Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s inConsu merCredit Markets BronsonArgyle T a yl or N a d a ul d ChristopherPal mer BYU BYU MI T Sl o a n October2017 1/3 8

Transcript of Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

Page 1: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s i n C o n s u m er Cr e di t M ar k e t s

Br o ns o n Ar g yl e T a yl or N a d a ul d C hrist o p h er P al m er

B Y U B Y U MI T Sl o a n

O ct o b er 2 0 1 7

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Page 2: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s I n tr o d u c ti o n

C o ns u m er Cr e dit M ar k et I m p erf e cti o ns

• K e y q u esti o n f or h o us e h ol d f n a n c e: w h at cr e dit- m ar k et i m p erf e cti o nspr e v e nt o pti m al c o ns u m pti o n ?

� Z el d es ( 1 9 8 9), Gr oss & S o ul el es ( 2 0 0 2) – B orr o wi n g c o nstr ai nts � A d a ms, Ei n a v, L e vi n ( 2 0 0 9) – A d v ers e s el e cti o n a n d m or al h a z ar d � S c h arfst ei n & S u n d er a m ( 2 0 1 6) – Cr e dit m kt c o n c e ntr ati o n + M P � A g ar w al et al. ( 2 0 1 7) – Mis m at c h i n w h o g ets / w a nts cr e dit e x p a nsi o n

• T his p a p er: us e a ut o-l o a n s etti n g t o d o c u m e nt i m p ort a n c e of s e ar c h fri cti o ns i n c o ns u m er f n a n c e

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Page 3: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

• W e f n d t h at s e ar c h fri cti o ns i n a ut o l o a n m ar k ets:

1 L e a d t o pri c e dis p ersi o n / i nt er est-r at e m ar k u ps2 E x pl ai n b orr o w ers’ pr o p e nsit y t o s h o p ar o u n d f or a l o a n3 Li mit b ot h e xt e nsi v e a n d i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of b orr o wi n g4 Dist ort i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of c o ns u m pti o n ) D W L

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s I n tr o d u c ti o n

R el e v a n c e of c ostl y s e ar c h i n cr e dit m ar k ets

• S C F: M a n y p e o pl e r e p ort d oi n g “ al m ost n o s e ar c hi n g ” f or l o a n.

• O ur d at a: A v er a g e b orr o w er 1 5 mi n dri v e fr o m br a n c h

� c o ntr ast wit h U. S. a v er a g e c o m m ut e ti m e 2 6 mi n

• I m p ort a n c e of p h ysi c al dist a n c e s ur prisi n g i n di git al w orl d, es p e ci all y s ali e nt i n a n er a of d e cli ni n g b a n k br a n c h es

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Page 4: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

2 E x pl ai n b orr o w ers’ pr o p e nsit y t o s h o p ar o u n d f or a l o a n3 Li mit b ot h e xt e nsi v e a n d i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of b orr o wi n g4 Dist ort i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of c o ns u m pti o n ) D W L

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s I n tr o d u c ti o n

R el e v a n c e of c ostl y s e ar c h i n cr e dit m ar k ets

• S C F: M a n y p e o pl e r e p ort d oi n g “ al m ost n o s e ar c hi n g ” f or l o a n.

• O ur d at a: A v er a g e b orr o w er 1 5 mi n dri v e fr o m br a n c h

� c o ntr ast wit h U. S. a v er a g e c o m m ut e ti m e 2 6 mi n

• I m p ort a n c e of p h ysi c al dist a n c e s ur prisi n g i n di git al w orl d, es p e ci all y s ali e nt i n a n er a of d e cli ni n g b a n k br a n c h es

• W e f n d t h at s e ar c h fri cti o ns i n a ut o l o a n m ar k ets:

1 L e a d t o pri c e dis p ersi o n / i nt er est-r at e m ar k u ps

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Page 5: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

3 Li mit b ot h e xt e nsi v e a n d i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of b orr o wi n g4 Dist ort i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of c o ns u m pti o n ) D W L

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s I n tr o d u c ti o n

R el e v a n c e of c ostl y s e ar c h i n cr e dit m ar k ets

• S C F: M a n y p e o pl e r e p ort d oi n g “ al m ost n o s e ar c hi n g ” f or l o a n.

• O ur d at a: A v er a g e b orr o w er 1 5 mi n dri v e fr o m br a n c h

� c o ntr ast wit h U. S. a v er a g e c o m m ut e ti m e 2 6 mi n

• I m p ort a n c e of p h ysi c al dist a n c e s ur prisi n g i n di git al w orl d, es p e ci all y s ali e nt i n a n er a of d e cli ni n g b a n k br a n c h es

• W e f n d t h at s e ar c h fri cti o ns i n a ut o l o a n m ar k ets:

1 L e a d t o pri c e dis p ersi o n / i nt er est-r at e m ar k u ps 2 E x pl ai n b orr o w ers’ pr o p e nsit y t o s h o p ar o u n d f or a l o a n

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4 Dist ort i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of c o ns u m pti o n ) D W L

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s I n tr o d u c ti o n

R el e v a n c e of c ostl y s e ar c h i n cr e dit m ar k ets

• S C F: M a n y p e o pl e r e p ort d oi n g “ al m ost n o s e ar c hi n g ” f or l o a n.

• O ur d at a: A v er a g e b orr o w er 1 5 mi n dri v e fr o m br a n c h

� c o ntr ast wit h U. S. a v er a g e c o m m ut e ti m e 2 6 mi n

• I m p ort a n c e of p h ysi c al dist a n c e s ur prisi n g i n di git al w orl d, es p e ci all y s ali e nt i n a n er a of d e cli ni n g b a n k br a n c h es

• W e f n d t h at s e ar c h fri cti o ns i n a ut o l o a n m ar k ets:

1 L e a d t o pri c e dis p ersi o n / i nt er est-r at e m ar k u ps 2 E x pl ai n b orr o w ers’ pr o p e nsit y t o s h o p ar o u n d f or a l o a n 3 Li mit b ot h e xt e nsi v e a n d i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of b orr o wi n g

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Page 7: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s I n tr o d u c ti o n

R el e v a n c e of c ostl y s e ar c h i n cr e dit m ar k ets

• S C F: M a n y p e o pl e r e p ort d oi n g “ al m ost n o s e ar c hi n g ” f or l o a n.

• O ur d at a: A v er a g e b orr o w er 1 5 mi n dri v e fr o m br a n c h

� c o ntr ast wit h U. S. a v er a g e c o m m ut e ti m e 2 6 mi n

• I m p ort a n c e of p h ysi c al dist a n c e s ur prisi n g i n di git al w orl d, es p e ci all y s ali e nt i n a n er a of d e cli ni n g b a n k br a n c h es

• W e f n d t h at s e ar c h fri cti o ns i n a ut o l o a n m ar k ets:

1 L e a d t o pri c e dis p ersi o n / i nt er est-r at e m ar k u ps 2 E x pl ai n b orr o w ers’ pr o p e nsit y t o s h o p ar o u n d f or a l o a n 3 Li mit b ot h e xt e nsi v e a n d i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of b orr o wi n g 4 Dist ort i nt e nsi v e m ar gi n of c o ns u m pti o n ) D W L

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s A u t o L o a n s S e t ti n g a n d D a t a

O utli n e

1 A u t o l o a n s s e t ti n g a n d d a t a

2 M e as uri n g i nt er est r at e dis p ersi o n

3 Dis c o nti n u o us pri ci n g p oli ci es

4 Dir e ct e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c osts a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

