Real Time Energy Monitoring and Control System

Real Time Energy and Monitoring

Control System

Group Members

Awais Ibrahim (09EL12)

Waqas Nasir (09EL17)

Zahoor ul Haq (09EL31)

Umar Farooq (09EL32)

Supervisor

Engr. Mahnoor

Lecturer

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Swedish College of Engineering and Technology

(2009-2013)

Real Time Energy and Monitoring

Control System

Group Members

Awais Ibrahim (09EL12)

Waqas Nasir (09EL17)

Zahoor ul Haq (09EL31)

Umar Farooq (09EL32)

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B.Sc. Electrical Engineering specialization in Electronics

Thesis Supervisor:

Engr. Mahnoor

Lecturer (Electronics)

External Examiner Signature: ___________________________________________

Thesis Supervisor Signature: ___________________________________________

Project Officer Signature ____________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Swedish College of Engineering and Technology

2009-2013

3

ABSTRACT

The goal of this project is to uproot energy loss caused by malpractices observed in energy uses in

Private or Government buildings. Keeping in mind the present energy crisis prevailing in

Pakistan, our project will be milestone to country. This project should be used in industry and any

place where energy is to be saved. Design and implement an efficient hardware to monitor real

time energy consumption. To provide the necessary controls in order to meet the energy

conservation defined in preset policies. If the electrical energy consumption is measured at run

time then optimization is possible to reduce the consumption. If the Control of electrical power is

available at some central location, then it is possible to reduce the consumption by applying time

scheduling. This project can be implemented in universities commercial and residential buildings

to save energy.

4

UNDERTAKING

Use the following undertaking as it is.

I certify that research work titled ―enter title of your research proposal here‖ is my own work.

The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from

other sources it has been properly acknowledged/referred.

Signature of Students

Waqas Nasir

Registration Numbers

5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Project reviews the relationship between energy efficiency and demand response and

barriers to coordinating energy efficiency and demand response. While energy efficiency is an

increasingly prominent component of efforts to supply affordable, reliable, secure, and clean

electric power, demand response is becoming a valuable tool in utility and regional resource

plans. This project can provide you a fully control power supply system. Through this project

we can monitor over input and output power. According to load requirements we can adjust

the input power through the pre time schedule.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract .................................................................................................................... ………….………...3

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... 5

Chapter I: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11

1.1 Objective ........................................................................................................ .......................12

1.2 Scope of the project……………………………………………………………………………............................12

1.3 System Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………………...........................13

1.4 Principal of Operation……………………………………….…………………………………...........................13

1.5 System Feature……………………………………………………………………………………...........................14

1.6 Required Skills………………………………………………………………………………………..........................14

1.7 Project Phases……………………………………………………………………………………….........................14

1.8 Equipments……………………………………………………………………………………………........................14

Chapter II: Hardware Parts……………….…………………………………………...……..…………........................15

2.1 Block Diagram Explanation…………………………………………………………………….......................16

2.2 Micro Controller……………………………………………………………………………….….........................16

2.3 Graphical User Interface………………………………………………………………………........................17

2.4 LCD Display………………………………………………………………………………………….........................17

2.5 Relay………………………………………………………………………………….………………..........................18

2.6 Max 485………………………………………………………………………………………………........................18

2.7 CT & PT………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................19

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Chapter III: Hardware Description………………………………………………………………...........................20

3.1 Micro Controller PIC 18F45………………………………………………………………...........................21

3.2 Features……………………………………………………………………………………………….........................21

3.3 CMOS Technolog………………………………………………………………………………….........................22

3.4 Programming………………………………………………………………………………………..........................23

3.5 18F452 Pin out………..…………………………………………………………………………….......................28

3.6 Schematic of 18F452………………………..……………………………………………………......................29

3.7 Pin Diagram of 18F452…………………………………………..……………………………….....................30

3.8 Power Supply…………………………………………….……………………………………………....................30

3.9 Liquid Crystal Display………………………………………………………………………………....................33

3.10 Max 485…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................35

3.11 LM 358………………………………………………………………………………………………………...............37

3.12 RTC……………………………………………………………………………………………………………................38

3.13 Diode……………………………..…………………………………………………………………………….............42

3.14 Current Transformer……………………………………………………………………………………............43

3.15 Potential Transformer………………………………………………………………………………….............45

3.16 Max 232………………………………..………………………………………………………………………...........46

Chapter IV: Software Description…………………..…………………………………………………………..........47

4.1 Flow Chart……………………………………….……………………………………………………………...........…48

4.2 Source Code……………………………..……………………………………………………………………............49

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Chapter V: Graphical User Interface…………………………………………………………………………...........54

5.1 Introduction……………………….……………………………………………………………………………............55

5.2 Over View of Visual Basic…………………………………………………………………………………............55

5.3 Visual Basic Windows…..……………………………………………………………………………………..........59

5.4 Visual Basic Programming………………….………………………………………………………………..........63

5.5 Visual Basic Code………………………………………………………………………………………………..........67

Chapter VI: Conclusion & Future Direction……………….…………………………………………………........70

6.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………......71

6.2 Future Directions……………………………………………………………………………………………………….....71

Appendix A: Schematic Diagrams…………………………………………………………………………….……......72

Appendix B: PCB……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..…..76

Appendix C: Data Sheets………………………………………………………………………………..…………….…..79

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.3 System Block Diagram ............................................................ .................…………………….13

Fig 2.2 Block Diagram .................................................................................................... .............16

Fig 2.3 LCD Display ..................................................................................................................... 18

Fig 2.4 DC Relay .......................................................................................................................... 18

Fig 2.5 MAX485. ......................................................................................................................... 19

Fig 3.1 PIC 18F452 Schematic Diagram……………………………………….................................…….……..29

Fig 3.3 Stepdown Transformer……………………………………………………......………………………..........…..31

Fig 3.6 LCD Pin Diagram……………………………………………………………………....………………………...........33

Fig 3.8 MAX Pin and Circuit…………………………………………………………………....….……………….............36

Fig 3.9 Dual Operational Amplifier………………………………………………………….....……………….............37

Fig 3.10 LM385 Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………. …..……………............38

Fig 3.11 DS1302 Pin Configuration……………………………………………………………..……………….............40

Fig 3.13 Marking Diagram…………………………………………………………………………….............................43

Fig 3.14 RCT-35 CT……………………………………………………………………………………................................44

Fig 3.15 Potential Transformer…………………………………………………………………….............................45

10

Fig 4.1 Flow Diagram………………………………………………………………………………………...........................48

Fig A-1 Power Supply Circuit………………………………………………………………………………........................72

Fig A-2 Schematic Diagram of CT & PT Interface……………………………………………………....................73

Fig A-3 Max 232 to RS Converter Circuit………………………………………………………….…………………..…….74

Fig A-4 Main Board Circuit Diagram…………………………………………………………………………………..……..75

Fig B-1 Power Supply PCB………………………………..………………...…………………………………….................76

Fig B-2 CT & PT Interface PCB…………………………….………………………………………………….....................77

Fig B-3 Main Board PCB………………………………………………….………………………………………...................78

11

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

12

INTRODUCTION All progress and development in the society is energy dependent. Societies gifted with energy

resources and those who have acquired skills for management of energy resources are better

placed in the comity of nations. Pakistan with limited resources of fossil fuels and rain dependent

hydroelectric generation is witnessing long hours of power shutdowns nationally that reflects well

on the prevailing energy crisis. The situation rings alarm as to frustrating power availability

position in the country. This would now impact on all walks of life especially the industrial and

agriculture sector in the country. This is high time we should think of alternatives such as

development of infrastructure to utilize renewable energy resources for power generation

economically and saving in the energy conservation at all levels. There are ample opportunities in

energy savings and we simply need to identify and put them in to practice. Energy wastage in

building sector is one of large possibilities where energy saving opportunities can be definitely

sought. Energy wastage in government sector building is mainly the outcome of three major

factors;

Improper infrastructure

Low quality electrical fixture and ill-planned wiring system, and

Attitude and practices of government employees towards electrical energy utilization.

