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ReadingList-Unit1:IntroductiontoLife&Evolution,Chemistry,Biomolecules,CellStructure,CellDivision,Nutrition&HealthBiology(12thEd)byMader&Windelspecht: Ch1 introductiontobiologyandevolution Ch2 chemistryandwater Ch3 biomolecules Ch4 cellstructure,organelles Ch5 membranestructureandtransportacrossmembranes Ch6 metabolicpathways&enzymes Ch9&10 Cellularreproduction:mitosis&meiosis Ch12&13 DNAreplication,transcription,translation,cancer Ch15.2 evolutionbynaturalselection Ch32.3 cardiovasculardisorders Ch34.3&34.4 nutrition Ch40 endocrinesystem,pancreas,diabetesWebsite:http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/

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Lecture#1:WhattoexpectfromthissemesterLecturePrep:UpdateyouremailaddressatSFC/CanvasVisitthecoursewebsiteLectureReview/Assignment:1.Reviewthesyllabusthoroughlyandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.A.Usetheinformationprovidedinthesection“Policyformissedexams,quizzesanddeadlinesfor

assignmentsorextra-credit”toanswereachofthefollowingcommonquestions:

WhatifIknowinadvancethatIwillmissanin-classquizorexambecauseImadeplansalongtimeago[togosnowboardingwithmyfamily,toattendanimportantmeeting,togoonmyhoneymoon,etc]……canImakeupthequizorexam?

Imissedanin-classquizbecauseIwassick,butIdidn’tgotoadoctor’soffice……canImake-upthequiz?WhatifImissedclasswhenatake-homequizwasgiven……canIstilltakethetake-quiz?…andwillyouemailittome?

B.TrueorFalse:Theinstructorwillnotemailatake-homequiztoanystudentunlessthereisadocumentedemergencythatpreventsthestudentfromvisitingtheinstructor’soffice.

C.Whichofthefollowingisthebestcourseofactionifyourcarbrokedownonthewaytoclassthedayatake-homequizorextra-creditassignmentisdue?

a.useyourcellphonetotakeaphotoofyourcompletedassignmentandthenuseyourcellphonetoemailthephotototheinstructorbeforeclassbegins.

b.turnitlatewhentheclassmeetsagaininafewdays.c.dropitoffintheinstructor’sofficethefollowingday(butwithin24hoursoftheduedate).d.Both(a)and(c)areequallygood.e.noneoftheabove:lateassignmentsarenotaccepted.

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2.GettingpreparedforthePhotoSafariproject:A.ListentothetwoNPRstorieson“Guam”and“KatiePerry”(followlinksoncoursewebsiteunderthePhotoSafaritab),andthenanswerthefollowingtwoquestions:

WhydidtheAustraliangovernmentdeemKatiePerry’slatestCDa“biologicalhazard”? WhyisthereisonlyonekindofsnakeontheIslandofGuam?

B.Readthe“PhotoSafariFAQ”documentonthecoursewebsite,andthendeterminewhichoftheseorganismsarenotnativetonorthcentralFlorida?(circleallthatarenon-native):

o Brownanole,Mediterraneangecko,Cubantreefrog,red-earedslidero Dog(subspeciesofwolf),cat,human,horseo Honeybee,lovebugo Lemonandorangetrees

C.Whyistheinvasionofecosystemsbynon-nativespeciesmorecommon/problematicnowthanitwas100yearsago(orbefore)?D.ReviewthedescriptionofthePhotoSafariassignment(fromthecourseportfolioorwebsite)andthenexaminethelistofparksbelow.OnlyoneofthemisacceptableastheprimarysiteforyourPhotoSafari–circletheacceptableparkandexplainwhytheotherthreeparksarenotacceptable:

Disney’sAnimalKingdom OlenoStatePark SantaFeCollegeZoo KanapahaBotanicalGardens E.WhatparkareyouplanningtovisitastheprimarysiteforyourPhotoSafariproject? (seethecoursewebsiteforlinkstosomeacceptableparksintheGainesvillearea) F.Foreachpairoforganismsshownbelow,circlewhichofthetwo“commonnames”issufficiently

specificsoastoclassifytheorganismatthegenuslevel(seewebsite“PhotoSafariFAQ”forhelp):

Pair1: mosquito bumblebee

Pair2: squirrel raccoon

Pair3: lizard cottonmouth

G.Whatisthelowest(mostspecific)phylogeneticclassificationshownonthephylogenetic(evolutionary)treeprovidedbytheinstructorforacottonmouth?

H.WhatClassoforganismsismostcloselyrelatedtotheclassthatincludesthecottonmouth?

