Real Discrimination(2)

8/14/2019 Real Discrimination(2)

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Discrimination

Discrimination toward or against a person

or group is the treatment or consideration

based on class or category rather thanindividual merit. It is usually associated with

prejudice. It can be behavior promoting a

certain group (e.g. affirmative action), or it

can be negative behavior directed againsta

certain group (e.g. redlining).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice


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Personal / Individual Discrimination

Farley (2000:16) contends that individualdiscrimination can refer to any act that leads to theunequal treatment because of race or ethnicity thatis directed at a specific individual.

Examples: a home owner refusing to sell to a Jew a taxi driver refusing to pick up African American

fares an employer paying Chicano workers a lower wage

than white workers.


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Legal

Robertson (1989:204) contends that legal

discrimination is "unequal treatment, on the

grounds of group membership, that isupheld by law."


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Direct vs. subtle

Unlawful discrimination will can be characterized

as direct or subtle. Direct discrimination involves

treating someone less favorably because of their

possession of an attribute (e.g., sex, age, race,

religion, family status, national origin, military

status, sexual orientation, disability, bodysize/shape), compared with someone without that

attribute in the same circumstances.


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Subtle

Subtle discrimination involves setting a condition

or requirement which a smaller proportion of

those with the attribute are able to comply with,

without reasonable justification. The U.S. case ofGriggs v. Duke Power Company provides an

example of indirect discrimination, where an

aptitude test used in job applications was found

"to disqualify Negroes at a substantially higher

rate than white applicants". Kirton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Company


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Racial discrimination

According to the Oxford English Dictionary,

racism is a belief or ideology that all

members of each racial group possesscharacteristics or abilities specific to that

race, especially to distinguish it as being

either superior or inferior to another racial

group or racial groups.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary


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Age discrimination

Age discrimination is or group on the grounds of

age. Although theoretically the word can refer to

the discrimination against any age group, age

discrimination usually comes in one of three

forms: discrimination against youth (also called

adultism), discrimination against those 40 yearsold or older, and discrimination against elderly

people.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism


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Ageism

Ageism is the causal effect of a continuum offears related to age. This continuumincludes:

Pediaphobia: the fear of infants or smallchildren.

Ephebiphobia: the fear of youth.

Gerontophobia: the fear of elderly people.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediaphobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephebiphobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontophobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontophobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephebiphobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediaphobia


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PREJUDICE

Initially this is referred to making ajudgment about a person based on theirrace, religion, class, etc., before receivinginformation relevant to the particular issueon which a judgment was being made; itcame, however, to be widely used to refer

to any hostile attitude towards peoplebased on their race or even by just judgingsomeone without even knowing them.


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Forms of Prejudice

Cognitive Prejudice Cognitive prejudice refers to what people believe is true

Affective Prejudice Affective prejudice points to peoples likes and dislikes

Conative prejudice refers to how people are inclined to behave. Note that

this is still an attitude because people don't actually acton their feelings. An example of conative prejudice mightbe found in the statement "If I were in charge I'd send allthe Wallonians back to where ever they came from."


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Social Learning and Conformity as aCause of Prejudice

Agents of Socialization

Values are internalized as people

encounter various agents of socialization.Attitudes and behaviors are learned within

a social context where agents of

socialization are important (Farley,

2000:29-32).


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Selective Exposure and Modeling

Farley (2000:29) notes that "if a child is

exposed to one set of values over time, thechild will eventually come to view that set of

values as the "natural way". This is

especially true when the models are

someone whom the child is especially close

to like parents or close relatives.


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Reward and Punishment

All agents of socialization reward behavior

and expression of attitude that conform totheir norms and punish those that do not.

These rewards and punishments are

sometime very formal. Other types of

rewards and sanctions are informal and

imprompt (Farley, 2000:29).


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Education and Prejudice

People of higher SES are often better

educated and education is often seen as a

way to breaking down oversimplified,stereotypical thinking. As we become

better educated, we become better able to

understand complex ideas and situations.

(Farley, 2000:34).


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How can we help our children learnto deal with prejudice?

Children are also being exposed to different

cultures through the media. They are

learning and forming opinions about peopleand events all over the country and the

world. As a result, there is more of a need

and opportunity to help children learn to

understand and value diversity.


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How schools can diffuse prejudice

Children should not be placed in situations

where differences in gender, race, ethnicity,

economic status, and academic ability arestressed, or are even allowed to be

expressed in a negative, divisive way.

Team spirit can conquer feelings of

difference and separateness that children

experience among themselves.


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How schools can diffuse prejudice

Does the school take advantage of ethnic holidays -Chinese New Year, Hari Raya Puasa, Deepavali,etc.- for children to actively learn customs andtraditions with which they may not be familiar?