The goal of this project is to uproot energy loss caused by malpractices observed in energy uses in

Private building. SCET is one of the leading public sector universities of Pakistan. The University

is located at a distance of 4 km from the city Centre. The University started functioning in 2009.

1.1 OBJECTIVES

To save the energy or power.

The automatic control of electric appliances in public gathering places.

To control the lightening system.

To design and implement an efficient hardware to monitor real time energy

consumption.

Measurement of existing load.

Defining of policies of load management according to schedule.

Identification of a person in working place (class room, lab, office) and controlling

load accordingly.

To provide the necessary controls in order to meet the energy conservation defined

in preset policies.

To use this system for security purpose.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

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Keeping in mind the present energy crisis prevailing in Pakistan, our project will be milestone to

country.

This project should be used in an industry and any place where energy is to be saved.

To design and implement an efficient hardware to monitor real time energy consumption.

To provide the necessary controls in order to meet the energy conservation defined in preset

policies.

If the electrical energy consumption is measured at run time then optimization is possible to

reduce the consumption.

If the Control of electrical power is available at some central location, then it is possible to reduce

the consumption by applying time scheduling.

This project can be implemented in universities commercial and residential buildings to save

energy.

The saved energy can be profitably utilized to run the industry and feed power to agricultural

sector for better yield.

The saving so achieved can be beneficially used for other important developments to improve

efficiency and facilities for the institutions and individuals.

We can use our project for security purposes.

1.2 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1-3. System Block Diagram of Real Time Energy Monitoring & Control System

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1.4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Measurement of existing load of different section of department and prevailing practice to control

the load effectively to optimal efficiency.

Categorization of different types and duration of working of the class room, lab and office’s load.

Defining of policies of load management as per time table and the university timing and day light

hours.

1.5 SYSTEM FEATURES

Easy operation

Convenient

Affordable

1.6 REQUIRED SKILLS

Understanding of Micro controller

Embedded C Programming

Understanding Interfacing Techniques

Knowledge on Sensors

Designing of PCBs

1.7 PROJECT PHASES

Schematic design and making PCBs

Design and Interfacing Circuits for Micro controller

Assembling and Testing of Interfacing Circuits

Code for the Application

Debugging and Testing

Project Report

1.8 EQUIPMENTS

Micro controller PIC 18F452

5V,-5V, 12V Dc Power supply

LCD 2 line by 20 characters

Lamps

RTC 1302

MAX 485, PC, CT& PT, Relay

15

CHAPTER 2

Hardware Parts

16

Hardware Parts

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

Figure 2-1. Block Diagram of Real Time Energy Monitoring & Control System

2.2 MICRO CONTROLLER

We have used PIC18F452 Microcontroller. We have preferred PIC Microcontroller because of

following reasons.

It is built in A/D coveters.

It is easily programmable.

Is has reduced set of instruction set.

It is easily available in Market.

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2.3 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

GUI is user friendly environment in which user can easily interact with the software. In our

project for GUI we used Microsoft Visual Basic software for creating time schedule and

necessary control elements for the energy conservation. This Visual Basic is a powerful and

sophisticated tool for creating business-critical and mission-critical applications.

2.4 LCD DISPLAY

A liquid crystal is a material (normally organic for LCD’s) that will flow like a liquid but who’s

molecular structure has some properties normally associated with solids. The in the order of

microwatts for the LCD. However, an LCD requires an external or internal light source.

18

Figure 2-3. Green LCD Display

2.5 RELAYS

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power

signal. In our system we have used JQC-3FC (T73) relay. It works on 12v DC voltage. Its

switching voltage is 250v AC and 7 ampere. In our projects we have used three relays on 21, 22,

23 pin of microcontroller.

Figure 2-4. DC 12V Relay

2.6 MAX 485

The MAX485, MAX487, MAX491, and MAX1487 are low-power transceivers for RS-485 and

RS-422 communication, each device has a drive and a receiver, MAX483, MAX487, MAX488,

and MAX489 are slew rate drive to reduce EMI and reduce reflections caused match by

19

improperly terminated cables, to achieve error -free data transmission up to 250kbps. The

MAX481, MAX485, MAX490, MAX491, and MAX1487 are the drive slew rate without

restriction, you can realize up to 2.5Mbps transfer rate. These transceivers disabled drivers

unloaded or fully loaded state draw a supply current of 120µA and 500µA.

Figure 2-5. MAX485- RS485 Transceiver

2.7 CT&PT

Current transformers (CT's) provide a simple, inexpensive and yet accurate means of sensing

current flow in power conductors. CT's used with watt transducers enable the owner to control

demand as well as monitor building and tenant power consumption.

A current transformer appears to be the simplest of electrical devices. For example, the bushing

type current transformer is simply a winding on an insulated core which becomes a transformer

only when placed over the primary conductor. The opening paragraph of Moreton's classic paper

states that the art of calculating current transformer characteristics from excitation curve data has

been known for some time. Moreton wrote this paper in 1943 and referred to papers written two

years earlier.

A potential transformer is a conventional transformer having primary and secondary windings.

The primary winding is connected directly to the power circuit either between two phases or

between one phase and ground, depending on the rating of the transformer and on the

requirements of the application. A capacitance potential device is a voltage- transforming

equipment using a capacitance voltage divider connected between phase and ground of a power

circuit.

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CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

21

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 MICROCONTROLLER PIC 18F452 This series of microcontroller is important for current measurements. It has some very useful

features, which make it unique in applications. Its features and specifications are given below.

High-Performance RISC CPU:

Source code compatible with the PIC16 and PIC17 instruction sets

Linear program memory addressing to 32 Kbytes

DC - 40 MHz osc./clock input

16-bit wide instructions 8-bitwide data path

Priority levels for interrupts

8 x 8 Single Cycle Hardware Multiplier.

Table 3-1. Device Features

3.2 FEATURES

Peripheral Features

High current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA

Three external interrupt pins

Two 16-bit timer/counter (TMR1, TMR3)

One 8-bit/16-bit timer/counter with prescaler

One 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register

Capture 16-bit, max. Resolution 6.25 ns (TCY/16)

Compare 16-bit, max.Resolution100 ns.

3-wire SPI (supports all 4 SPI modes)

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I ²C Master and Slave mode

Supports RS-485 and RS-232

Parallel Slave Port (PSP) module

Analog Features:

Compatible 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter module (A/D)

Programmable Low Voltage Detection (PLVD)

Programmable Brown-out Reset (BOR)

Special Microcontrollers Features:

Power-On Reset

Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-Up Timer (OST)

Power-On Reset

100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced FLASH program memory typical

1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory

Self-reprogrammable under software control

Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own On-Chip RC oscillator

Programmable code protection

Power saving SLEEP mode

4X Phase Lock Loop (of primary oscillator)

Secondary Oscillator (32kHz) clock input

Single supply 5V In-circuit Serial Programming via two pins

In-Circuit Debug (ICD)

3.3 CMOS TECHNOLOGY

Low power, high speed FLSH/EEPROM technology

Fully static design

Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)

Industrial and Extended temperatur e ranges

1.6 mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz

Detail Description

Here is the detail of the module, which is the basic reason for using this microcontroller in our

project.

A PIC microcontroller is a processor with built in memory and RAM and you can use it to control

your projects (or build projects around it). So it saves you building a circuit that has separate

external RAM, ROM and peripheral chips.

What this really means for you is that you have a very powerful device that has many useful built

in modules e.g.

EEPROM

23

Timers

Analogue comparators

UART

Even with just these four modules (note these are just example modules - there are more) you can

make up many projects e.g.:

* Frequency counter- using the internal timers and reporting through UART (RS232) or output

to LCD.