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Lecture#2:“WhatisLife?”LecturePrep: read: OverviewofBiology(chapter1),and OverviewofTheoryofEvolution(chapter15.2) Overviewofcelltypesandcellstructure(chapter4)

Takenoteswhileyouwatchthe“HowtoStudy”videoseriesbyDr.StephenChew(alinktothevideoseriescanbefoundonthecoursewebsite).

Listsomecharacteristicsthatarecommontoalllivingthings.Considerthemanypeopletowhoareyourrelatives,andthenconsiderthemanydifferentspeciesoforganismsintheworld.Withthisinmind,examinetheexampleofafamilytreeshownbelow(left),andcompareittothephylogenetic(evolutionary)treenexttoit.Whatdobothdiagramsattempttoillustrate?

Biologistsorganizealllivingthingsintoincreasinglyspecificcategoriesbasedontheirdegreeofrelatedness.Listtheeightcategoriesofbiologicalclassificationfromthemostinclusive(broadestcategory)totheleastinclusive(mostspecific).Whoseresponsibilityisittodecidehowtousetheinformationcollectedbyscientists?Giveanexampleofacontentiousissueinsocietythatinvolvestheinterpretationofscientificinformation.

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Takenoteswhileyouwatchthe“HowtoStudy”videoseriesbyDr.StephenChew(alinktothevideoseriescanbefoundonthecoursewebsite),andthenanswerthefollowingquestions.A.ListafewoftheeffectivestudyhabitsoutlinedbyChewthatyouregularlyemploy.B.ListafewoftheeffectivestudyhabitsoutlinedbyChewthatyourarelyemploy.C.SummarizetheexperimentaldesignofthememorytestdescribedinthesecondChewvideobyansweringthefollowingquestions:

Whatwasthespecificquestionthestudywastryingtoanswer? Whatdatawascollectedtocomparetheeffectofeachexperimentalvariable? Listthefourtestgroupsintheexperiment,andforeachgroupdescribetheoneexperimentalvariable

thatwasuniqueforthatgroup. Describethecontrolgroupusedintheexperimentandwhyitwasimportanttohavethisgroup. Whatconclusionwasdrawnfromthisstudy?

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LectureReview: Whatunifyinganduniquefeatureissharedbyalllivingorganisms,butnotfoundinnonlivingthings?Alllivingthingsseparatethemselvesfromtherestoftheworldwithaselectivelypermeablecellmembrane(“themselves”=“whatisencodedbytheirDNAprogram”).Explainwhatismeantbyselectivelypermeable,andthenexplainwhyalllivingthingsmusthavesomekindofseparationbetween“self”andtherestoftheworld.Describethedifferencebetweenthefollowingwordpairs(leftvs.right)haploid

diploid

germcell(akagamete)

somaticcell

mitosis

meiosis

autotroph

heterotroph

Labelthefollowingfigureasdescribedbelow(thinandthicklineseachcorrespondtoacompletesetoftheDNAprograminheritedfromtheindividualsparents): Write1NbeloweachcellthathasonlyonecopyoftheDNAprogram(haploidcells).

Write2NbeloweachcellthathastwocopiesoftheDNAprogram(diploidcells).Label(a)–(c)aseithermitosis,meiosis,orbinaryfission

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Cellshavespecificparts,eachwithaparticularfunction.Ineukaryoticcells,someofthesepartsareseparatecompartmentssurroundedbyamembrane–thesearecalledorganelles.Inordertohelpunderstandthepartsandfunctionsofacell,completethetablebelowusinganyresourceyouwish(textbook,internet,etc.).Forthe“Cityanalogy”column,comparetheorganellesofthecelltothestructureofanentirecity:matcheachorganelletoananalogous(similar)partofthishypotheticalcity(usethe“Cityanalogywordlist”foralistofcityparts).Thefirstorganelleisprovidedasanexampleofhowtocompletetheotherorganelles.

Cityanalogywordlist:

Citywall CityHall Wastedisposal/recyclingplantManufacturingplant/assemblyplant Cityborder FossilFuelEnergyplantSteelBeams,roads,bridges,railroadtracks StorageWarehouse SolarEnergyplant

Cellpart(organelle)

Whohasit…prokaryotes,or

eukaryotes,orboth?

Features&Functions Cityanalogy

Cellmembrane

Bothprokaryotesandeukaryoteshaveacellmembrane.

Thecellmembraneisaflexibleandselectivelypermeablebarriersurroundingthecell.Itcontainsspecialproteinsthatactlikegates,channelsandpumpsthatletin,orforceout,selectedmolecules(likefood,orwaste).Thecellmembranealsohelpsthecellcommunicatewithitssurroundingsthroughchemicalmessengers.Thegeneralpurposeofthecellmembraneistocarefullyprotectthecell’sinternalenvironment.