5 C o ns e q u e n c es of s e ar c h fri cti o ns o n l o a ns a n d c o ns u m pti o n

6 P ass-t hr o u g h of i nt er est r at es

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s A u t o L o a n s S e t ti n g a n d D a t a

A ut o l o a ns ar e u bi q uit o us, i m p ort a nt

• $ 1. 2 trilli o n o utst a n di n g ( N Y F e d, 2 0 1 6)

• F ast est gr o wi n g c o ns u m er d e bt c at e g or y, 3r d l ar g est

• 1 0 0 m o utst a n di n g l o a ns ˇ 0. 8 p er U. S. h o us e h ol d

• 8 5 % of c ar p ur c h as es ar e f n a n c e d ( C o ns u m er R e p orts, 2 0 0 3)

• V e hi cl es 5 0 % + of l o w- w e alt h H Hs t ot al ass ets ( C a m p b ell, 2 0 0 6)

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s A u t o L o a n s S e t ti n g a n d D a t a

D at a S o ur c e

• D at a fr o m a pri v at e s oft w ar e s er vi c es c o m p a n y

• 4 milli o n a ut o l o a ns fr o m 3 2 6 l e n di n g i nstit uti o ns i n 5 0 st at es

• M aj orit y ori gi n at e d b y cr e dit u ni o ns

• 7 0 % of s a m pl e w as ori gi n at e d b et w e e n 2 0 1 2 a n d 2 0 1 5

• 2. 2 milli o n l o a n a p pli c ati o ns ori gi n ati n g fr o m 4 6 i nstit uti o ns

• E x cl u d e i n dir e ct l o a ns a n d r e f n a n c es

• R e pr e s e nt ati v e n e s s

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s A u t o L o a n s S e t ti n g a n d D a t a

V ari a bl es

• E x- a nt e b orr o w er v ari a bl es: FI C O, D TI, g e n d er, a g e, \et h ni cit y

• E x- a nt e l o a n v ari a bl es: I nt er est r at e, L T V, c h a n n el

• C oll at er al v ari a bl es: m a k e, m o d el, y e ar, p ur c h as e pri c e

• E x- p ost l o a n p erf or m a n c e : d eli n q u e n c y, c h ar g e- o ˙, � FI C O

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Page 12: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s M e a s uri n g I n t er e s t- R a t e Di s p er si o n

O utli n e

1 A ut o l o a ns s etti n g a n d d at a

2 M e a s uri n g i n t er e s t r a t e di s p er si o n

3 Dis c o nti n u o us pri ci n g p oli ci es

4 Dir e ct e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c osts a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

5 C o ns e q u e n c es of s e ar c h fri cti o ns o n l o a ns a n d c o ns u m pti o n

6 P ass-t hr o u g h of i nt er est r at es

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Page 13: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s M e a s uri n g I n t er e s t- R a t e Di s p er si o n

E q uili bri u m Pri c e Dis p ersi o n

• Pri c e dis p ersi o n: s a m e g o o d s ol d f or di ˙ er e nt pri c es

• N ull h y p ot h esis: L a w of o n e pri c e h ol ds

• Cl assi c e x pl a n ati o n: i nf or m ati o n /s e ar c h fri cti o ns

• T h e or y: P. D. s ust ai n a bl e w h e n s o m e c o ns u m ers o nl y k n o w o n e pri c e

• E m piri c al c h all e n g e: r uli n g o ut pr o d u ct h et er o g e n eit y

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Page 14: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

! O p e n Q u esti o ns:

� H o w ar e s e ar c h fri cti o ns i n c o ns u m er cr e dit m ar k ets s p e ci al ?� W h at ar e t h e w elf ar e c o ns e q u e n c es of cr e dit- m ar k et s e ar c h fri cti o ns ?

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s M e a s uri n g I n t er e s t- R a t e Di s p er si o n

E xt e nsi v e e m piri c al lit er at ur e o n pri c e dis p ersi o n a n d s e ar c h

• Pr es cri pti o n dr u gs : S or e ns e n ( 2 0 0 0)

• M ort g a g es : W o o d w ar d & H all ( 2 0 1 2), Al e x a n dr o v & K o ul a y e v ( 2 0 1 7)

• Cr e dit c ar ds : St a n g o a n d Zi n m a n ( 2 0 1 6)

• M ut u al f u n ds : H ort a cs u a n d S y v ers o n ( 2 0 0 4)

• C ars : G ol d b er g a n d V er b o v e n ( 2 0 0 1)

• O nli n e s h o p pi n g : D e L os S a nt os, H ort a cs u, a n d Wil d e n b e est ( 2 0 1 2), Ellis o n & Ellis o n ( 2 0 0 9)

• Airf ar es, h o us es, a ut o i ns ur a n c e, el e ctr o ni cs, b o o ks, fs h...

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s M e a s uri n g I n t er e s t- R a t e Di s p er si o n

E xt e nsi v e e m piri c al lit er at ur e o n pri c e dis p ersi o n a n d s e ar c h

• Pr es cri pti o n dr u gs : S or e ns e n ( 2 0 0 0)

• M ort g a g es : W o o d w ar d & H all ( 2 0 1 2), Al e x a n dr o v & K o ul a y e v ( 2 0 1 7)

• Cr e dit c ar ds : St a n g o a n d Zi n m a n ( 2 0 1 6)

• M ut u al f u n ds : H ort a cs u a n d S y v ers o n ( 2 0 0 4)

• C ars : G ol d b er g a n d V er b o v e n ( 2 0 0 1)

• O nli n e s h o p pi n g : D e L os S a nt os, H ort a cs u, a n d Wil d e n b e est ( 2 0 1 2), Ellis o n & Ellis o n ( 2 0 0 9)

• Airf ar es, h o us es, a ut o i ns ur a n c e, el e ctr o ni cs, b o o ks, fs h...

! O p e n Q u esti o ns:

� H o w ar e s e ar c h fri cti o ns i n c o ns u m er cr e dit m ar k ets s p e ci al ? � W h at ar e t h e w elf ar e c o ns e q u e n c es of cr e dit- m ar k et s e ar c h fri cti o ns ?

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s M e a s uri n g I n t er e s t- R a t e Di s p er si o n

D et e cti n g Pri c e Dis p ersi o n

• W e p ut e a c h b orr o w er i i nt o a c ell m at c h e d b y

� Ori gi n ati o n ti m e (t w o- q u art er wi n d o w) � L o a n m at urit y (i n y e ars) � FI C O S c or e ( 5- p oi nt bi ns) � C ar v al u e (i n $ 1, 0 0 0 bi ns) � D e bt- T o-I n c o m e ( 1 0- p oi nt bi ns) � C o m m uti n g Z o n e

• C al c ul at e t h e D i ˙ er e n c e fr o m L o w est A v ail a bl e R at e

D L A R i` � ri � mi n rjj2 `

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s M e a s uri n g I n t er e s t- R a t e Di s p er si o n

Esti m at e d Pri c e Dis p ersi o n

M e a n: 1 7 3 b p, M e di a n: 1 1 9 b p, 1 9 % of b orr o w er s i n p o p ul at e d c ell s g et b e st r at e. D L A R bi n s: 5 pt FI C O, $ 1, 0 0 0 c oll at er al, s a m e m at urit y, 1 0 pt D TI, s a m e C Z, s a m e 6 m o nt h s

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s M e a s uri n g I n t er e s t- R a t e Di s p er si o n

P ot e nti al R e as o ns f or O bs er v e d Pri c e Dis p ersi o n

1 C ostl y pri c e dis c o v er y

2 M e as ur e m e nt Err or

3 U n o bs er v e d h et er o g e n eit y

• Str at e g y: t est f or # 1 i n a s etti n g w h er e w e c a n r ul e o ut # 2 a n d # 3