* Capacitance meter- analogue comparator oscillator.

* Event timer - using internal timers.

* Event data logger-capturing analogue data using an internal ADC and using the internal

EEPROM for storing data (using an external I2C for high data storage capacity.

* Servo controller (Control through UART) - using the internal PWM module or using a

software created PWM.

The PIC Micro is one of the most popular microcontrollers and in case you were wondering the

difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller is that a microcontroller has an

internal bus within built memory and peripherals.

In fact the 8 pin (DIL) version of the 12F675 has an amazing number of internal peripherals.

These are:

Two timers.

One 10bit ADC with 4 selectable inputs.

An internal oscillator (or you can use an external crystal).

An analogue comparator.

1024 words of program memory.

1536 Bytes of RAM.

256 Bytes of EEPROM memory.

External interrupt (as well as interrupts from internal peripherals).

External crystal can go up to 20MHz.

ICSP: PIC standard programming interface.

And all of these work from within a 40 pin DIL package.

3.4 PROGRAMMING

One of the most useful features of a PIC microcontroller is that you can re-program them as they

use flash memory (if you choose a part with an F in the part number e.g. 12F675 not 12C509).

You can also use the ICSP serial interface built into each PIC Microcontroller for programming

and even do programming while it's still plugged into the circuit. You can either program a PIC

microcontroller using assembler or a high level language and I recommend using a high level

language such as C as it is much easier to use (after an initial learning curve). Once you have

learned the high level language you are not forced to use the same processor e.g. you could go to

an AVR or Dallas microcontroller and still use the same high level language.

24

Table 3-2. PIC Microcontroller Feature Description Table

Input / Output - I/O

A PIC Microcontroller can control outputs and react to inputs e.g. you could drive a relay or read

input buttons. With the larger devices it's possible to drive LCDs or seven segment displays with

very few control lines as all the work is done inside the PIC Micro.

So using those saves prototype design effort as you can use built in peripherals to take care of lots

of the circuit operation. Many now have a built in ADC so you can read analogue signal levels so

you don't need to add an external devices e.g. you can read an LM35 temperature sensor directly

with no interface logic.

Peripherals

The PIC microcontroller has many built in peripherals and this can make using them quite

daunting at first which is why I have made this introductory page with a summary of each major

peripheral block.

The best way to start is to learn about the main features of a chip and then begin to use each

25

Flash memory

This is the program storage area and gives you the most important benefit for using a PIC

microcontroller - You program the device many times. Since when does anyone get a program

right first time? Devices used in projects on this site can be re-programmed up to 100,000 times

(probably more) as they use Flash memory - these have the letter F in the part name. You can get

cheaper (OTP) devices but these are One-Time-Programmable; once programmed you can't

program it again.

ICSP

In Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) is the next most important benefit. Instead of transferring

your chip from the programmer to the development board you just leave it in the board. By

arranging the programming connections to your circuit correctly you won't need to remove the

chip. You can re-program the device while it's still in the circuit so once your programmer is

setup you can leave it on the bench and test your programs without moving the chip around and

it makes the whole process much easier.

I/O Ports

Input / Output ports let you communicate with the outside world so you can control leads, LCDs

or just about anything with the right interface. You can also set them as inputs to gather

information.

Pin Direction

Most PIC microcontroller pins can be set as an input or and output and this can be done on the

fly e.g. for a Dallas 1 wire system a pin can be written to generate data and read at a later stage.

The TRIS register controls the I/O direction and setting a bit in this register to zero sets the pin

as output while setting it as one sets the pin as input. This allows you to use a pin for multiple

operations e.g. the Real Time clock project uses

RA0, the first pin of PORTA, to output data to a seven segment display and at a later point in the

program read the analogue value as an input.

Current

The PIC I/O ports are high current ports capable of directly driving LEDs (up to 25ma output

current) - the total current allowed usually ~200mA this is often for the whole chip (or specified

for several ports combined together).

Timer / Counters

Each PIC microcontroller has up to three timers that you can either use as a timer or a counter

(Timer 1 & 2) or a baud clock (Timer 2).

Timer 0

26

The original timer: Timer 0 was the first timer developed and you can find it in all the earliest

devices e.g. 16F84 up to the most current e,g, 16F877A. It is an 8 bit timer with an 8 bit

prescaler that can be driven from an internal (Fosc/4) or external clock. It generates an interrupt

on overflow when the count goes from 255 to zero.

Timer 1

This is a 16 bit timer that generates an overflow interrupt when it goes from 65535 to zero. It has

an 8 bit programmable prescaler and you can drive it from the internal clock (Fosc/4) or an

external pin. To eliminate false triggering it also has an optional input synchronizer for external

pin input.

Timer 2

This is an 8 bit timer with an 8 bit pre scaler and an 8 bit post scaler. It takes its input only from

the internal oscillator (Fosc/4). This timer is used for the time base of a PWM when PWM is

active and it can be software selected by the SSP module as a baud clock. It also has a period

register that allows easy control of the period. When timer 2 reaches the PR2 register value then

it resets. This saves having to check the timer value in software and then reset the timer and since

it is done in hardware the operation is much faster - so you can generate fast clocks with periods

that are multiples of the main clocks.

USART

The USART is a useful module and saves having to code up a software version so it saves

valuable program memory. You can find more information on RS232 here and how to make it

work. Look here for pin outs. All you need to interface it to a PC serial port is a MAX232 chip

(or equivalent).

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Special Features

WDT

If your software goes haywire then this timer resets the processor. To stop the reset the well

behaved software must periodically issue the CLRWDT instruction to stop a reset. The WDT

runs using its own oscillator. It runs during sleep and shares Timer 0 presaler.

POR

Power on Reset starts PIC microcontroller initialization when it detects a rising edge on MCLR.

PWRT

If you enable this then 72ms after a POR the PIC microcontroller is started.

OST

Oscillator Startup Timer delays for 1024 oscillator cycles after PWRT (if PWRT is enabled)

ensuring that the oscillator has started and is stable. It is automatic and only used for crystal

oscillator modes and is active after POR or wake from sleep.

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SLEEP

Sleep mode (or low power consumption mode) is entered by executing the 'SLEEP' command.

The device can wake from sleep caused by an external reset, Watch Dog Timer timeout, INT pin

RB port change or peripheral interrupt.

3.5 18F452 PIN OUT

The 18F452 is the largest chip used (40 pins) in the projects on this site functions are much more

spread out. This makes it the easiest chip to use for designs as you can put separate circuits on

separate ports without having to think too much if you are going to need a different function later

on.

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3.6 SCHEMATIC OF 18F452

Figure 3-1.PIC18F452 Schematic Diagram

30

3.7 PIN DIAGRAM OF 18F452

Figure 3-2.PIC18F452 Pin Diagram

3.8 POWER SUPPLY

Power supply block consists of following units:

Step down transformer.

Bridge rectifier circuit.

Input filter.

Voltage regulators.

Output filter.

Indicator unit.

Step Down Transformer

The step-down transformer is used to step down the supply voltage of 230v ac from mains to

lower values, as the various IC’s used in this project require reduced voltages. The transformer

consists of primary and secondary coils.

31

To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns

in its secondary core. The outputs from the secondary coil which is center tapped are the ac

values of 0v, 15v and 15v. The conversion of these ac values to dc values to dc values is done

using the full wave rectifier unit.

Figure 3-3.Stepdown Transformer

Rectifier Unit

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge circuit. That provides the

polarity of output voltage of any polarity of the input voltage. When used in its most common

application, for conversion of alternating current (A.C) input into direct current (D.C) output, it

is known as a bridge rectifier. The diagram describes a diode-bridge design known as a full wave

rectifier. This design can be used to rectify single phase A.C. when no transformer center tap is

available. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full

wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as

shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

For both positive and negative swings of the transformer, there is a forward path through the

diode bridge. Both conduction paths cause current to flow in the same direction through the load

resister, accomplishing full-wave rectification. While one set of diodes is forward biased, the

other set is reversing biased and effectively eliminated from the circuit.