Cityborder

CellWall

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Lysosome

Vacuoles

Cytoskeleton

Ribosome

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Lecture#3:IntroductiontotheChemistryofLife

LecturePrep: readsectiononthechemistryoflife(Chapter2.1-2.3)

Whatarethethreesubatomicparticlesatomsaremadeof,andwhatistheelectricchargeofeachsubatomicparticle?Examineaperiodictable(e.g.Figure2.3intextbook)andfindtheboxcorrespondingtocarbon(C).

Whatdoesthenumberabovethe“C”indicate?Whichsubatomicparticle(s)correspond(s)tothenumberabovethe“C”?

Whatdoesthenumberbelowthe“C”indicate?Whichsubatomicparticle(s)correspond(s)tothenumberbelowthe“C”?

DrawtotherightamodelillustratingaHydrogen(H)atomshowingthenucleusandthelowestenergyelectronshell.Howmanyprotons,neutronsandelectronsdoesaHydrogen(H)atomcontain?

Protons:

Neutrons:

Electrons:

Addtoyourillustrationthenumberandlocationofeachofthesubatomicparticleslistedinthepreviousquestion.

ModeloftheHydrogenatom:(seeexamplesintextbook,figure2.6)

Whatisthedifferencebetweenanatomandamolecule?Hint:howmanyatomsareinamoleculeofwater(H20)oramoleculeofhydrogengas(H2)

Whatisthedifferencebetweenanionicbondandacovalentbond?Considerthechemicalreactionbelowthatdescribeswhatoccurswhenyourbodyburns(oxidizes)glucosetoreleaseenergy,andthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

C6H12O6+ 6O2 à 6CO2+ 6H20+energy glucose oxygen carbondioxide water

Whatthreethingsareproducedwhenyourbodyburns(oxidizes)glucose? Howmanymoleculesofglucoseareshownintheabovereaction? Howmanymoleculesofoxygenareshownintheabovereaction? Howmanyatomsofoxygenareontheleftsideofthearrow? Howmanyatomsofoxygenareontherightsideofthearrow?

Waterhasseveralpropertiesthatmakeituniqueamongliquidsandarealsoverysignificanttoalllife.Describesomeoftheseuniqueproperties.

Whatisthedifferencebetweenacidicwaterandbasic(alkaline)water?

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LectureReview:Livingorganismsareverydiverse,yetthephylogenetic(evolutionary)treebelowshowsthatalllifeisrelatedbydescentfromacommonancestorlabeled“Firstancestralcell.”Describewhatismeantby“acommonancestor.”

Howmany“originoflife”eventsarenecessarytoaccountforallthedifferentkindsoflivingthingspresenttoday?Whatobservationswouldleadyoutoconcludethatallthediverselivingorganismsarerelatedbydescentfromacommonancestor?

Ifallatomsaremadeofthesamethreesubatomicparticles,whatmakesoneelementdifferentfromanother?Whatarethesixprimaryelementsfromwhichlifeisbuilt?Describetheoctetrule:

Howmanyelectronsarerequiredtofillthefirstelectronshell?Howmanyelectronsarerequiredtofillthesecondelectronshell?

Howmanyprotons,neutronsandelectronsdoesacarbonatomcontain?

Howmanymoreelectronsdoescarbonneedtofillitsoutervalenceshell?

Drawamodelillustratingthenucleus,theelectronshells,andthenumber&locationofthesubatomicparticlesforeachofthefollowingmolecules: CO2 H20 Whatisthedifferencebetweenacovalentbond,anionicbond,andaHydrogenbond?

Hint-whichtypeofbondisshownhere:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/NaF.gif

Whydoeswaterhavetheuniquepropertiesthatitdoes?Considerthestructureofthewatermoleculeandtheelectronegativityofeachatom.ComparethestructuresofCO2andH20–whydoesn’tCO2havethesameuniquepropertiesasH20? Givespecificexamplesofhowtheuniquepropertiesofwaterareessentialforaplant,ahumanandafish.

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Lecture#4:Carbohydrates

LecturePrep: readsectionon:organicmoleculesandcarbohydrates(Chapter3.1&3.2),and Nutrition,carbohydrates,proteins,lipidsandvitamins(Ch34.3&34.4)Whatisanorganicmolecule?Whyiscarbon,ratherthananyotherelement,thecentralbuildingscaffoldforthethousandsofmoleculesthatcomposelivingthings?Whatarethefourcategoriesofbiomoleculesfromwhichlivingorganismsarebuilt?Organizethefollowingtermsinorderfromsmallesttolargest:

monomer atom electron molecule polymerWhichofthefivetermsabovebestdescribesabiomoleculesuchasDNAorprotein?Whichofthefivetermsabovebestdescribesthesubunitfromwhichbiomoleculesarebuilt?Distinguishbetweenhydrolysisanddehydrationsynthesis.Iswaterapolarmolecule?