• E x pl oit v ari ati o n i n p ot e nti al b e n e fts t o s e ar c h ( S or e ns e n, 2 0 0 0)

• M e as ur e s e ar c h b e h a vi or a n d li n k t o m e as ur es of s e ar c h c osts

• Esti m at e c o ns e q u e n c es of c ostl y s e ar c h

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

O utli n e

1 A ut o l o a ns s etti n g a n d d at a

2 M e as uri n g i nt er est r at e dis p ersi o n

3 Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

4 Dir e ct e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c osts a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

5 C o ns e q u e n c es of s e ar c h fri cti o ns o n l o a ns a n d c o ns u m pti o n

6 P ass-t hr o u g h of i nt er est r at es

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

-.04

-.02

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.1

FIC

O Bi

n Co

effi

cien

t

5 0 0 5 2 0 5 4 0 5 6 0 5 8 0 6 0 0 6 2 0 6 4 0 6 6 0 6 8 0 7 0 0 7 2 0 7 4 0 7 6 0 7 8 0 8 0 0FI C O S c or e Bi n

E x a m pl e Cr e dit U ni o n # 1

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

D et e cti n g Dis c o nti n uiti es

• R e gr ess l o a n i nt er est r at es o nt o a s eri es of d u m mi es r e pr es e nti n g 5- p oi nt FI C O bi ns, f or a gi v e n i nstit uti o n c :

6 0X ri c = � + � b c I i b + " i c

b = 1

(1 if 5 0 0 + 5 (b � 1 ) � FI C O it < 5 0 0 + 5 b

I bit = 0 ot h er wis e

• D e f n e a dis c o nti n uit y as a FI C O s c or e c ut o ˙ wit h

� a 5 0 b ps di ˙ er e n c e i n a dj a c e nt c o e ÿ ci e nts ( e c o n o mi c all y si g ni f c a nt) � p - v al u e of di ˙ er e n c e l ess t h a n . 0 0 1 (st atisti c all y si g ni f c a nt) � p - v al u es b et w e e n t h e l e a di n g a n d f oll o wi n g bi ns >. 1 ( n ot j ust n ois e)

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.1

.12

.14

.16

FIC

O Bi

n Co

effi

cien

t

5 0 0 5 2 0 5 4 0 5 6 0 5 8 0 6 0 0 6 2 0 6 4 0 6 6 0 6 8 0 7 0 0 7 2 0 7 4 0 7 6 0 7 8 0 8 0 0FI C O S c or e Bi n

E x a m pl e Cr e dit U ni o n wit h f v e dis c o nti n uiti es

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

0.0

05.0

1.0

15.0

2.0

25.0

3De

nsit

y

5 4 0 5 6 0 5 8 0 6 0 0 6 2 0 6 4 0 6 6 0 6 8 0 7 0 0 7 2 0 7 4 0 7 6 0FI C O Br e a k p oi nts

Wi d e h et er o g e n eit y a cr oss i nstit uti o ns i n p oli ci es

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

W h y w o ul d l e n d ers pri c e t his w a y ?

• H ar d c o d e d fr o m pr e- Bi g D at a er a ( H utt o & L e d er m a n, 2 0 0 3)

• P ersist e n c e of r at e-s h e et pri ci n g

• P arti c ul ar pr o c essi n g c ost str u ct ur e ( B u b b & K a u ˙ m a n, 2 0 1 4)

• W orr y a b o ut o v er ftti n g ( Al- N ajj ar a n d P ai, 2 0 1 4, R aj a n et al., 2 0 1 5)

* n. b., c ostl y s e ar c h m a k es it h ar d t o g ai n m ar k et s h ar e b y u n d er c utti n g

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R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R

U p t o 3 6 M o nt h s1 $ 5 0 0 2. 2 4 % 0. 0 0 6 1 % 2. 7 4 % 0. 0 0 7 5 % 3. 9 9 % 0. 0 0 7 5 % 8. 2 4 % 0. 0 2 2 6 % 1 3. 4 9 % 0. 0 3 7 0 % 1 4. 4 9 % 0. 0 3 9 7 %

3 7 - 6 0 M o nt h s $ 5, 0 0 0 2. 7 4 % 0. 0 0 7 5 % 3. 2 4 % 0. 0 0 8 9 % 4. 4 9 % 0. 0 1 1 6 % 8. 7 4 % 0. 0 2 3 9 % 1 3. 9 9 % 0. 0 3 8 3 % 1 4. 9 9 % 0. 0 4 1 1 %

6 1 - 6 6 M o nt h s $ 6, 0 0 0 2. 9 9 % 0. 0 0 8 2 % 3. 4 9 % 0. 0 0 9 6 % 4. 7 4 % 0. 0 1 1 6 % 8. 9 9 % 0. 0 2 4 6 % 1 4. 2 4 % 0. 0 3 9 0 % 1 5. 2 4 % 0. 0 4 1 8 %

6 7 - 7 5 M o nt h s $ 1 0, 0 0 0 3. 2 4 % 0. 0 0 8 9 % 3. 7 4 % 0. 0 1 0 2 % 4. 9 9 % 0. 0 1 3 0 % 9. 2 4 % 0. 0 2 5 3 % 1 4. 4 9 % 0. 0 3 9 7 % 1 5. 4 9 % 0. 0 4 2 4 %

7 6 - 8 4 M o nt h s 2 $ 1 5, 0 0 0 3. 4 9 % 0. 0 0 9 6 % 3. 9 9 % 0. 0 1 0 9 % 5. 2 4 % 0. 0 1 5 8 % 9. 4 9 % 0. 0 2 6 0 % N/ A N/ A

A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R

U p t o 3 6 M o nt h s 1 $ 5 0 0 2. 7 4 % 0. 0 0 7 5 % 3. 2 4 % 0. 0 0 8 9 % 4. 4 9 % 0. 0 0 8 9 % 8. 7 4 % 0. 0 2 3 9 % 1 3. 9 9 % 0. 0 3 8 3 % 1 4. 9 9 % 0. 0 4 1 1 %

3 7 - 6 0 M o nt h s $ 5, 0 0 0 2. 9 9 % 0. 0 0 8 2 % 3. 4 9 % 0. 0 0 9 6 % 4. 7 4 % 0. 0 1 1 6 % 8. 9 9 % 0. 0 2 4 6 % 1 4. 2 4 % 0. 0 3 9 0 % 1 5. 2 4 % 0. 0 4 1 8 %

6 1 - 6 6 M o nt h s $ 6, 0 0 0 3. 2 4 % 0. 0 0 8 9 % 3. 7 4 % 0. 0 1 0 2 % 4. 9 9 % 0. 0 1 1 6 % 9. 2 4 % 0. 0 2 5 3 % 1 4. 4 9 % 0. 0 3 9 7 % 1 5. 4 9 % 0. 0 4 2 4 %

6 7 - 7 5 M o nt h s $ 1 0, 0 0 0 3. 4 9 % 0. 0 0 9 6 % 3. 9 9 % 0. 0 1 0 9 % 5. 2 4 % 0. 0 1 3 0 % 9. 4 9 % 0. 0 2 6 0 % 1 4. 7 4 % 0. 0 4 0 4 % 1 5. 7 4 % 0. 0 4 3 1 %

7 6 - 8 4 M o nt h s 2 $ 1 5, 0 0 0 3. 7 4 % 0. 0 1 0 2 % 4. 2 4 % 0. 0 1 1 6 % 5. 4 9 % 0. 0 1 5 8 % 9. 7 4 % 0. 0 2 6 7 % N/ A N/ A