Input Filter

Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the dc voltages are removed and pure dc voltage

is obtained. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging.

It charges in positive half cycle of the ac voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. So it

allows only ac voltage and does not allow the dc voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator.

32

Capacitors used here are of the value 1000uF

Regulator unit

Regulator regulates the output voltage to a specific value. The output voltage is maintained

irrespective of the fluctuations in the input dc voltage. Whenever there are any ac voltage

fluctuations, the dc voltage also changes, and to avoid this regulators are used.

Regulators can be classified as: -

1. Positive regulator, which regulates the positive voltage (7805, 7812)

Figure 3-4.Fixed-Output Regulator

1. input pin

2. ground pin

3. output pin

2. Negative regulator, which regulates the negative voltage (7905).

1. ground pin

2. input pin

3. output pin Regulators used in this application are: -

7805 which provides 5v dc

7812 which provides 12v dc

7905 which provides -5v dc

Output Filter

This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the

output received finally. Capacitors used here are of value 10F.

33

3.9 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

LCD is a type of display used in digital watches and many portable computers. LCD displays

utilize to sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electric

current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align so that light cannot pass through

them. LCD technology has advanced very rapidly since its initial inception over a decade ago for

use in lap top computers. Technical achievements has resulted in brighter displace, higher

resolutions, reduce response times and cheaper manufacturing process.

Other advances have allowed LCD’s to greatly reduce liquid crystal cell response times.

Response time is basically the amount of time it takes for a pixel to ―change colors‖, in reality

response time is the amount of time it takes a liquid crystal cell to go from being active to

inactive.

This is due to following reasons:

The declining prices of LCDs.

The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,

which are limited to numbers and a few characters.

An intelligent LCD display of two lines, 20 characters per line that is interfaced to the

PIC18F452 microcontroller. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby

relieving the CPU to keep displaying the data. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

Most of the LCD modules conform to a standard interface specification. A 14-pin access is

provided having eight data lines, three control lines and three power lines. The connections are

laid out in one of the two common configurations, either two rows of seven pins, or a single row

of 14 pins.

One of these pins is numbered on the LCD’s printed circuit board (PCB), but if not, it is quite

easy to locate pin1. Since this pin is connected to ground, it often has a thicker PCB track,

connected to it, and it is generally connected to metal work at same point.

34

Pin Diagram of LCD

Figure 3-6.LCD PIN Diagram

Pin Description

Vcc, Vss and VEE

While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground respectively, Vee is used for controlling LCD

contrast.

RS Register Select

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as

follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a

command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc. If RS=1, the data register is selected,

allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.

R/W, read/write

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it.

R/W = 1 for reading.

R/W= 0 for writing.

35

EN, enable

The LCD to latch information presented to its data pins uses the enable pin. When data is

supplied to data pins, a high–to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to

latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wide.

D0 – D7

The 8–bit data pins, DO – D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of

the LCD’s internal registers.

To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A–Z, a-z numbers 0-9 to

these pins while making RS=1.

There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or

force the cursor to home position or blink the instruction command codes.

We also use RS = 0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information.

The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS=0, as follows: if R/W = 1, RS = 0.

When D7= 1 (busy flag = 1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will not

accept any information.

3.10 MAX 485

The MAX485 is a type of chip interface the MAX485 interface chip is a Maxim's RS-485 chip.

Figure 3-7. RS-485 Chip.

The MAX481, MAX485, MAX490, MAX491, and MAX1487 are the drive slew rate without

restriction, you can realize up to 2.5Mbps transfer rate. These transceivers disabled drivers

unloaded or fully loaded state draw a supply current of 120μA and 500μA it has completed the

TTL level is converted to RS-485 level functionality. the structure of the MAX485 chip and pin

are very simple, the interior includes a driver and receiver side of RO and DI, respectively for the

36

input of the receiver output and drive with a microcontroller connected simply respectively

connected to the RXD and TXD of microcontroller can, / RE and DE side were enabled to

receive and send side, when / RE to logic 0, the device in the receiving state, when the DE is

logic 1, the device in the sending state, because the MAX485 work in half-duplex state control

these two pins can just use a pin of the microcontroller, the A side and B side, respectively, for

the differential signal terminal for receiving and sending, when the pin A level higher than that

of B, on behalf of the data sent 1, when A's level lower than that of B-side, on behalf of the data

sent. Wiring in connection with a microcontroller is very simple. Only need a signal to control

the MAX485 to receive and send can at the same time between the A and B side plus matching

resistor, generally optional 100Ω resistor.

Figure 3-8. MAX (Pin) and Working Circuit

Basic Parameters

Half-duplex

Rate: 2.5 Mbps

The slew rate: NO, low current shutdown mode: NO, the receiver allows control: YES

The quiescent current of 300

Load number: 32

Pin number: 8

Role

The MAX485 is a low-power transceivers for RS-485 and RS-422 communication driver slew

rates of the MAX485 is not restricted, can achieve a transfer rate of up to 2.5Mbps. State of

These transceivers is unloaded or fully loaded with disabled drivers supply current draw between

120μA and 500μA. All devices work in a single 5V supply. Drive short-circuit current limit and

thermal shutdown circuitry places the driver outputs to high impedance state. Receiver input has

a fail-safe characteristic, when the inputs are open, you can ensure that a logic high output with

high anti-jamming performance. The MAX485 is available in the market the most common

RS422 chip is also the largest amount of RS422 chip, cost, quality, supply stability is most of the

manufacturers it is the main reason.

37

3.11 LM 358

The LM358 series consists of two independent high gain, internally frequency compensated

operational amplifiers. It can be operated from a single power supply and also split power

supplies. The LM358 is available in SOP-8, DIP-8, and TSSOP-8 and MSOP-8 packages.

These devices consist of two independent, high-gain, frequency-compensated operational

amplifiers designed to operate from a single supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation

from split supplies also is possible if the difference between the two supplies is 3 V to 30 V (3 V

to 26 V for the LM2904 and LM2904Q), and VCC is at least 1.5 V more positive than the input

common-mode voltage. The low supply-current drain is independent of the magnitude of the

supply voltage. Applications include transducer amplifiers, dc amplification blocks, and all the

conventional operational amplifier circuits that now can be more easily implemented in single-

supply-voltage systems. For example,

These devices can be operated directly from the standard 5-V supply used in digital systems and

easily provides the required interface electronics without additional 5-V supplies. The LM2904Q

is manufactured to demanding automotive requirements. The LM158 and LM158A are

characterized for operation over the full military temperature range of –55Co to125Co. The

LM258 and LM258A are characterized for operation from –25Co to 85Co, the LM358 and

LM358Afrom 0Co to 70Co, and the LM2904 and LM2904Q from –40Co to 125Co.

Figure 3-9.Dual Operational Amplifiers-LM358

Features

Internally frequency compensated for unity gain

Wide power supply range 3V - 32 V

Input common-mode voltage range include ground

Large DC voltage gain: 100dB Typical RoHS Compliance

Wide Range of Supply Voltages: 3 V to 32 V(LM2904: 3 V to 26 V) or Dual Supplies

Low Supply Current Drain Independent of Supply Voltage : 0.8 mA

Common-Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply

Low Input Bias and Offset Current

Differential Input Voltage Range Equal to Maximum-Rated Supply Voltage :±32 V(±26

V for LM2904)

Single And Split Supply Operation

Internal Frequency Compensation

38

Internal block diagram

Figure 3-10.LM358 Internal Block Diagram

Table 3-3.LM358 Pin Configuration

3.12 RTC

The DS1302 trickle-charge timekeeping chip contains a real-time clock/calendar and 31 bytes of

static RAM. It communicates with a microprocessor via a simple serial interface. The real-time

clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The

end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including

corrections for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with an

39

AM/PM indicator.