Isoctaneapolarmolecule?

Thestructureofwaterisshownbelow.

Octane,acommoncomponentofpetroleumoil,isshownbelow.

Doyouthinkethanol(thetypeofalcoholinbeer,wineandliquor)ispolarornonpolar?Explainyourreasoning.Thestructureofethanolisshownbelow.

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LectureReview: Groupthefollowingexampleswiththepropertypeofcarbohydrate,andthendeterminethebiologicalfunctionforeachexample.

Typesofcarbohydrate examples functions

Monosacharride

glucosegalactosefructosesucroselactosecellulose

pectinchitinstarch

glycogenmonomerpolymer

Long-termenergystorage

Short-termenergystorage

Structuralsupport

Disaccharide

Polysacharride

Whatisthedifferencebetweenglycogenandglucose?Whatisthedifferencebetweenlactoseandlactase?Which of the following is the correct structural formula for the smallest monosaccharide, CH2O ?

Basedonthename,whatdoyouthinkisthefunctionoftheenzymeamylase?Whyarehumansabletodigestsomepolysaccharidesbutnotothers?Besuretospecifythenameofthekindofpolysaccharideshumanscandigestandthekindtheycannot,andthendescribehowthetwopolysaccharidesaredifferent. Whatkindofpolysaccharideisalsocalled“insolublefiber”?Describethedistincthealthbenefitsofeatingbothsolubleandinsolublefiber.Listafewfoodsthatcontainsolublefiberandafewfoodsthatcontaininsolublefiber.Whydosomepeoplegetdiarrheawhentheyconsumemilk?(acompleteanswerhastwoparts:whatistheirdefect?...andthenexplainwhythisdefectresultsindiarrhea?)Giveanexampleofwherewouldyoufindeachofthefollowingcarbohydrates: sucrose fructose lactose cellulose

pectin starch glycogen glucose

Compareandcontrastthechemicalstructuresofglycogen,starch,celluloseandchitin.

Explainwhyanimalsbenefitfromstoringglucoseasabranchedpolysaccharideratherthanalinearpolysaccharide?

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Lecture#5:proteins

LecturePrep: readsectiononproteins(chapter3.4),and enzymes(chapter6),and membraneproteins,andtransportofmoleculesacrossmembranes(chapter5),and endocrinesystemanddiabetes(Ch40) Gotothe“coolscience”sectionofthecoursewebsite,watchthelinkunder“hydrophobicandhydrophilic,”andthencategorizethefollowingitemsashydrophobicorhydrophilicbycirclingtheonesthatarehydrophobic:

oliveoil mustard Gatorade uncookedeggs butterExplainthedifferencebetweenhydrophobicandhydrophilicmolecules.Doyouthinkethanol(thetypeofalcoholinbeer,wineandliquor)ishydrophobicorhydrophilic?Explainyourreasoning.Thestructureofethanolisshownbelow.

Whatisthenameofthekindofmonomerthatproteinsarebuiltfrom? Howmanydifferenttypesofthismonomerareusedtobuildproteins?Howarethevariousmonomersthatmakeproteinsdifferentfromoneanother?Hint:considerthevariouschemicalpropertiesofthefunctionalgroupsonthedifferentmonomers.TrueorFalse Allaminoacidscontainnitrogen(N).TrueorFalse Nitrogen(N)isfoundinallproteins.Describeafewexamplesofproteins(namesandfunction)fromthebook.

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LectureReview:

Whichofthestructuresbelowisamonomerusedtobuildprotein?

Ifproteinscontainhydrophobicmonomers,whyareproteinssoluble(dissolved)inwater?ListthesixexamplesofproteinswediscussedinclassandthefunctionofeachBasedonthename,whatdoyouthinkisthefunctionofpeptidase?Whatdeterminestheproperties(andthereforefunction)ofanyparticularprotein?ExplainhowchangingasingleaminoacidintheADHenzymethatconvertsethanolintoacetaldehydecanhaveabigimpactonalcoholism.Cevicheisakindoffoodpreparedbysoakingrawfishinlemonjuiceforseveralhours.Explainhowthiswayof“cooking”fishischemicallysimilartoboilinganegg.Whatisthedifferencebetweenglucose,glucagonandglycogen?

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Whereisthereceptorforglucagon,andwhathappenswhenthisreceptoristriggered?Whereisthereceptorforinsulin,andwhathappenswhenthisreceptoristriggered?Whereisthereceptorforepinephrine,andwhathappenswhenthisreceptoristriggered?Explainhowyourbodycontrolsbloodsugarlevelsusingproteinhormones.DescribethedifferencesbetweenTypeIandTypeIIdiabetes.Besuretodescribethecauseorriskfactorsforeachdisease,andthespecificdefectineachdisease.Explainthedifferencebetweenosmosis,diffusion,andactivetransport.Describeanexampleinyourbodyofwhereactivetransportisused.Howdoesadrugthatisa“protonpumpinhibitor”relieveheartburnandacidreflux?