A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R A P R ^ D P R

U p t o 4 8 M o nt h s1 $ 5 0 0 3. 7 4 % 0. 0 1 0 2 % 4. 2 4 % 0. 0 1 1 6 % 5. 4 9 % 0. 0 1 5 0 % 9. 7 4 % 0. 0 2 6 7 % 1 4. 9 9 % 0. 0 4 1 1 % 1 5. 9 9 % 0. 0 4 3 8 %

4 9 - 6 0 M o nt h s $ 5, 0 0 0 3. 9 9 % 0. 0 1 0 9 % 4. 4 9 % 0. 0 1 2 3 % 5. 7 4 % 0. 0 1 5 7 % 9. 9 9 % 0. 0 2 7 4 % 1 5. 2 4 % 0. 0 4 1 8 % 1 6. 2 4 % 0. 0 4 4 5 %

6 1 - 6 6 M o nt h s $ 6, 0 0 0 4. 2 4 % 0. 0 1 1 6 % 4. 7 4 % 0. 0 1 3 0 % 5. 9 9 % 0. 0 1 6 4 % 1 0. 2 4 % 0. 0 2 8 1 % 1 5. 4 9 % 0. 0 4 2 4 % 1 6. 4 9 % 0. 0 4 5 2 %

6 7 - 7 5 M o nt h s $ 1 0, 0 0 0 4. 7 4 % 0. 0 1 3 0 % 5. 2 4 % 0. 0 1 4 4 % 6. 4 9 % 0. 0 1 7 8 % 1 0. 7 4 % 0. 0 2 9 4 % 1 5. 9 9 % 0. 0 4 3 8 % 1 6. 9 9 % 0. 0 4 6 5 %

W e m a y fi n a n c e u p t o 1 0 0 % R et ail N A D A or K B B u nl e s s t h e v e hi cl e h a s o v er 1 0 0, 0 0 0 mil e s i n w hi c h c a s e w e m a y l e n d u p t o 1 0 0 % of N A D A or K B B f or Ti er 1 b orr o w er s

a n d u p t o 8 0 % of N A D A or K B B f or Ti er 2- 6 b orr o w er s. M a xi m u m t er m f or v e hi cl e s wit h o v er 1 0 0, 0 0 0 mil e s i s 6 6 m o nt h s.

W e m a y fi n a n c e u p t o 1 0 0 % R et ail N A D A or K B B u nl e s s t h e v e hi cl e h a s o v er 1 0 0, 0 0 0 mil e s i n w hi c h c a s e w e m a y l e n d u p t o 1 0 0 % of N A D A or K B B f or Ti er 1 b orr o w er s

a n d u p t o 8 0 % of N A D A or K B B f or Ti er 2- 6 b orr o w er s. M a xi m u m t er m f or v e hi cl e s wit h o v er 1 0 0, 0 0 0 mil e s i s 6 6 m o nt h s.

O n V e hi cl e s 2 0 1 1 or ol d er w e m a y fi n a n c e u p t o 1 0 0 % of N A D A or K B B f or Ti er 1- 2 b orr o w er a n d u p t o 8 0 % of N A D A or K B B Ti er s 3- 6 b orr o w er s, u nl e s s t h e v e hi cl e h a s o v er 1 0 0, 0 0 0

mil e s i n w hi c h c a s e w e m a y l e n d u p t o 1 0 0 % of N A D A or K B B f or Ti er 1 b orr o w er s a n d u p t o 8 0 % of N A D A or K B B f or Ti er 2- 6 b orr o w er s. M a xi m u m t er m f or v e hi cl e s wit h o v er 1 0 0, 0 0 0

mil e s i s 6 6 m o nt h s.

T h e A N N U A L P E R C E N T A G E R A T E ( A P R) s h o w n i n cl u d e s o nl y i nt er e st a n d d o e s n ot c o nt ai n ot h er c o st s or f e e s. All r at e s ar e s u bj e ct t o c h a n g e at a n y ti m e wit h o ut n oti c e. R at e s ar e

b a s e d o n y o ur cr e dit hi st or y a n d cr e dit q u alifi c ati o n s. All l o a n s ar e s u bj e ct t o cr e dit a p pr o v al. A d diti o n al r e stri cti o n s m a y a p pl y. C o nt a ct U nit u s f or d et ail s. All s er vi c e s off er e d b y U nit u s

C o m m u nit y Cr e dit U ni o n will b e s u bj e ct t o a p pli c a bl e l a w s of t h e st at e of Or e g o n, f e d er al l a w s a n d r e g ul ati o n s, cr e dit u ni o n b yl a w s a s a m e n d e d, a n d all ot h er r e g ul ati o n s, r ul e s, a n d

pr a cti c e s n o w a n d h er e aft er a d o pt e d b y U nit u s C o m m u nit y Cr e dit U ni o n.

T h e D ail y P eri o di c R at e ( D P R) s h o w n i s t h e i nt er e st r at e f a ct or u s e d t o c al c ul at e i nt er e st c h ar g e s o n a d ail y b a si s. T h e f a ct or e q u al s t h e a n n u al p er c e nt a g e r at e di vi d e d b y 3 6 5.

1M a xi m u m l o a n r e p a y m e nt p eri o d i s 1 2 m o nt h s p er $ 1, 0 0 0 b orr o w e d ( F or l o a n s u n d er $ 1, 0 0 0 m a xi m u m l o a n r e p a y m e nt p eri o d i s 1 m o nt h p er $ 1 0 0 b orr o w e d)

27 6 - 8 4 m o nt h r e p a y m e nt p eri o d r e q uir e s a cr e dit s c or e of 6 1 0 or b ett er f or N e w a n d U s e d A ut o L o a n s.

W e will fi n a n c e t a x e s, titl e f e e s, a n d d e al er m ai nt e n a n c e c o ntr a ct s. W e d o n ot fi n a n c e o n v e hi cl e s t h at h a v e b e e n r e c o n str u ct e d/ s al v a g e d or l e m o n l a w b u y b a c k s. Ot h er r e stri cti o n s

a p pl y.

5 5 9 or b el o w

Ol d er A ut o L o a n s: M o d el Y e ar s 2 0 1 1 a n d Ol d er

R e p a y m e nt

P eri o d

Mi ni m u m

L o a n

A m o u nt

Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e

7 4 0 + 7 3 9 t o 7 0 0 6 9 9 t o 6 6 0 6 5 9 t o 6 1 0 6 0 9 t o 5 6 0 5 5 9 or b el o w

5 5 9 or b el o w

2 0 1 5 a n d n e w er h y bri d v e hi cl e s q u alif y f or a n a d diti o n al 0. 2 5 % r at e r e d u cti o n.

U s e d A ut o L o a n s: M o d el Y e ar s 2 0 1 4- 2 0 1 2

R e p a y m e nt

P eri o d

Mi ni m u m

L o a n

A m o u nt

Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e

7 4 0 + 7 3 9 t o 7 0 0 6 9 9 t o 6 6 0 6 5 9 t o 6 1 0 6 0 9 t o 5 6 0

C o n s u m er L o a n R at e S h e et

Eff e cti v e M ar c h 1, 2 0 1 7

N e w A ut o L o a n s: M o d el Y e ar s 2 0 1 5 a n d N e w er

R e p a y m e nt

P eri o d

Mi ni m u m

L o a n

A m o u nt

Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e Cr e dit S c or e

7 4 0 + 7 3 9 t o 7 0 0 6 9 9 t o 6 6 0 6 5 9 t o 6 1 0 6 0 9 t o 5 6 0

E x a m pl e r at e s h e et

1 7 / 3 8

Page 26: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

E m piri c al Str at e g y

• R e gr essi o n Dis c o nti n uit y ar o u n d l e n di n g t hr es h ol ds.