Do teachers have open discussions in class aboutdiscrimination and negative feelings toward others?If an incident involving prejudice has occurred atschool or in the community, is it used as aspringboard to discuss these issues in a sensitive,nonpunitive, nonstigmatizing way that emphasizesthe common human qualities of people


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Stereotype

A stereotype is a preconceived idea that

attributes certain characteristics (in general) to all

the members of class or set. The term is often

used with a negative connotation when referringto an oversimplified, exaggerated, or demeaning

assumption that a particular individual possesses

the characteristics associated with the class due

to his or her membership in it.


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Stereotype

Stereotypes often form the basis ofprejudice and

are usually employed to explain real or imaginary

differences due to race, gender, religion, ethnicity,

socio-economic class, disability, occupation, etc. A stereotype can be a conventional and

oversimplified conception, opinion, or image

based on the belief that there are attitudes,

appearances, or behaviors shared by all members

of a group.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice


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Causes

One perspective on how to understandstereotyping process is through thecategories or ingroups and outgroups.

Ingroups are viewed as normal andsuperior, and are generally the group thatone associates with or aspires to join. Anoutgroup is simply all the other groups.They are seen as lesser or inferior than theingroups.


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Causes

A second perspective is that of automatic andimplicit or subconscious and conscious.Automatic or subconscious stereotyping is that

which everyone does without noticing. Automaticstereotyping is quickly preceded by an implicit orconscious check which permits time for anyneeded corrections. Automatic stereotyping isaffected by implicit stereotyping because frequentconscious thoughts will quickly develop intosubconscious stereotypes.


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Causes A third method to categorizing stereotypes is

general types and sub-types. Stereotypes consistof hierarchical systems consisting of broad andspecific groups being the general types and sub-types respectively. A general type could bedefined as a broad stereotype typically knownamong many people and usually widely accepted,whereas the sub-group would be one of theseveral groups making up the general group.These would be more specific, and opinions ofthese groups would vary according to differingperspectives.


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Psychological research A study which found that bogus feedback to college students

dramatically affected their IQ test performance, and anotherin which students were either praised as very smart,congratulated on their hard work, or told that they scored

high. The group praised as smart performed significantlyworse than the others. They believe that there is an 'innateability bias'. These effects are not just limited to minoritygroups. Mathematically competent white males, mostly mathand engineering students, were asked to take a difficult math

test. One group was told that this was being done todetermine why Asians were scoring better. This groupperformed significantly worse than the other group (Aronso etal., 2005).


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Possible prejudicial effects ofstereotypes are:

Justification of ill-founded prejudices orignorance

Unwillingness to rethink one's attitudes andbehavior towards stereotyped group

Preventing some people of stereotyped groups

from entering or succeeding in activities orfields


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Effects of stereotyping The effects of stereotyping can fluctuate, but for the most part

they are negative, and not always apparent until long periodsof time have passed. Over time, some victims of negativestereotypes display self-fulfilling prophecy behavior, in which

they assume that the stereotype represents norms toemulate. Negative effects may include forming inaccurateopinions of people, scapegoating, erroneouslyjudgmentalism, preventing emotional identification, distress,and impaired performance. Stereotyping painfully reminds

those being judged of how society views them.


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Research

Katz found that Blacks were able to

score better on an IQ subtest, if the test

was presented as a test of

eye-hand coordination. Blacks also

scored higher on an IQ test when theybelieved the test would be compared to

that of other blacks. Katz concluded that

his subjects were thoroughly aware of

the judgment of intellectual inferiority

held by many white Americans. With littleexpectation of overruling this judgment,

their motivation was low, and so were

their scores.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye-hand_coordinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye-hand_coordination


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Research

The researchers concluded this was

because stereotype threat made the

students anxious about confirming thestereotype regarding African American IQ.

The researchers found that the difference

was even more noticeable when race was

emphasized.


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Summary Children can suffer from a climate of prejudice.

Prejudice creates social and emotional tensionand can lead to fear and anxiety and occasionallyhostility and violence.

Prejudice and discrimination can undermine theself-esteem and self-confidence of those beingridiculed and make them feel terrible, unacceptedand unworthy. When that happens, their school

performance often suffers, they may becomedepressed and socially withdrawn and childhoodcan become a much less happy time.


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Summary Schools should be a place where your child learns

more than academic skills. They should alsopromote understanding and cooperation amongpeople, not prejudice.

Sometimes "stereotype" and "prejudice" areconfused. Stereotypes are standardized andsimplified conceptions of groups, based on someprior assumptions. Stereotypes are created based

on some idea of abstract familiarity. Prejudicesare more specific - they are predispositions todifferential behavior patterns.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice


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Summary

Childhood influences are some of the mostcomplex and influential factors indeveloping stereotypes.

Though they can be absorbed at any age,stereotypes are usually acquired in earlychildhood under the influence of parents,

teachers, peers, and the media. Once astereotype is learned, it often becomes self-perpetuating.

Real Discrimination(2)

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