Interfacing the DS1302 with a microprocessor is simplified by using synchronous serial

communication. Only three wires are required to communicate with the clock/RAM: CE, I/O

(data line), and SCLK (serial clock). Data can be transferred to and from the clock/RAM 1 byte

at a time or in a burst of up to 31 bytes. The DS1302 is designed to operate on very low power

and retain data and clock information on less than 1μW.

The DS1302 is the successor to the DS1202. In addition to the basic timekeeping functions of the

DS1202, the DS1302 has the additional features of dual power pins for primary and backup

power supplies, programmable trickle charger for VCC1, and seven additional bytes of

scratchpad memory.

Figure 3-11.DS1302 Timekeeping Chip

Features

Real-Time Clock Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Date of the Month, Month, Day of

the Week, and Year with Leap-Year Compensation Valid Up to 2100

31 x 8 Battery-Backed General-Purpose RAM

Serial I/O for Minimum Pin Count

2.0V to 5.5V Full Operation

Optional Industrial Temperature Range: -40°C to +85°C

DS1202 Compatible

Pin description

Figure 1 shows the main elements of the serial timekeeper: shift register, control logic, oscillator,

real-time clock, and RAM.

40

Figure 3-12.DS1302 Pin Configuration (Top view)

PIN Description Table

PIN DESCRIPTION PIN

NAME

FUNCTION

1 VCC2

Primary Power-Supply Pin in Dual Supply

Configuration. VCC1 is connected to a

backup source to maintain the time and date

in the absence of primary power. The

DS1302 operates from the larger of VCC1 or

VCC2. When VCC2 is greater than VCC1 +

0.2V, VCC2 powers the DS1302. When

VCC2 is less than VCC1, VCC1 powers the

DS1302.

41

2 X1 Connections for Standard 32.768kHz Quartz

Crystal. The internal oscillator is designed

for operation with a crystal having a

specified load capacitance of 6pF. For more

information on crystal selection and crystal

layout considerations, refer to Application

Note 58: Crystal Considerations for Dallas

Real-Time Clocks. The DS1302 can also be

driven by an external 32.768kHz oscillator.

In this configuration, the X1 pin is connected

to the external oscillator signal and the X2

pin is floated.

3 X2 Same as X1

4 GND Ground

5 CE Input. CE signal must be asserted high during

a read or a write. This pin has an internal

40kΩ (type) pull down resistor to ground.

Note: Previous data sheet revisions referred

to CE as RST. The functionality of the pin

has not changed.

6 I/O Input/Push-Pull Output. The I/O pin is the

bidirectional data pin for the 3-wire interface.

This pin has an internal 40kΩ (type) pull

down resistor to ground.

7 SCLK Input. SCLK is used to synchronize data

movement on the serial interface. This pin

has an internal 40kΩ (type) pull down

resistor to ground.

8 VCC1 Low-Power Operation in Single Supply and

Battery-Operated Systems and Low-Power

Battery Backup. In systems using the trickle

charger, the rechargeable energy source is

connected to this pin. UL recognized to

ensure against reverse charging current when

used with a lithium

Table 3-4. DS1302 Trickle-Charge Timekeeping Chip Pin Description

Oscillator Circuit

The DS1302 uses an external 32.768 kHz crystal. The oscillator circuit does not require any

external resistors or capacitors to operate. The following Table specifies several crystal

42

parameters for the external crystal. If using a crystal with the specified characteristics, the startup

time is usually less than one second.

Table 3-5.Crystal Parameters for External Crystal

3.13 DIODE

Features

Low forward voltage drop

Low leakage current

High forward surge capability

Solder dip 275 °C max. 10 s, per JESD 22-B106

Compliant to RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC and in accordancetoWEEE2002/96/EC

Shipped in plastic bags, 1000 per bag

Available Tape and Reeled, 5000 per reel, by adding a ―RL‖ suffix to the part number

Available in Fan−Fold Packaging, 3000 per box, by adding a ―FF‖ suffix to the part

number

Pb−Free Packages are Available

Mechanical Characteristics

Case: Epoxy, Molded

Weight: 0.4 gram (approximately)

Finish: All External Surfaces Corrosion Resistant and Terminal Leads are Readily Solder

able

Lead and Mounting Surface Temperature for Soldering Purposes: 260˚C Max. For 10

Seconds, 1/16 in. from case

Polarity: Cathode Indicated by Polarity Band

43

Figure 3-13.Marking Diagram

The 1N4001 series or 1N4000 series is a family of popular 1.0 amp general purpose silicon

rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common household appliances. Blocking

voltage varies from 50 to 1000 volts. This diode is made in an axial-lead DO-41 plastic package.

The 1N5400 series is a similarly popular series for higher current applications, up to 3 A. These

diodes come in the larger DO-201 axial package. These are fairly low-speed rectifier diodes,

being inefficient for square waves of more than 15 kHz. The series was second sourced by many

manufacturers. The 1N4000 series were in the Motorola Silicon Rectifier Handbook. These

devices are widely used.

3.14 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

In electrical engineering, a current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents.

Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential transformers (PT)), are

known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to

measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional

to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording

instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be

very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering

and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

44

Figure 3-14. RCT-35 CT

Current transformers used in metering equipment for three-phase 400 ampere electricity supply.

Like any other transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core, and a

secondary winding. The alternating current flowing in the primary produces a magnetic field in

the core, which then induces a current in the secondary winding circuit. A primary objective of

current transformer design is to ensure that the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently

coupled, so that the secondary current bears an accurate relationship to the primary current.

The most common design of CT consists of a length of wire wrapped many times around a

silicon steel ring passed over the circuit being measured. The CT's primary circuit therefore

consists of a single 'turn' of conductor, with a secondary of many tens or hundreds of turns. The

primary winding may be a permanent part of the current transformer, with a heavy copper bar to

carry current through the magnetic core. Window-type current transformers are also common,

which can have circuit cables run through the middle of an opening in the core to provide a

single-turn primary winding. When conductors passing through a CT are not centered in the

circular (or oval) opening, slight inaccuracies may occur.

Usage

Many digital clamp meters utilize a current transformer for measuring ac current. Current

transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the

power grid. Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the electrical utility's watt-hour

meter on virtually every building with three-phase service and single-phase services greater than

200 amps.

The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. Often, multiple CTs

are installed as a "stack" for various uses. For example, protection devices and revenue metering

may use separate CTs to provide isolation between metering and protection circuits, and allows

current transformers with different characteristics (accuracy, overload performance) to be used

for the devices.

Safety Precautions

Care must be taken that the secondary of a current transformer is not disconnected from its load

while current is flowing in the primary, as the transformer secondary will attempt to continue

45

driving current across the effectively infinite impedance. This will produce a high voltage across

the open secondary (into the range of several kilovolts in some cases), which may cause arc. The

high voltage produced will compromise operator and equipment safety and permanently affect

the accuracy of the transformer.

3.15 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Features

Frequency…...50Hz.

Standard Secondary Voltage ….220VAC

Insulation Class …15.5kV, BIL 110KV Full Wave

UL Recognized

FOR INDOOR USE ONLY

Figure 3-15.Potential Transformer

Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground cannot be considered to be grounding

transformers and must not be operated with the secondary in closed delta because excessive

currents may flow in the delta.

Two fuse transformers should not be used for Y connections. It is preferred practice to connect

one lead from each voltage transformer directly to the neutral terminal, using a fuse in the line

side of the primary only. By this connection a transformer can never be "alive" from the line side

by reason of a blown fuse in the neutral side. For continuous operation, the transformer primary

voltage should not exceed 110% of rated value. Use one fuse, one bushing models for Y

applications. Use two fuses, two bushing models for delta applications.