• T o a v oi d cr oss-tr e at m e nt c o nt a mi n ati o n, f or m dis c o nti n uit y s a m pl e t o i n cl u d e t hr es h ol ds wit h > 1 0 0, 0 0 0 l o a ns i n t h e ± 1 9 FI C O p oi nts wi n d o w ar o u n d t h e t hr es h ol d

� K e e p i nstit uti o ns w / o a n ot h er t hr es h ol d wit hi n 1 9 FI C O p oi nts � N or m ali z e FI C O s c or es t o c ut o ˙ a n d esti m at e

ri ct = � 1 ] FI C O i ct � 0 )FI C O i ct + � 2 I ( ]

+ � 3 ] I ( ]FI C O i ct · FI C O i ct � 0 ) + � c + � t + " i ct

• Us e bi as- c orr e ct e d R D esti m at or of C al o ni c o et al. ( 2 0 1 4)

• Cl ust er b y ]FI C O

1 8 / 3 8

Page 27: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

First st a g e f or FI C O = 6 0 0 c ut o ˙

1 9 / 3 8

Page 28: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

First st a g e f or FI C O = 6 4 0 c ut o ˙

1 9 / 3 8

Page 29: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

First st a g e f or FI C O = 7 0 0 c ut o ˙

1 9 / 3 8

Page 30: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

First st a g e: 1 5 0 b p di ˙ er e n c e i n r

( 1) L o a n R at e

( 2) L o a n Ter m

Dis c o nti n uit y C o e ÿ ci e nt - 0. 0 1 4 6 * * * [- 1 7. 2 5]

1. 1 9 * * * [ 4. 6 0]

C o m m uti n g Z o n e F E Q u art er F E N u m b e r of O b s e r v ati o n s

X X

2 7 4, 0 2 9

X X

2 7 4, 0 2 9

• - 1 5 0 b p o n a v er a g e c ar l o a n is � P M T of $ 2 5 a n d � P V of $ 1 3 0 0

• H et er o g e n eit y b y FI C O

2 0 / 3 8

Page 31: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

010

20

30

40

Ker

nel

Dens

ity

0 . 0 5 . 1 . 1 5Diff er e n c e fr o m L o w e st A v ail a bl e R at e ( D L A R)

Dis c o nti n uiti es pr o vi d e v ari ati o n i n b e n e fts of s e ar c hi n g

Di ˙ er e n c e i n m e a ns: 7 0 b ps 2 1 / 3 8

Page 32: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

010

2030

40Ke

rnel

Dens

ity

0 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0 4 . 0 5 . 0 6 . 0 7 . 0 8 . 0 9 . 1 . 1 1S pr e a d t o L o w est A v ail a bl e R at e

6 3 5 ≤ FI C O ≤ 6 3 9 6 4 0 ≤ FI C O ≤ 6 4 4

Pl a c e b o t est: n o di ˙ er e n c e w / o dis c o nti n uit y

2 2 / 3 8

Page 33: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

Is t h er e s el e cti o n ar o u n d i nt er est-r at e dis c o nti n uiti es ?

• Ar e L H S a n d R H S b orr o w ers di ˙ er e nt al o n g a n y o bs er v a bl edi m e nsi o n ?

� e. g., ( u n) a w ar e n ess of pri ci n g p oli ci es c orr el at e d wit h q u alit y

• R ul e o ut s el e cti o n vi a s m o ot h n ess of o bs er v a bl es at dis c o nti n uit y:

X A p pli c ati o n l o a n si z e X A p pli c ati o n D e bt-t o-I n c o m e X B orr o w er a g e X B orr o w er g e n d er X B orr o w er et h ni cit y

2 3 / 3 8

Page 34: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

B al a n c e c h e c ks: A p pli c ati o n L o a n A m o u nt

2 4 / 3 8

Page 35: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

B al a n c e c h e c ks: A p pli c ati o n D TI

2 4 / 3 8

Page 36: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

B al a n c e c h e c ks: A p pli c a nt A g e

2 4 / 3 8

Page 37: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

B al a n c e c h e c ks: A p pli c a nt Et h ni cit y

2 4 / 3 8

Page 38: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

B al a n c e c h e c ks: A p pli c a nt G e n d er

2 4 / 3 8

Page 39: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Di s c o n ti n u o u s pri ci n g p oli ci e s

.02

.035

Frequenc

y of

Appli

cant

FIC

O sc

ore .025

.03

− 2 0 − 1 0 1 0 2 00 FI C O S c or e R el ati v e t o T hr e s h ol d

M c Cr ar y T e st of t h e N u m b er of A p pli c ati o n s

N o b u n c hi n g i n r u n ni n g v ari a bl e: A p pli c ati o n C o u nts

2 5 / 3 8

Page 40: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

O utli n e

1 A ut o l o a ns s etti n g a n d d at a

2 M e as uri n g i nt er est r at e dis p ersi o n

3 Dis c o nti n u o us pri ci n g p oli ci es

4 Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

5 C o ns e q u e n c es of s e ar c h fri cti o ns o n l o a ns a n d c o ns u m pti o n

6 P ass-t hr o u g h of i nt er est r at es

2 5 / 3 8

Page 41: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

W h y d o n’t b orr o w ers o n L H S f n d b ett er a v ail a bl e r at es ?

• S C F i n di c at es t h at m a n y b orr o w ers s elf-r e p ort d oi n g v er y littl e s h o p pi n g ar o u n d f or a l o a n

• Di m e nsi o ns of s e ar c h c osts

� Te m p or al s p e ci f cit y ( gi v e n c ar / pri c e m a y e x pir e) � C ost of att e nti o n t o str essf ul / o v er w h el mi n g f n a n ci al p a p er w or k � C o n c er n e d wit h i m p a ct of FI C O p ulls ( Li b er m a n et al., 2 0 1 7)

• O ur f o c us: p h ysi c al s e ar c h pl a ys i m p ort a nt r ol e

� A v er a g e c o m m ut e: 2 6 mi n, a v er a g e b orr o w er: 1 5 mi n dri v e t o l e n d er

• W h y w o ul d p h ysi c al dist a n c e m att er ?

� P a p er w or k, br a n d a w ar e n ess, i n di vi d u al-l e v el pri ci n g, ti g ht ti mi n g � C a n m att er i n l e n di n g ( D e gr ys e a n d O n g e n a, 2 0 0 5 a n d N g u y e n, 2 0 1 6)

2 6 / 3 8

Page 42: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

� T ot al n u m b er of a p pli c ati o ns p er b orr o w er� A c c e pti n g / R ej e cti n g a p pr o v e d l o a ns fr o m a p pli c ati o n d at a� T a k e u p � 1( O ˙ er e d l o a n is a c c e pt e d)

� G e o c o d e F DI C + N C U A br a n c h d at a t o c al c ul at e dri vi n g ti m es� F or e a c h b orr o w er: # of i nstit uti o ns wit hi n a 2 0- mi n ut e dri v e� Hi g h s e ar c h c osts � 1( < 1 0 l e n d ers wit hi n 2 0 mi n ut e dri v e)

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

Bri n gi n g c ostl y s e ar c h t o t h e d at a

T o as k w h et h er c ostl y s e ar c h i n hi bits pri c e dis c o v er y, w e n e e d