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Examinethegraphbelowthatdepictsthebloodsugarconcentrationsforthreepeoplethroughouttheday.The optimal blood glucose concentration for the body is approximately 85 mg/dl.

Whattimeofthedaydideachpersoneatfood?Whichpeoplemaysufferfromdiabetes?Howcanyoutell?Atwhattimesdoesthe“normal”personreleaseinsulin?Atwhattimesdoesthe“normal”personreleaseinsulin?

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Lecture#6:nucleicacidspart1

LecturePrep: readsectiononnucleicacids(3.5),and Transcriptionandtranslation(chapter12and13)Whatdoestheacronym“DNA”standfor?WhatisthefunctionofDNA?WhatisthenameofthetypeofmonomerthatDNAandRNAaremadewith?WhatisthespecificnameforeachofthefourmonomersusedtomakeDNA?EachmonomersusedtomakeDNAorRNAcontainsthreeparts:whatarethesethreeparts?HowisRNAdifferentfromDNA?Definecancer,thendescribethemolecularchangesinacellthatleadstocancer,andhowsunscreenpreventsthesemolecularchanges.Whichofthefollowingecologicalscenariosismostanalogoustocancer?1.Algaegrowthinlakesandstreamsisusuallylimitedbythelowconcentrationofnitratesinthewater,but

fertilizerrunofffromgolfcoursesincreasetheconcentrationofnitrates,resultinginalgaebloomsthatkillofffish.

2.Squirrelpopulationgrowthisusuallykeptinbalancebypredatoryhawks,butamutationinabirdvirusremovesthepredatorybirdsandthesquirrelpopulationgrowssolargethattheyadverselyaffectotherpartsoftheecosystem.

3.PythonsareintroducedintotheEvergladeswheretheyhavenonaturalpredators,allowingtheinvasivesnakepopulationtogrowrapidly,therebyadverselyaffectingthenormalEvergladesecosystem.

Whichofthefollowingscenariosismostanalogoustoapoptosis?1.AVictorianmansionslowlydeterioratesuntiliteventuallycollapses.2.Anaccidentalfiredestroysanoldwoodenfarmhouse.3.Thecontrolleddemolitionofanobsoletebuildingmakesroomforanewdevelopment.Describethreebehaviorsthatincreasetheriskofcancer.Describedietarypracticesthatincreasetheriskofcancer,andothersthatreducetheriskofcancer.Treatingcancercanbeextremelyexpensive.Becauseriskfactorsforsomecancersarecontrollable(suchasobesityandsmoking),somepeoplearguethatpatientswiththesetypesofcancershouldberesponsibleforthecostoftheirtreatment(ratherthanpassingthesecostsontothepublicthroughhigherinsuranceratesandtaxes),thusprovidingafinancialincentivetoavoidtheseriskybehaviorsinthefirstplace.Whatdoyouthink?

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LectureReview:

Whichofthestructuresbelowisanucleotide?

Whatarenamesofthetwolarge(purine)nucleotides?Whatarenamesofthetwosmall(pyrimidine)nucleotides?ExplainhowChargaffdeterminedthatAispairedwithTandthatGispairedwithCwithinallDNA.WritethecomplementarystrandforthefollowingsequenceofDNA: 3’-ATGCAGCAT-5’ Answer: 5’--3’WhattypeofbondconnectsonenucleotidetotheadjacentnucleotidesinonestrandofDNA?Whattypeofbondholdsthenucleotidesofonestrandtogetherwiththeirpairontheother(complementary)strand?WhenyouheatupaDNAdoublehelix,thetwostrandsofDNAseparatefromeachotherasthewaterapproachesaboil,buteachstrandofDNAremainsintact,andthetwostrandswillre-formadoublehelixifthewateriscooleddown.Basedonthisinformation,whichchemicalbonddoyouthinkisstronger,covalentbondsorhydrogenbonds?

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Describethedifferencebetweenahaploidcellandadiploidcell,andthengivetwoexamplesofeach.Doesmitosiscreatehaploidgermcellsordiploidsomaticcells?Doesmeiosiscreatehaploidgermcellsordiploidsomaticcells?Eachgermcell(gamete:eggorsperm)createdbyyourbodycontainsacompletesetofDNA,anidenticalandspecificsequenceofapproximately3,000,000,000nucleotides.Butthisinstructionset(genome)isnotonesinglepolynucleotidestrand–itisbrokenintopieces.WhatisthenameforthepiecesofDNAthatcompriseyourentiregenome?Howmanychromosomesdoeseachofyourgermcells(gametes)contain?Whentwogametesfuse(egg+sperm)tocreateasomaticcell,howmanychromosomesdoesthatsomaticcellscontain?Whatisagene?Howmanycopiesofanyparticulargenedoesagermcell(gamete:eggorsperm)contain?Howmanycopiesofanyparticulargenedoesasomaticcellcontain?WhatarethethreetypesofRNAthatareusedtoconvertinformationstoredinDNAintoaprotein?

