63.1 Year Irrigation PD Yield Soil type (kg/h) 1998 NI 3-07 1865 Clay I 3-07 2041 Clay NI 4-02 2054 Clay I 4-02 3397 Clay NI 4-23 3654 Clay I 4-23 3722 Clay 1999 NI 5-17 1756 Clay I 5-17 3363 Clay NI 4-29 3166 Sandy I 4-29 4488 Sandy NI 5-20 2949 Sandy I 5-20 4665 Sandy 2000 NI 5-15 1763 Clay I 5-15 3987 Clay NI 4-19 3295 Sandy I 4-19 3919 Sandy NI 4-18 2488 Loam I 4-18 4353 Loam NI 5-15 2265 Loam I 5-15 3329 Loam Table 1. Summary of planting date (PD) and yield of MG III soybean varieties under different soil types at Stoneville, MS from 1998 to 2000. Numbers are the averages of 16, 19 and 16 MG III and early VI varieties for 1998, 1999, and 2000 respectively. At Stoneville location, from 1998 to 2000, yields on non-irrigated fields were from 44% to 98% (average 69%) less than that of irrigated field with the same planting dates (Table 1). March-planted early soybeans had low yields in both non-irrigated and irrigated field (Table 1), which was resulted from short plant height and low pod position. When early MG soybeans planted between mid- April and early-May, they can achieve high yields (Table 1 and 2). Sandy and mixed loam soils had better yield potential (Table 1). Other results indicated that early soybeans had higher yields when planted with row space at 50 cm or less, especially for non-irrigated field and planted before mid-April. When planted at the same time, non- irrigated soybean can be matured about 10 days earlier than irrigated ones (Table 2). Seed germination rate usually is not good for most early soybeans in the Mid-South and shattering is a common problem. Remaining pods on soybean main stems after harvest Planting date: March 25 MG = 3. 9 Short plant
Transcript of Reality and practices of utilizing early maturity soybeans ...NI 4-19 3295 Sandy I 4-19 3919 Sandy...
Reality and practices of utilizing early maturity soybeans in the Mid-South.Lingxiao Zhang, Stephen Kyei-Boahen, Daniel Poston, and Gabe Sciumbato.
Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University
SUMMARY
Growing early soybeans, such as MG III and early MG IV, in the Mid-South is feasible and sometimes has advantages if they can be properlymanaged. The optimum planting window for early soybeans in Mid-South is between mid-April to early May. For non-irrigated fields,soybeans may be planted in early April to avoid late season drought;however, march-planting may result in short plant height, earlyflowering, and low pod position, which may significantly reduce finalseed yield.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAverage yields of early MG soybeans on irrigated and non-irrigatedfields with different planting dates were summarized in Table 1 and 2.Yields of early MG soybeans were acceptable and sometimes betterthan some late MGs, but they were varied depending on irrigation andrainfall of the year (Table 1, 2 and Fig. 1). Yield of an early soybeanvarieties on irrigated fields can reach to over 4600 kg/h (~68 bu/A,Table 2).
A
INTRODUCTIONGrowing very early soybeans, such as maturity group (MG) III and earlyMG IV, are common practices in Mississippi and some other areas inthe Mid-South in recent years, especially on non-irrigated fields. Someadvantages are recognized with this practice, including early harvest toavoid late season drought stress. However, results were not consistentand varied with location, planting dates and years. The full potentialand the limitation along with proper practice methods of growing theseearly soybeans in the regions were not systematically evaluated. Theobjectives of this presentation are: 1) to discuss the potential benefitsand problems as well as proper managerial practices on growing theseearly soybeans based on seven years of yield data (MG value rangedfrom 3.4 to 4.4) and some other agronomic traits from three locations inMississippi; and 2) to provide some recommendations for local soybeanproducers and other interested parties.