1 A m e as ur e of b orr o w er s e ar c h

2 V ari ati o n i n s e ar c h c osts

2 7 / 3 8

Page 43: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

� G e o c o d e F DI C + N C U A br a n c h d at a t o c al c ul at e dri vi n g ti m es� F or e a c h b orr o w er: # of i nstit uti o ns wit hi n a 2 0- mi n ut e dri v e� Hi g h s e ar c h c osts � 1( < 1 0 l e n d ers wit hi n 2 0 mi n ut e dri v e)

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

Bri n gi n g c ostl y s e ar c h t o t h e d at a

T o as k w h et h er c ostl y s e ar c h i n hi bits pri c e dis c o v er y, w e n e e d

1 A m e as ur e of b orr o w er s e ar c h

� T ot al n u m b er of a p pli c ati o ns p er b orr o w er � A c c e pti n g / R ej e cti n g a p pr o v e d l o a ns fr o m a p pli c ati o n d at a � T a k e u p � 1( O ˙ er e d l o a n is a c c e pt e d)

2 V ari ati o n i n s e ar c h c osts

2 7 / 3 8

Page 44: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

Bri n gi n g c ostl y s e ar c h t o t h e d at a

T o as k w h et h er c ostl y s e ar c h i n hi bits pri c e dis c o v er y, w e n e e d

1 A m e as ur e of b orr o w er s e ar c h

� T ot al n u m b er of a p pli c ati o ns p er b orr o w er � A c c e pti n g / R ej e cti n g a p pr o v e d l o a ns fr o m a p pli c ati o n d at a � T a k e u p � 1( O ˙ er e d l o a n is a c c e pt e d)

2 V ari ati o n i n s e ar c h c osts

� G e o c o d e F DI C + N C U A br a n c h d at a t o c al c ul at e dri vi n g ti m es � F or e a c h b orr o w er: # of i nstit uti o ns wit hi n a 2 0- mi n ut e dri v e � Hi g h s e ar c h c osts � 1( < 1 0 l e n d ers wit hi n 2 0 mi n ut e dri v e)

2 7 / 3 8

Page 45: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

I n dir e ct m e as ur e of s e ar c h v ari es wit h s e ar c h c osts

^ 1 ( ^ ^ 1 ( ^T a k e u p i ct = � c z ( i) + � t + · FI C O i ct + � · FI C O i ct � 0 ) + � · FI C O i ct · FI C O i ct � 0 ) + " i ct

• Esti m at e f or hi g h /l o w s e ar c h c ost ar e as

• I n v esti g at e if m ar k u ps m or e c o ns e q u e nti al i n l o w s e ar c h- c ost ar e as

• V erif y m ar k u ps c o m p ar a bl e a cr oss hi g h /l o w s e ar c h- c ost ar e as

• C h e c k r o b ust n ess t o p ossi bl e e n d o g e n eit y of s e ar c h- c ost m e as ur e

2 8 / 3 8

Page 46: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

I n dir e ct m e as ur e of s e ar c h v ari es wit h s e ar c h c osts

S e ar c h C osts

Dis c o nti n uit y C o e ÿ ci e nt

F ull ( 1)

0. 0 9 7 [ 4. 5 6]

Hi g h ( 2)

- 0. 0 0 3 [- 0. 0 6]

L o w ( 3)

0. 1 1 6 [ 4. 9 0]

Di ˙ er e n c e ( 4)

- 0. 1 2 [- 2. 2 6]

Q u a rt e r F E C o m m uti n g Z o n e F E N u m b e r of O b s e r v ati o n s

X X

1 9, 7 8 4

X X

3, 8 2 2

X X

1 6, 0 8 8

! L o w –s e ar c h- c ost b orr o w ers r el ati v el y l ess li k el y t o a c c e pt m ar k u ps

• R o b ust t o v ar yi n g d e f niti o n of hi g h s e ar c h c ost ar e a

2 9 / 3 8

Page 47: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

• A d dr ess ( 1) wit h B arti k i nstr u m e nt usi n g 1 9 9 0 br a n c h n et w or k R e s ult s

• A d dr ess ( 2) wit h di ˙-i n- di ˙s ar o u n d br a n c h cl osi n gs or b y i n cl u di n gZi p 8 F Es R e s ult s

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

A d dr essi n g e n d o g e n eit y of s e ar c h- c ost m e as ur e

• N u m b er of pr o xi m at e f n a n ci al i nstit uti o ns p ossi bl y c orr el at e d wit h

1 ti m e- v ar yi n g di ˙ er e n c es (l o c al e c o n o mi c s h o c ks, et c.) a n d / or 2 ti m e-i n v ari a nt di ˙ er e n c es ( f n a n ci al s o p histi c ati o n, et c.)

3 0 / 3 8

Page 48: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

A d dr essi n g e n d o g e n eit y of s e ar c h- c ost m e as ur e

• N u m b er of pr o xi m at e f n a n ci al i nstit uti o ns p ossi bl y c orr el at e d wit h

1 ti m e- v ar yi n g di ˙ er e n c es (l o c al e c o n o mi c s h o c ks, et c.) a n d / or 2 ti m e-i n v ari a nt di ˙ er e n c es ( f n a n ci al s o p histi c ati o n, et c.)

• A d dr ess ( 1) wit h B arti k i nstr u m e nt usi n g 1 9 9 0 br a n c h n et w or k R e s ult s

• A d dr ess ( 2) wit h di ˙-i n- di ˙s ar o u n d br a n c h cl osi n gs or b y i n cl u di n g Zi p 8 F Es R e s ult s

3 0 / 3 8

Page 49: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

Dir e ct m e as ur e of s e ar c h v ari es wit h s e ar c h c osts

Hi g h L o w Di ˙ er e n c e S e ar c h S e ar c h C osts C osts ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) - ( 2)

M e a n 1. 0 8 3 1. 1 0 4 -. 0 2 1 St a n d ar d D e vi ati o n (. 3 1 7) (. 3 5 2) [- 5. 9 0] N u m b e r of O b s e r v ati o n s 1 0, 8 4 6 7 5, 8 3 7

• D at a c o v er a g e m a k es t his a l o w er b o u n d

� wit h u nif or m 1 % c o v er a g e, di ˙ er e n c e of 2. 1 a p pli c ati o ns.

• n. b., i n St a hl e q uili bri u m, all s h o p p ers b u y fr o m frst s ell er t h e y q u er y.

3 0 / 3 8

Page 50: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s Dir e c t e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c o s t s a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

O utli n e

1 A ut o l o a ns s etti n g a n d d at a

2 M e as uri n g i nt er est r at e dis p ersi o n

3 Dis c o nti n u o us pri ci n g p oli ci es

4 Dir e ct e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c osts a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

5 C o n s e q u e n c e s of s e ar c h fri c ti o n s o n l o a n s a n d c o n s u m p ti o n

6 P ass-t hr o u g h of i nt er est r at es

3 0 / 3 8

Page 51: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s R e al E ˙ e c t s o n C o n s u m p ti o n

S el e cti o n i nt o t a k e- u p ?

• W a nt t o s h o w r e al e ˙ e cts of c ostl y s e ar c h gi v e n t a k e- u p

• B ut a c c e pti n g a d o mi n at e d l o a n o ˙ er is a n e n d o g e n o us c h oi c e...

• C h e c k f or s el e cti o n: D o L H S b orr o w ers h a v e w ors e e x- p ost o ut c o m es ?