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Lecture#7:nucleicacidspart2

LecturePrep: readsectiononnucleicacids(3.5),and Transcriptionandtranslation(chapter12and13) Watchepigeneticsvideofromwebsite.Matchtheenzymeontheleftwithitsroleincopying/replicatingDNAdescribedontheright.

Helicase

DNApolymerase

DNAligase

A.SeparatesthetwostrandsoftheDNAdoublehelix.

B.Createscovalentbondstosealanybreaksinthesugar-phosphate(phosphodiester)backboneofonestrandofDNA.

C.CreatesanewstrandofDNAbycovalentlybondingnucleotidemonomers(floatinginthenucleus)toeachotheroppositetheircomplementarybaseintheparentstrand.

Pairtheenzymeontheleftwiththenameanddescriptionofthechemicalstepitcontrols.

RNApolymerase

Ribosome

A.translation

B.transcription

C.CreatesmRNAcopiesfromaDNAtemplate.

D.Createsapolypeptide(protein)fromasequenceofmRNA.

IfmRNAhasthecodon5’-AGG-3’,whatisthesequenceoftheanticodononthetRNAthatpairswiththiscodon?anticodon 3’-AGG-5’Whatkindofbiomolecule(s)istheRibosomemadeof?Whatisatransgenicorganism?Givefiveexamplesfromthebookoftransgenicorganisms(specifytheorganismandhowitwasbeengeneticallymodified).

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LectureReview:

WhyisitadvantageoustomakeproteinsfrommRNAratherthandirectlyfromDNA?IfallthecellsinyourbodycontainthesamesetofDNA(genome),howdolivercellsbecomesodifferentfrombraincellsorskincells?Explainhowchangingwhichgenesaretranscribed(turnedon)andwhichgenesareturnedoffcanaffecttheoverallcharacteristicsoftheentireorganism.IfyouweretofindlifeonMarsthatwascomposedofDNA,mRNAandproteinsmuchlikelifeonearth,buttheMartianlifecontainedonly12aminoacids,wouldyouexpectitwouldtranslatemRNAintoproteinusing3-lettercodonsora2-lettercodons?Explainyourreasoning.TranscribethefollowingsequenceofDNAintothecorrectmRNAstrand,thentranslatethatmRNAintothepolypeptideitencodes.

DNAtemplate: 3’-TACCGCTGATGTATT-5’ mRNAcopy: 5’--3’ protein:

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SimulateDNAreplicationandmutation:ImaginetheDNAtemplateshownbelowiscopied,butduringreplication,theDNApolymerasemakesamistakeandmutatestheoriginalsequenceatposition9.RolladicetodeterminewhathappenswhentheDNAmutatesbyapplyingtherulesinthetablebelow(ifthenumberyourolldoesnotchangethenucleotide,keeprollinguntilitmutates).Writedownthemutation,andthentranscribethemutatedsequenceintomRNA,andthenintothecorrespondingproteintodeterminetheeffectofthismutation.[adaptedfrom:Gonzalez,B.Y.andJ.H.vanOostrom2009.UsingDicetoExploretheConsequencesofDNAMutations,JournalofCollegeScienceTeaching8(5):56-59.]

RulesformutatingDNA:Ifyouroll thenthemutationis:

1 substituteyournucleotidewithanA2 substituteyournucleotidewithaG3 substituteyournucleotidewithaC4 substituteyournucleotidewithaT5 deletethenucleotide6 keeptheoriginalnucleotidebutinsertanothernucleotideafterit(toss

againuntilyouget1–4todeterminewhichletternucleotidetoinsert)123456789101112131415 DNAtemplate: 3’-TACCGCTG__TGTATT-5’ mRNAcopy: 5’--3’ protein:Keepthefirstmutation,andnowmutateposition8usingthesameprocedure.123456789101112131415

DNAtemplate: 3’-TACCGCT____TGTATT-5’ mRNAcopy: 5’--3’ protein:Whatwasthereasonforsimulatingmutationwiththerollofadie?Whydidyoukeepthefirstmutationwhenmutatingthesequencethesecondtime?Inotherwords,whydidn’tyoufixit?