MATERIALS AND METHODSField experiments were conducted on irrigated and non-irrigated fieldsat three locations, Stoneville (1998-2004), Clarksdale (2001-2004), andStarkville (2001-2004), Mississippi. Number of early soybean varietiesin each experiment varied between 11 and 21. Planting dates variedfrom early March to mid-May. Soybean plots were planted and managedwith best practice procedures recommended for the region. Experimentswere conducted using a Randomized Compete Block Design with 20- to30- inch row spacing and three to four replications. Rainfall (1998 to2004) at Stoneville was recorded and summarized (Fig. 1). Phenologicalgrowth dates (from planting to maturity), yield components (plantheight, pod height, seed size, shattering life etc.), and seed yield wererecorded. Yields and other data presented on the tables here are theaverage values of all varieties at the correspondent locations andplantings.
Fig. 1. Summary of rainfall for critical soybean growth season(June to September) from 1998 to 2004
Fig. 2. After-harvest loss of late-March planted early soybeansresulted from short plant height and low pod positions.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Rai
nfal
l (m
m)
June
July
August
September
†: Field was irrigated right before heavy rain fall in late June, and plots and finalyields were seriously affected.
Table 2. Summary of planting date (PD), yield, maturity date (R8) andplant height of MG III soybean varieties at three locations from 2001 to2004. Numbers are the averages of 11, 21, 20, and 13 varieties for 2001,2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. NI – non-irrigated, I-Irrigated
Year Location PD Yield Maturity PD to R8 Height (kg/h) (Date) (# of days) (cm)
2001 Stoneville (NI) 4-11 3837 8-07 119 69.6Stoneville (I) 4-27 3743 8-13 108 85.1Clarksdale 4-21 3159 8-11 112 69.1Starkville (1) 4-27 3743 8-10 105 74.4Starkville (2) 5-14 3397 9-01 110 90.2
2002 Stoneville (NI) 4-18 2088 8-19 123 51.2Stoneville (I) 5-02 4625 8-26 116 77.5Clarksdale 4-25 2575 8-25 122 56.6Starkville 5-01 3053 8-22 113 77.9
2003 Stoneville (NI) 4-16 2634 8-09 115 57.4Stoneville (I) 4-30 4160 8-23 115 62.2Starkville 4-21 2013 8-14 115 55.6
2004 Stoneville (NI) 4-28 3207 8-13 107 59.0Stoneville (I)† 4-28 1684 8-22 116 59.6Clarksdale 4-20 3885 8-17 119 59.2Starkville 4-22 3133 8-09 109 63.1
Year Irrigation PD Yield Soil type(kg/h)
1998 NI 3-07 1865 ClayI 3-07 2041 ClayNI 4-02 2054 ClayI 4-02 3397 ClayNI 4-23 3654 ClayI 4-23 3722 Clay
1999 NI 5-17 1756 ClayI 5-17 3363 ClayNI 4-29 3166 SandyI 4-29 4488 SandyNI 5-20 2949 SandyI 5-20 4665 Sandy
2000 NI 5-15 1763 ClayI 5-15 3987 ClayNI 4-19 3295 SandyI 4-19 3919 SandyNI 4-18 2488 LoamI 4-18 4353 Loam NI 5-15 2265 Loam I 5-15 3329 Loam
Table 1. Summary of planting date (PD) and yield of MG III soybeanvarieties under different soil types at Stoneville, MS from 1998 to2000. Numbers are the averages of 16, 19 and 16 MG III and earlyVI varieties for 1998, 1999, and 2000 respectively.
At Stoneville location, from 1998 to 2000, yields on non-irrigated fieldswere from 44% to 98% (average 69%) less than that of irrigated fieldwith the same planting dates (Table 1).
March-planted early soybeans had low yields in both non-irrigatedand irrigated field (Table 1), which was resulted from short plant heightand low pod position. When early MG soybeans planted between mid-April and early-May, they can achieve high yields (Table 1 and 2).Sandy and mixed loam soils had better yield potential (Table 1).
Other results indicated that early soybeans had higher yields whenplanted with row space at 50 cm or less, especially for non-irrigatedfield and planted before mid-April. When planted at the same time, non-irrigated soybean can be matured about 10 days earlier than irrigatedones (Table 2). Seed germination rate usually is not good for most earlysoybeans in the Mid-South and shattering is a common problem.
Remaining pods on soybeanmain stems after harvest
Planting date: March 25MG = 3. 9
Short plant