X # d a ys d eli n q u e nt X d ef a ult ( 9 0 + d a ys p ast d u e) X c h ar g e- o ˙ ( w as l o a n writt e n o ˙ b y l e n d er) X � FI C O s c or e si n c e ori gi n ati o n

3 1 / 3 8

Page 52: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s R e al E ˙ e c t s o n C o n s u m p ti o n

R e al E ˙ e cts: L o a n C h oi c e I m p a cts R e al C o ns u m pti o n

Dis c o nti n uit y C o e ÿ ci e nt

( 1)

P u r c h a s e P ri c e

7 1 5. 4 1 * * * [ 8. 5 5]

( 2)

L o a n A m o u nt

1, 1 4 3. 8 6 * * * [ 1 0. 3 1]

( 3)

L T V

0. 0 3 * * * [ 3. 9 2]

( 4)

M o nt hl y P a y m e nt

6. 5 3 * * * [ 4. 9 7]

C o m m uti n g Z o n e F E Q u a rt e r F E N

X X

2 7 4, 0 2 9

X X

2 7 4, 0 2 9

X X

2 7 4, 0 2 9

X X

2 7 4, 0 2 9

3 2 / 3 8

Page 53: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s R e al E ˙ e c t s o n C o n s u m p ti o n

S e c o n d st a g e pl ot: P ur c h as e pri c es

3 3 / 3 8

Page 54: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s R e al E ˙ e c t s o n C o n s u m p ti o n

E vi d e n c e o n S u bstit uti o n P att er ns

( 1) ( 2) ( 3)

P ur c h as e P ur c h as e C ar A g e Pri c e Pri c e ( m o nt hs)

Di s c o nti n uit y C o e ÿ ci e nt 6 4 7. 4 2 * * * 4 7. 0 2 - 3. 4 2 * * * [ 6. 4 1] [ 0. 7 9] [- 6. 8 2]

C o m m uti n g Z o n e F E X X X Q u art er F E X X X M a k e- M o d el F E X X Ye ar- M a k e- M o d el F E X N u m b e r of O b s e r v ati o n s 2 4 7, 4 9 3 2 4 7, 4 8 5 2 4 7, 4 9 3

• C ostl y s e ar c h ) m ar k et p o w er ) e a c h l e n d er f a c es d o w n w ar d sl o pi n g d e m a n d ) c o ns u m pti o n r es p o ns e t o pri c e dis p ersi o n

• S e ar c h m ar k u ps ) D W L: f e w er a n d l o w er q u alit y g o o ds b o u g ht

3 4 / 3 8

Page 55: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s R e al E ˙ e c t s o n C o n s u m p ti o n

R uli n g o ut alt er n ati v e e x pl a n ati o ns

1 E x cl usi vit y of cr e dit u ni o ns

2 M e as ur e m e nt err or i n i nt er est r at es

3 Di git al s e ar c h

4 Ris k- b as e d pri ci n g o n ot h er di m e nsi o ns

5 L e n d er pri c e dis cri mi n ati o n

6 St e eri n g b y c ar d e al ers t o l e n d ers

7 D e al er pri c e dis cri mi n ati o n

3 5 / 3 8

Page 56: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s P a s s- t hr o u g h of i n t er e s t r a t e s

O utli n e

1 A ut o l o a ns s etti n g a n d d at a

2 M e as uri n g i nt er est r at e dis p ersi o n

3 Dis c o nti n u o us pri ci n g p oli ci es

4 Dir e ct e vi d e n c e o n s e ar c h c osts a n d s e ar c h b e h a vi or

5 C o ns e q u e n c es of s e ar c h fri cti o ns o n l o a ns a n d c o ns u m pti o n

6 P a s s- t hr o u g h of i n t er e s t r a t e s

3 5 / 3 8

Page 57: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

rit = � 1 Tr e as 5 t + � 2 Tr e as 5 t · Hi g h S e ar c h C ost i + � 3 Hi g h S e ar c h C ost i

+ X 0i + ˘ FI C O ( i) + � c z ( i) + � t + " it

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s P a s s- t hr o u g h of i n t er e s t r a t e s

C ostl y s e ar c h i n hi bits m o n et ar y p oli c y tr a ns missi o n

• P us hi n g o n a stri n g: n e e d c o ns u m ers t o b e a bl e t o f n d l o w er r t o p ull

• D o s e ar c h fri cti o ns a ˙ e ct p ass-t hr o u g h of � Tr e as ur y r at es ?

• Esti m at e h o w li n k b et w e e n r el e v a nt ris k-fr e e r at e a n d ori gi n at e d r at es is att e n u at e d b y s e ar c h fri cti o ns

3 6 / 3 8

Page 58: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s P a s s- t hr o u g h of i n t er e s t r a t e s

C ostl y s e ar c h i n hi bits m o n et ar y p oli c y tr a ns missi o n

• P us hi n g o n a stri n g: n e e d c o ns u m ers t o b e a bl e t o f n d l o w er r t o p ull

• D o s e ar c h fri cti o ns a ˙ e ct p ass-t hr o u g h of � Tr e as ur y r at es ?

• Esti m at e h o w li n k b et w e e n r el e v a nt ris k-fr e e r at e a n d ori gi n at e d r at es is att e n u at e d b y s e ar c h fri cti o ns

rit = � 1 Tr e as 5 t + � 2 Tr e as 5 t · Hi g h S e ar c h C ost i + � 3 Hi g h S e ar c h C ost i

+ X 0 i + ˘ FI C O ( i) + � c z ( i) + � t + " it

3 6 / 3 8

Page 59: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s P a s s- t hr o u g h of i n t er e s t r a t e s

1 2- 1 7 % l ess p ass-t hr o u g h of i nt er est r at es

( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4)

5- y e ar Tr e as ur y 0. 5 6 0. 5 3 [ 1 3. 9 9] [ 1 4. 7 3]

5- y e ar Tr e as ur y × -. 0 1 9 - 0. 0 3 2 - 0. 0 3 - 0. 0 4 2 1( Hi g h S e ar c h C ost Ar e a) [- 2. 9 9] [- 5. 3 6] [- 5. 3 6] [- 7. 6 9] 1( Hi g h S e ar c h C ost Ar e a) 0. 0 0 1 0. 0 0 1 0. 0 0 1 0. 0 0 1

[ 8. 7 4] [ 1 0. 1 8] [ 1 2. 5 0] [ 1 3. 8 6] C o m m uti n g Z o n e F Es X X X X

FI C O Bi n F Es X X X X

M o nt h F Es X X

L o a n-l e v el C o ntr ols X X

O bs er v ati o ns 2, 5 2 9, 3 6 2 2, 5 2 9, 3 6 2 2, 5 2 9, 3 6 2 2, 5 2 9, 3 6 2 R-s q u ar e d 0. 5 9 0. 6 1 0. 7 6 0. 7 8

3 7 / 3 8

Page 60: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

• Tr a ns missi o n of i nt er est r at es t o d ur a bl es i n hi bit e d b y s e ar c h fri cti o ns

• S e ar c h c osts ) f n a n c e l ess, b u y 3 m o nt hs ol d er, $ 7 0 0 l ess c ar

• C ostl y-s e ar c h f u el e d m ar k u ps a ˙ e ct c o ns u m er w elf ar e t hr o u g h b ot he xt e nsi v e a n d i nt e nsi v e m ar gi ns

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

C o n cl usi o n

• A ut o l o a ns m ar k et f ull of pri c e dis p ersi o n, s e ar c h fri cti o ns

• Us e d ri c h d at a t o is ol at e e x o g e n o us v ari ati o n i n t h e b e n e fts of s e ar c h

• Pr o vi d e d dir e ct e vi d e n c e t h at s e ar c h c osts i n f u e n c e s e ar c h b e h a vi or