A potential transformer is a conventional transformer having primary and secondary windings.

The primary winding is connected directly to the power circuit either between two phases or

between one phase and ground, depending on the rating of the transformer and on the

requirements of the application. A capacitance potential device is voltage-transforming

equipment using a capacitance voltage divider connected between phase and ground of a power

circuit

46

3.16 MAX 232

MAX 232 is a16 pin IC. The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-

232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits.

When communicating with various microprocessors one needs to convert the RS232 levels down

to lower levels, typically 3.3 or 5.0 Volts. Here is a cheap and simple way to do that.

Serial RS-232 (V.24) communication works with voltages -15V to +15V for high and low. On

the other hand, TTL logic operates between 0V and +5V. Modern low power consumption logic

operates in the range of 0V and +3.3V or even lower. It is connected to microcontroller at pin no

25.

47

Chapter 4

Software Description

48

Software Description 4.1 FLOW CHART

Figure 4-1.Flow Diagram

49

4.2 SOURCE CODE

#include "main.h"

#include <DS1302.C>

#include "lcd.c"

#define DevicId 1

#define rt Pin_C5

#define led1 Pin_C0

#define led2 Pin_C1

#define led3 Pin_C2

#define relay1 Pin_D2

#define relay2 Pin_D3

#define relay3 Pin_C4

#define MinSw pin_E1

#define HrSw pin_E2

#define counterAd 0

#define aAd 10

#define unitAd 20

int8 c,id,charcount,lenth;

int16 t1,t2,t3,t4;

int8 m[12];

int1 flag1,flag2,flag3;

#ZERO_RAM

#int_RDA

void RDA_isr(void)

{

c=getch();

if(c<4){id=c;}

if(c==10){Flag1=1;}

if(c==11){Flag1=0;}

if(c==12){Flag2=1;}

if(c==13){Flag2=0;}

if(c==14){Flag3=1;}

if(c==15){Flag3=0;}

if(c>19)

{

if(c!= 20)

{

m[charcount]=c;

CharCount++;

if(charcount>10) charcount=0;

}

else

{

lenth=charcount;

if(id==DevicId)

{t1=m[0]-48;

t2=(m[1]-48)*10;

t3=t3+(m[4]-48);

t4=(m[5]-48)*10;

t4=t4+(m[6]-48);}

charcount=0;

}

}

}

50

void main()

{

unsigned int16 i,TotalMin,temp;

unsigned int8 hr,min,sec;

unsigned int16 volt,amps;

setup_adc_ports(AN0_AN1_AN3);

setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL);

setup_psp(PSP_DISABLED);

setup_spi(SPI_SS_DISABLED);

setup_wdt(WDT_OFF);

enable_interrupts(GLOBAL);

set_tris_a(15);

set_tris_e(0);

set_tris_b(0);

set_tris_d(3);

set_tris_c(128);

set_tris_e(6);

lcd_init();

rtc_init();

flag1=0;

clrscr();

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);

sprintf(line,"*Bismillah Hirahman*");printlcd();

lcd_gotoxy(2,1);

sprintf(line,"* i_Raheem *");printlcd();

for(i=1;i<=2;i++)

{

output_high(led1);

output_high(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

output_low(led1);

output_low(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

}

clrscr();

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);

sprintf(line," REAL TIME ENERGY ");printlcd();

lcd_gotoxy(2,1);

sprintf(line,"MONITORING & CONTROL");printlcd()

for(i=1;i<=2;i++)

{

output_high(led1);

output_high(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

output_low(led1);

output_low(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

}

clrscr();

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);

sprintf(line," UMAIR ALTAF ");printlcd();

lcd_gotoxy(2,1);

sprintf(line,"* 2K8-EE-44 *");printlcd();

for(i=1;i<=2;i++)

{

output_high(led1);

51

output_high(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

output_low(led1);

output_low(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

}

clrscr();

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);

sprintf(line,"* MUHAMMAD KAMRAN *");printlcd();

lcd_gotoxy(2,1);


for(i=1;i<=2;i++)

{

output_high(led1);

output_high(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

output_low(led1);

output_low(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

}

clrscr();

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);

sprintf(line," ASIA SUMER *");printlcd();

lcd_gotoxy(2,1);


for(i=1;i<=2;i++)

{

output_high(led1);

output_high(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

output_low(led1);

output_low(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

}

clrscr();

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);

sprintf(line,"*Under Supervision *");printlcd();

lcd_gotoxy(2,1);

sprintf(line,"SIR TOHEED-UR-REHMAN");printlcd();

for(i=1;i<=2;i++)

{

output_high(led1);

output_high(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

output_low(led1);

output_low(led2);

Delay_ms(500);

}

clrscr();

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);

sprintf(line,"LAB 1");printlcd();

//if(input(sw)==0){save(counterAd,0);save(aAd,99);save(unitAd,2350);}

//counter=read(counterAd);

//a=read(aAd);

//unit=read(unitAd);

// OverLoadTime=6;

52

//rtc_set_datetime(BYTE day, BYTE mth, BYTE year, BYTE dow, BYTE hr, BYTE min);

//

lenth=0;

while(true)

{

//================================

set_adc_channel( 0 );

delay_us(100);

volt = read_adc();

set_adc_channel( 1 );

delay_us(100);

amps = read_adc();

if(amps>2)amps+=25;

amps/=5;

display(volt,amps);

//---------- time set ----------------------------

if(input(HrSw)==1)

{

hr++;

if(hr>24)hr=0;

rtc_set_datetime(23,7, 12, 3, hr,min);

delay_ms(100);

rtc_get_time(hr,min,sec);

lcd_gotoxy(1,12);

print_time(hr,min,sec);

delay_ms(400);

while(input(HrSw)==1);

}

if(input(MinSw)==1)

{

min++;

if(min>59)min=0;

rtc_set_datetime(23,7, 12, 3, hr,min);

delay_ms(100);

rtc_get_time(hr,min,sec);

lcd_gotoxy(1,12);


delay_ms(400);

while(input(MinSw)==1);

}

//-----------------------------------------

rtc_get_time(hr,min,sec);temp=hr;TotalMin=(temp*60)+min;

lcd_gotoxy(1,12);


delay_ms(200);

//-------- action ----------

if(volt<250 && volt>160)

{

if(id==DevicId)

{

if((TotalMin>=(t1*60) && TotalMin<=(t2*60)) || (TotalMin>=(t3*60) && TotalMin<=(t4*60)))

{

if(Flag1==1)output_high(relay1); else output_low(relay1);



}

53

}

}

else { output_low(relay1); output_low(relay2); output_low(relay3);}

}

}

54

CHAPTER 5

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

(GUI)

55

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Visual Studio .NET is Microsoft’s Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for creating,

running and debugging programs (also called applications) written in a variety of .NET

programming languages. This IDE is a powerful and sophisticated tool for creating business-

critical and mission-critical applications. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the Visual

Studio .NET IDE and demonstrate how to create a simple Visual Basic program by dragging and

dropping predefined building blocks into place—this technique is called visual programming.

5.2 OVER VIEW OF VISUAL BASIC

When Visual Studio .NET begins execution, the Start Page1 displays (Figure 5-1).The left hand

side of the Start Page contains a list of helpful links, such as Get Started. Clicking a link displays

its contents. We refer to single-clicking with the left mouse button as selecting, or clicking,

whereas we refer to double-clicking with the left mouse button as double-clicking. When

clicked, Get Started loads a page that contains a table listing the names of recent projects (such

as A Simple Program in Figure 5-1), along with the dates on which these projects were last

modified. A project is a group of related files, such as the Visual Basic code and images that

make up a program. When you load Visual Studio .NET for the first time, the list of recent

projects is empty. There are two buttons on the page—Open Project and New Project, which are

used to open an existing project (such as the ones in the table of recent projects) and to create a

new project, respectively. We discuss the process of creating new projects momentarily.