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Writethedefinitionofthetermmutation.Ifanerroroccursduringtranscription,willthemutationbepermanent(i.e.passedontothenextgeneration)?Whyorwhynot?WhatifanerroroccursduringDNAreplicationortranslation,willthemutationbepermanent(i.e.passedontothenextgeneration)?Whyorwhynot?Whichofthefollowingfourmutations(showninbold)willhavethegreatestimpactontheproteinsequence(deletionsareshownwith“-“).Remember,proteinsalwaysstartwiththeaminoacidMethionine. originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCCTGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein: originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCATGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein: originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTAC-CTTGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein: originalDNA: 3’-GCGTACTCTTGATGTATT-5’ mutantDNA: 3’-GCGTACACTTGATGTATT-5’mutationtype:_____________ mRNAcopy: 5’- -3’ protein:Usethefollowingwordstodescribethe“mutationtype”showninthefourexamplesabove:

missense,silent,frame-shift,nonsenseExplainhowthingsthatlikesmokingorexcessivesunbathingcausecancer.Besureyouranswerdefines“cancer”.

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Lecture#8:Lipidspart1

LecturePrep: readsectiononlipids(Chapter3.3),and Cardiovasculardisorders(chapter32.3),and http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/

Whatpropertydoalllipidshaveincommon?

Whichofthefollowingarecarbohydrates(C+H2O)andwhicharehydrocarbons(H+C)?Octane,acomponentingasoline.

carbohydrateorhydrocarbon?

Howmanypolarbonds?

Hydrophobicorhydrophilic?

Ribose(bothdrawingsareribose,buttheoneontherightdoesn’tshowalltheCatoms)

carbohydrateorhydrocarbon?

Howmanypolarbonds?

Hydrophobicorhydrophilic?

α-Linolenicacid(ALA)isanessentialomega3fattyacidfoundinchia&flaxseedseeds,nuts(notablywalnuts),andmanycommonvegetableoils.

carbohydrateorhydrocarbon?

Howmanypolarbonds?

Hydrophobicorhydrophilic?

Glycogen

carbohydrateorhydrocarbon?

Howmanypolarbonds?

Hydrophobicorhydrophilic?

Namethethreebroadclassesoflipidsanddescribethefunctionofeachtype.

Whichbiomoleculestoresmoreenergy:lipidsorcarbohydrates?

Whatpropertydophospholipidspossessthatallowsthemtointeractwithwaterandalsootherlipids?

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LectureReview:

Whatisthedifferencebetweensaturatedandunsaturatedfats?Describethedifferenceinthestructureandthephysicalproperties.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmonounsaturatedfatsandpolyunsaturatedfats?Describethedifferenceinthestructureandthephysicalproperties.Whatisthedifferencebetweencisunsaturatedfatandtransunsaturatedfat?Describethedifferenceinthestructureandthephysicalproperties.Cantherebecisortranssaturatedfat?Matchthefatontheleftwithitssourceinthemiddleanditschemicalpropertiesontheright.(someanswersareusedmorethanonce)fat source propertiesSaturatedfatCismonounsaturatedfatCispolyunsaturatedfatTranspolyunsaturatedfat

plantoilanimalfatnonaturalsource:madebychemistsbypartiallyhydrogenatingunsaturatedoils

SolidatroomtemperatureLiquidatroomtemperature

Explainhowchemical/structuraldifferencebetweenpalmoilandmostplantoilsrelatestotheirphysicalproperty.Why does natural peanut butter separate into a solid layer and an oil layer, but peanut butter in which the peanut oil has been drained away and replaced with palm oil does not separate into two layers. What could you use other than palm oil to make peanut butter that doesn’t separate into two layers? (don’t worry about taste, but think of a few examples). What chemical/structuralpropertyofthereplacementpreventsthepeanutbutterfromseparatingintotwolayers? How and why does the peanut butter made with palm oil affect orangutans?

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Imaginethatinsteadofcontainingliquidwater,livingthingswerecomposedofanonpolarliquidlikegasoline.Couldphospholipidsbeusedtoformaphospholipidsbilayercellmembraneinthisliquid?Drawtotherightwhatsuchacellwouldlooklike,focusingonthephospholipidsbilayer.

Comparethestructureoftriglycerides(fats&oils)tophospholipids-whatissimilar,andwhatisdifferent?Whatisthedifferencebetweentheheadandthetailofaphospholipid?Does“0%transfat”onafoodlabelreallymeanthattheitemisfreeoftransfat?Whatkindofbiomoleculeisphospholipase:carbohydrate,protein,nucleicacidorlipid?Basedonthename,whatdoyoupredictaphospholipasedoes?Whichpartofthecellwillbemostaffectedbyadefectintheenzymenamedphospholipase?