3 8 / 3 8

Page 61: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

• S e ar c h c osts ) f n a n c e l ess, b u y 3 m o nt hs ol d er, $ 7 0 0 l ess c ar

• C ostl y-s e ar c h f u el e d m ar k u ps a ˙ e ct c o ns u m er w elf ar e t hr o u g h b ot he xt e nsi v e a n d i nt e nsi v e m ar gi ns

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

C o n cl usi o n

• A ut o l o a ns m ar k et f ull of pri c e dis p ersi o n, s e ar c h fri cti o ns

• Us e d ri c h d at a t o is ol at e e x o g e n o us v ari ati o n i n t h e b e n e fts of s e ar c h

• Pr o vi d e d dir e ct e vi d e n c e t h at s e ar c h c osts i n f u e n c e s e ar c h b e h a vi or

• Tr a ns missi o n of i nt er est r at es t o d ur a bl es i n hi bit e d b y s e ar c h fri cti o ns

3 8 / 3 8

Page 62: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

• C ostl y-s e ar c h f u el e d m ar k u ps a ˙ e ct c o ns u m er w elf ar e t hr o u g h b ot he xt e nsi v e a n d i nt e nsi v e m ar gi ns

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

C o n cl usi o n

• A ut o l o a ns m ar k et f ull of pri c e dis p ersi o n, s e ar c h fri cti o ns

• Us e d ri c h d at a t o is ol at e e x o g e n o us v ari ati o n i n t h e b e n e fts of s e ar c h

• Pr o vi d e d dir e ct e vi d e n c e t h at s e ar c h c osts i n f u e n c e s e ar c h b e h a vi or

• Tr a ns missi o n of i nt er est r at es t o d ur a bl es i n hi bit e d b y s e ar c h fri cti o ns

• S e ar c h c osts ) f n a n c e l ess, b u y 3 m o nt hs ol d er, $ 7 0 0 l ess c ar

3 8 / 3 8

Page 63: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

C o n cl usi o n

• A ut o l o a ns m ar k et f ull of pri c e dis p ersi o n, s e ar c h fri cti o ns

• Us e d ri c h d at a t o is ol at e e x o g e n o us v ari ati o n i n t h e b e n e fts of s e ar c h

• Pr o vi d e d dir e ct e vi d e n c e t h at s e ar c h c osts i n f u e n c e s e ar c h b e h a vi or

• Tr a ns missi o n of i nt er est r at es t o d ur a bl es i n hi bit e d b y s e ar c h fri cti o ns

• S e ar c h c osts ) f n a n c e l ess, b u y 3 m o nt hs ol d er, $ 7 0 0 l ess c ar

• C ostl y-s e ar c h f u el e d m ar k u ps a ˙ e ct c o ns u m er w elf ar e t hr o u g h b ot h e xt e nsi v e a n d i nt e nsi v e m ar gi ns

3 8 / 3 8

Page 64: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

R e pr es e nt ati v e n ess

• T o p 5 st at es b y n u m b er of l o a ns:

� W as hi n gt o n ( 7 7 0, 3 3 4 l o a ns) � C alif or ni a ( 4 7 6, 7 9 1 l o a ns) � Te x as ( 4 2 0, 0 9 0 l o a ns) � Fl ori d a ( 3 1 4, 7 1 8 l o a ns) � Ut a h ( 2 9 2, 5 2 3 l o a ns)

• O ur d at a ar e l ess di v ers e ( 7 3 % esti m at e d t o b e w hit e vs. 6 4. 5 % i n c e ns us d at a).

• M e di a n FI C O at ori gi n ati o n is 7 1 5 ( vs. 6 9 5 f or U S b orr o w ers)

• B a c k

3 8 / 3 8

Page 65: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

Pri ci n g Dis c o nti n uiti es L ar g est f or l o w FI C Os

B a c k

3 8 / 3 8

Page 66: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

B a c k

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

−.2

−.15

−.1

−.05

0.05

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 9 0 9 5 1 0 0C ut off U s e d i n D efi ni ati o n of Hi g h S e ar c h C o st Ar e a

R o b ust n ess t o v ar yi n g d e f niti o n of hi g h s e ar c h c ost

3 8 / 3 8

Page 67: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

R es ults wit h B arti k I nstr u m e nt

Ta k e u p i ct = � c z ( i) + � t + ·FI C O i ct + � ·1 ( ] FI C O i ct ·1 ( ]] FI C O i ct � 0 ) + � · ] FI C O i ct � 0 ) + " i ct

B arti k S e ar c h C osts S a m pl e

Dis c o nti n uit y C o e ÿ ci e nt

Hi g h

0. 0 2 5 [ 0. 6 8]

L o w

. 1 1 [ 4. 5 2]

Di ˙ er e n c e

-. 0 8 4 [- 1. 8 4]

C o m m uti n g Z o n e F E Q u a rt e r F E N u m b e r of O b s e r v ati o n s

X X

4, 1 0 2

X X

1 5, 6 7 8

R o b u st t- st at s i n br a c k et s cl u st er e d b y n or m ali z e d FI C O s c or e

B a c k

3 8 / 3 8

Page 68: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

! B orr o w er s i n ar e a s t h at b e c a m e hi g h s e ar c h c o st m or e li k el y t o a c c e pt B a c k

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

T a k e u p di ˙ er e n c e-i n- di ˙ er e n c es

t a k e u pi gt = � g + � t + Hi g h S e ar c h C o st gt + � FI C O i gt + " i gt

� t a k e u p gt = � c z ( g ) + � t ,� t + � Hi g h S e ar c h C o st gt + � � FI C O gt + " gt

L e v els Di ˙ er e n c es

Hi g h S e ar c h C ost Ar e a 0. 1 1 [ 2. 9 7]

� Hi g h S e ar c h C ost Ar e a 0. 0 3 [ 1. 7 8]

FI C O - 0. 0 0 0 4 [- 1. 4 8]

� FI C O - 0. 0 0 0 2 [- 5. 9 9]

G e o gr a p hi c Fi x e d E ˙ e cts Zi p 9 C Z Ti m e Fi x e d E ˙ e cts Q u art er Q u art er P air N u m b er of O bs er v ati o ns 6 0 8 2 9, 3 2 1 R-s q u ar e d 0. 6 0 0. 0 5

R o b ust t-st ats cl ust er e d b y ti m e. 3 8 / 3 8

Page 69: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

T a k e u p Zi p 8 F Es

S e ar c h C osts S a m pl e

Dis c o nti n uit y C o e ÿ ci e nt

Hi g h

- 0. 0 4 [- 0. 5 3]

L o w

. 1 2 [ 3. 1 3]

Di ˙ er e n c e

- 0. 1 7 [- 1. 9 5]

8- di git Zi p c o d e F E Q u a rt e r F E N u m b e r of O b s e r v ati o n s

X X

4, 0 7 0

X X

1 8, 4 3 3

! B orr o w er s i n ar e a s t h at ar e hi g h s e ar c h c o st m or e li k el y t o a c c e pt B a c k

3 8 / 3 8

Page 70: Real Effects of Search Frictions in Consumer Credit Markets

R e al E ˙ e c t s of S e ar c h Fri c ti o n s C o n cl u si o n

Ar e s e ar c h c osts j ust a c at c h all f or i m p erf e ct c o m p etiti o n ?

Sear

ch

Cost

sL O W

HI G H

C o m p etiti o n L O W HI G H 0. 1 2 0. 1 1 [ 3. 4 9] [ 3. 3 8]

- 0. 0 3 - 0. 0 2 [- 0. 2 4] [- 0. 2 3]

3 8 / 3 8