Other links on the Start Page offer information and resources related to Visual Studio .NET.

Clicking what’s New displays a page that lists new features and updates for Visual Studio .NET,

including downloads for code samples and programming tools. Online Community links to

online resources for contacting other software developers through news groups (organized

message boards on the Internet) and Web sites.

56

Figure 5-1. Start Page in Visual Studio .NET

Programmers can browse the Web from the IDE using Internet Explorer (also called internal

Web browser in Visual Studio .NET). To request a Web page, type its address into the location

bar (Figure 5-1) and press the Enter key. [Note: The computer must be connected to the Internet.]

Several other windows appear in the IDE besides the Start Page; we discuss them in subsequent

sections.

To create a new Visual Basic program, click the New Project button (Figure 5-1), which

Displays the New Project dialog (Figure 5-2). Dialogs are windows that facilitate user computer

communication. The Visual Studio .NET IDE organizes programs into projects and solutions,

which contain one or more projects. Multiple-project solutions are used to create large-scale

applications in which each project performs a single, well-defined task.

The Visual Studio .NET IDE provides project types for a variety of programming languages.

This book focuses on Visual Basic, so we select the Visual Basic Projects folder from the Project

Types window (Figure 5-2). We use some of the other project types in later chapters. A

57

Windows Application is a program that executes inside the Windows OS (e.g., Windows 2000 or

Windows XP). Windows applications include customized software that programmers create, as

well as software products like Microsoft Word, Internet Explorer and Visual Studio .NET.

By default, the Visual Studio .NET IDE assigns the name WindowsApplication1 to new project

and solution (Figure 5-2). The Visual Studio Projects folder in the My Documents folder is the

default folder referenced when Visual Studio .NET is executed for the first time. Programmers

can change both the name of the project and the location where it is created. After selecting a

project’s name and location, click OK to display the IDE in design view (Figure 5-3), which

contains all the features necessary to begin creating programs.

Figure 5-2. New Project Dialog

58

Figure 5-3.Design View of Visual Studio

The gray rectangle (called a form) titled Form1 represents the Windows application that

The programmer is creating. Later in this chapter, we discuss how to customize this form by

adding controls (i.e., reusable components, such as buttons). Collectively, the form and controls

constitute the program’s Graphical User Interface (GUI), which is the visual part of the program

with which the user interacts. Users enter data (inputs) into the program by typing at the

keyboard, by clicking the mouse buttons and in a variety of other ways. Programs display

instructions and other information (outputs) for users to read in the GUI. For example, the

New Project dialog in Figure 5-2 presents a GUI where the user clicks with the mouse button to

select a project type and then inputs a project name and location from the keyboard. The name of

each open document is listed on a tab. In our case, the documents are the Start Page and

Form1.vb [Design] (Figure 5-3). To view a document, click its tab. Tabs save space and facilitate

easy access to multiple documents. The active tab (the tab of the document currently displayed in

the IDE) is displayed in bold text (e.g., Form1.vb [Design]) and is positioned in front of all the

other tabs.

59

5.3 VISUAL BASIC Windows

The IDE provides windows for accessing project files and customizing controls. In this section,

we introduce several windows that are essential in the development of Visual Basic applications.

These windows can be accessed via the toolbar icons or by selecting the name of the desired

window in the View menu.

Visual Studio .NET provides a space-saving feature called auto-hide (Figure 5-5). When

Auto-hide is enabled; a toolbar appears along one of the edges of the IDE. This toolbar contains

one or more icons, each of which identifies a hidden window. Placing the mouse

Pointer over one of these icons displays that window, but the window is hidden once the

Mouse pointer is moved outside the window’s area. To ―pin down‖ a window (i.e., to disable

auto-hide and keep the window open), click the pin icon. Notice that, when a window is ―pinned

down,‖ the pin icon has a vertical orientation, whereas, when auto-hide is enabled, the pin icon

has a horizontal orientation (Figure 5-5).

Figure 5-4.Tool Tip Demonstration

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Figure 5-5. Auto-Hide Feature Demonstration

Solution Explorer

The Solution Explorer window (Figure 5-6) provides access to all the files in the solution. When

the Visual Studio .NET IDE is first loaded, the Solution Explorer is empty; there are no files to

display. Once a solution is open, the Solution Explorer displays that solution’s contents. The

solution’s startup project is the project that runs when the program executes and appears in bold

text in the Solution Explorer. For our single-project solution, the startup project is the only

project (WindowsApplication1). The Visual Basic file, which corresponds to the form shown in

Figure 5-3, is named Form1.vb. (Visual Basic files use the vb filename extension, which is short

for ―Visual Basic.‖) The other files and folders are discussed later in the book. [Note: We use

fonts to distinguish between IDE features (such as menu names and menu items) and other

elements that appear in the IDE. Our convention is to emphasize IDE features in a sans-serif bold

Helvetica font and to emphasize other elements, such as File names (e.g., Form1.vb) and

property names, in a serif Bold courier font.] The plus and minus boxes to the left of the project

name and the References folder expand and collapse the tree, respectively. Click a plus box to

display items grouped under the heading to the right of the plus box; click the minus box to

collapse a tree already in its expanded state. Other Visual Studio windows also use this plus-

box/minus-box convention.

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Figure 5-6.Solution Explorer with an Open Solution.

Properties Window

The Properties window (Figure 5-8) displays the properties for a form or control. Properties

specify information such as size, color and position. Each form or control has its own set of

properties; a property’s description is displayed at the bottom of the Properties window

whenever that property is selected. If the Properties window is not visible, selecting

View > Properties Window, displays the Properties window

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Figure 5-7. Toolbox window

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Figure 5-8.Properties Window

5.4 VISUAL BASIC PROGRAMMING

Now that we have presented our first console application, we provide a step-by-step explanation

of how to create and run it using the features of the Visual Studio .NET IDE.

1. Create the console application. Select File > New > Project... to display the New Project

dialog (Figure 5-9). In the left pane, select Visual Basic Projects, and, in the right pane, select

Console Application. In the dialog’s Name field, type Welcome1. The location in which project

files will be created is specified in the Location field. By default, projects are saved in the folder

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Visual Studio Projects inside the My Documents folder (on the Windows desktop). Click OK to

create the project. The IDE now contains the open console application, as shown in Figure 5-10.

Notice that the editor window contains four lines of code provided by the IDE. The

coloring scheme used by the IDE is called syntax-color highlighting and helps

programmers visually differentiate programming elements. Keywords appear in blue, whereas

text is black. When present, comments are colored green. In Step 4, we discuss how to use the

editor window to write code.

2. Change the name of the program file. For programs in this book, we change the name of the

program file (i.e., Module1.vb) to a more descriptive name. To rename the file, click Module1.vb

in the Solution Explorer window, this step will display the program file’s properties in the

Properties window (Figure 5-11). Change the File Name property to Welcome1.vb.

Figure 5-9. Creating a Console Application with the New Project Dialog

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Figure 5-10. IDE with an Open Console Application

Figure 5-11. Renaming the program file in the Properties window

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3. Change the name of the module. Notice that changing the name of the program file does not

affect the module name in the program code. Module names must be modified in the editor

window. To do so, replace the identifier Module1 with mod First Welcome by deleting the old

name and typing the new name after the keyword Module.

4. Writing code. After the programmer types the class name and the dot operator (i.e., Console.),

a window containing a scrollbar is displayed. This Visual Studio .NET IDE feature, called

IntelliSense, lists a class’s members, which include method names. As the programmer types

characters, the first member that matches all the characters typed is highlighted, and a tool tip

containing a description of that member is displayed. The programmer can type the complete

member name (e.g., Write Line), double-click the member name in the list or press the Tab key

to complete the name. Once the complete name is provided, the IntelliSense window closes.

When the programmer types the open parenthesis character, (, after Console.Write Line, two

additional windows are displayed. These are the Parameter Info and Parameter List windows.

The Parameter Info window displays information about a method’s arguments. This window

indicates how many versions of the selected method are available and provides up and down

arrows for scrolling through the different versions. For example, there are 18 versions of the

Write Line method used in our example. The Parameter List window lists possible arguments for

the method shown in the Parameter Info window. These windows are part of the many features

provided by the IDE to aid program development. You will learn more about information

displayed in these windows over the next several chapters. In this case, because we know that we

want to use the version of Write Line that takes a string argument, we can close these windows

by pressing the Escape key twice (i.e., once for each of the windows).

Testing and Debugging Tip 3.2 Visual Basic provides a large number of classes and methods.

The Parameter Info and Parameter List windows help ensure that a method is being used

correctly. 3.2

5. Run the program. We are now ready to compile and execute our program.

To compile the program, select Build > Build Solution. This creates a new file, named

Welcome1.exe, in the project’s directory that contains the Microsoft Intermediate Language

(MSIL) code for our program. The .exe file extension denotes that the file is executable (i.e.,

contains instructions that can be executed by another program, such as the Common Language

Runtime). To run this console application

(i.e., Welcome1.exe), select Debug > Start without Debugging.

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5.5 VISUAL BASIC CODE

Private Sub Com_OnComm()

Select Case Com.CommEvent

Case comEvReceive

tmrCom.Enabled = True

TimeOut = 0

End Select

End Sub

Private Sub Combo1_Change()

On Error Resume Next

Data1.Recordset.FindFirst "serno='" & Combo1 & "'"

Text12.Text = Data1.Recordset.Fields(1)

End Sub

Private Sub Combo1_Click()

On Error Resume Next

Data1.Recordset.FindFirst "serno='" & Combo1 & "'"

Text12.Text = Data1.Recordset.Fields(1)

End Sub

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Com.Output = Chr$(1)


'Com.Output = Chr$(1) & Text21.Text & Chr$(20)

End Sub



Text23.Text = Text1.Text + Text2.Text + Text10.Text + Text9.Text

Com.Output = Text23.Text + Chr$(20)

End Sub





End Sub





End Sub


Form2.Show

End Sub


Dim i As Integer

Dim j As Integer

Text3.Text = Text1.Text

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Text4.Text = Time

Text5.Text = Date

Com.RTSEnable = False

For i = 1 To 2000 Step 2

Next i

If Val(Text1.Text) = 50 Then


'Label3.Caption = "aaa"

End If

If Val(Text1.Text) = 51 Then


'Label3.Caption = "bbb"

End If

For i = 1 To 30000 Step 1

For j = 1 To 50 Step 1

Next j

Next i

'Com.RTSEnable = True

End Sub




End Sub




End Sub







End Sub




End Sub




End Sub




End Sub

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End Sub




End Sub




End Sub




End Sub




End Sub




End Sub




End Sub




End Sub




End Sub




End Sub

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION & FUTURE

DIRECTIONS

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CONCLUSION & FUTURE DIRECTIONS

6.1 CONCLUSION

Real Time energy Monitoring and Control System is not limited for any particular application, it

can be used anywhere in a process industries with little modifications in software coding

according to the requirements. This concept not only ensures that our work will be usable in the

future but also provides the flexibility to adapt and extend, as needs change.

In this project work we have studied and implemented a complete working model using a PIC

microcontroller. The programming and interfering of PIC microcontroller has been mastered

during the implementation. This work includes the study of energy saving system in many

applications.

6.2 FUTURE DIRECTIONS:

We expect that our next generation will develop this monitoring and control system with large

scale application such as implementation of this project to whole Engineering College.

In our project we developed a GUI for inter department Labs. This can be developed with all

Labs of all departments and can be provided a central control in the principal office. For this

purpose a Database need to developed in the same manner as we did for the time schedule of

Labs of Electrical Department

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Appendix A Schematic Diagrams A-1 Power Supply Circuit Diagram

Figure A-1.Power Supply Circuit Diagram

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A-2 CT & PT INTERFACE

Figure A-2.Schematic Diagram of CT & PT Interface

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A-3 MAX 232 to RS 485 Converter Circuit Diagram

Figure A-3.MAX 232 to RS 485 Converter Circuit Diagram

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A-4 Main Board Circuit Diagram

Figure A-4 Main Board Circuit Diagram

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APPENDIX B PCBs

B-1 Power Supply PCB.

Figure B-1.Power Supply

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B-2 CT& PT Interface PCB

Figure B-2 CT & PT Interface

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B-3 MAIN BOARD PCB

Figure B-3.Main Board

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Appendex C Data Sheets

C-1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

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C-2 DS 1302

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C-3 LM 7905

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C-4 MAX 485

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS REFERRED 1) Adler, R. B., A. C. Smith, and R. L. Longani: ―Introduction to Semiconductor Physics,‖ vol.

1, p. 78, Semiconductor Electronics Education Comitee, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York

,1964.

2) Schade, O. H.: ―Analysis of Rectifier Operation‖, proc. IRE, vol.31, pp. 341-361, July, 1943.

3) Stout, M. B.: ―Analysis of Rectifier Circuits”, Elec. Eng., vol. 54, September, 1935.

4) Jacob Millman Christos C. Halkias.: ―Electronic Devices And Circuits‖, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company Ltd. Sep, 2003.

5) Fair, Z. E.: ―Piezoelectric Crystals in Oscillator Circuits‖, Bell System Tech. J., vol.24, April,

1945.

6) Hakim, S. s.:‖Open and Closed Loop Response of Feedback Amplifiers‖, Electron. Eng.,

October, 1962

7) Bode, H. W.: ―Negative Feedback in Current Amplifier Design,‖ D. Van Nostrand Company,

Inc., Princeton, N.J., 1945.

8) Sawhney, A.K.: ―Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instruments‖, Dhanpat Rai &

Co. 2003.

9) Yang, E.S: ―Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices‖, chap. 1 McGraw Hill Book Company,

New York, 1978.

10) Shive, J.N.: ―Semiconductor Devices‖, chaps 8&9, D.Van Nostrand Inc. Princeton, N.J.,

1959.

11) Millman, J.: ―Microelectronics: Digital and Analog Circuits and Systems‖, McGraw Hill

Book Company, New York, 1979.

12) Roger L Stevens : ―Serial Communications‖, Dontrics, 1997

13) Robert Terusalim: ―Programming in Luo‖ 2-nd edition, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.,

Princeton, N.J., 1987.

14) Jan Axelson: ―Parallel Port Complete‖, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1989.

15) Peter H.Anderson, ―PIC C Routines copyright‖, Baltimore, MD, Nov,’99

16) Bahadur, B.: ―Liquid Crystals- Applications and Uses‖, Litton Systems Canada, 1992.

90

17) Myke Predko: ―Programming and Customizing PIC Microcontrollers‖, Amazon, 1998.

18) Myke Predko: ―Handbook of Microcontrollers‖, Amazon, 1887.

19) Muhammad Ali Mazidi ―PIC Microcontrollers and Embedded System ‖, Amazon, 2011.

Journals Referred 1) Innovation: Magazine of Research & Technology,2000

2) International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering(IJRQSE)

Editor-in-chief

Hoang Pham

Dept. of Industrial Eng

3) Journal of Electronics Manufacturing (JEM)

Editor-in-Chief

Paul P. Conway

Wolfson School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

4) Foundations and Trends in Electronic Design Automation (FTEDA)

Editor –in-chief

Sharad Malik,

Dept.of Electrical Eng.,

Princeton University.

5) Printed Circuit Design Online (Magazine).

6) Design Magazine.

7) Journal of Instrumentation (JNIST).

8) Microcontroller solutions.

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