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FattyAcids,NutritionandHealth:

Itstimeforyourannualphysicalexamination…Supposethatyouwerevisitingyourdoctorforanannualphysicalexamination.Whileyouwereinthewaitingroom,youpickedupandbegantoreadapamphletaboutdietaryfats(lipids)andtheirimpactsonhealth.Thepamphletseemedimportant,soyoukeptit(nextpage).

So,thedoctorsaysyourcholesterolistoohigh…Whenyouwerefinallycalledbacktoaroom,yourdoctorsaidthatastandardanalysisofyourbloodshowedthatyourtotalcholesterollevelwas250mg/dL(adL=deciliter,or1/10ofaliter,100mL).He/sheexplainedthatatotalcholesterollevelof240mg/dLoraboveisconsideredhighandisariskfactorforcoronaryarterydisease(CAD).

Incontinuingconversationswithyourphysician,youlearnedthatasageneralrulecholesterolisnotalways“bad.”Infact,cholesterolisanecessarycomponentofcellmembranesandisavitalpartofnormalmetabolicprocesses,includingformationofothersteroids.Inadditiontolookingattotalcholesterolconcentrationinyourblood,yourdoctoremphasizedthatitisimportanttotakenoticeofhighdensitylipoprotein(HDL)cholesterolandlowdensitylipoprotein(LDL)cholesterol,whichmakeupmajorfractionsofthetotalcholesterolandmaybemoreaccurateindicatorsofCADrisk.

YourLDLfractionwasfoundtobe195mg/dLwhichisconsideredveryhigh.

AfterseeingyourveryhighLDLnumber,yourphysicianwentontosaythattheroleofLDLsistocarrycholesterolaroundinthebloodstreamanddeposititwhereitisneeded.Unfortunately,ifthelevelofLDLsbecomestoohightheycanalsodepositthecholesterolinarteries,forming“plaques”andcloggingthearteries.Ontheotherhand,HDLsareresponsibleforcarryingexcesscholesterolawayfromthearteriestotheliverwhereitcanbemetabolizedor“reprocessed”forotherpurposes.So,withthisinmind,cholesterolboundinLDLsisoftencalled“badcholesterol”andcholesterolboundinHDLsiscalled“goodcholesterol”.InordertoavoidCAD,theaveragepersonshouldattempttoraisethelevelofHDLsintheirbloodandlowerthelevelofLDLs,althoughbothareneededatsomelevelintheblood.

Atthispoint,yourdoctorstronglyurgedyoutoexerciseregularlyandwatchyourdietbecauseconsumptionoffatscanhaveaprofoundeffectoncholesterollevelsinthebody.However,itturnsoutthatitisprobablythetypesoffat,notthetotalamountoffatthatyoueatthatmaydetermineincidenceofCAD.Infact,a2001studybyFrankHuandcolleaguesattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthshowedthatdifferentpartsoftheworldwithsimilartotalfatintakehadverydifferentamountsofdeathfromCAD.IndividualsincountrieswherethefatseatenweremainlyintheformofsaturatedfatsandtransfatshadmuchhigherincidencesofdeathfromCADthanindividualsincountrieswherethefatsweremainlyconsumedintheformofpolyunsaturatedfatscontainingomega-3fattyacids.Ingeneral,thestudyshowedthatconsumptionofsaturatedfatsandtransfatstendedtoincreaseLDLcholesterolwhileconsumptionofpolyunsaturatedfatstendedtobothdecreaseLDLcholesterolandincreaseHDLcholesterol.

UsefulLinks:

MoreexplanationabouttransfatsfromtheFDAhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm109832.htm#unhide

Understandingcholesterolnumberswebsitehttp://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/guide/understanding-numbers

Governmentinformationaboutreadingnutritionlabelshttp://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm078889.htm

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Pamphlet: Fatty Acids and Nutrition

True lipids (triglycerides)

• composed of a glycerol molecule covalently bound to three fatty acid side chains

• hydrophobic molecules, meaning they are non-polar and don’t mix with water

• a group of triglycerides is called a fat

Saturated fats

• solid at room temperature (think of fat on an uncooked steak)

• hydrocarbon chains in fatty acids have no carbon-carbon double covalent bonds

• maximum number of hydrogens are covalently bound to the carbons, thereby “saturating” them

• animal fats such as lard and butter are usually high in saturated fatty acids

Unsaturated fats

• liquid (oils) at room temperature • hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids have at least

one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) carbon-carbon double covalent bonds

• double bonds cause bends in the molecules and also leave them “unsaturated” with hydrogens

• unsaturated fats are found in plant oils such as olive or canola oil

Saturated Fatty Acid

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

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Dietary fatty acids

• fatty acids are a necessary component of a complete diet • fatty acids are found in foods such as fatty meats, plant oils

and dairy products • certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (called essential fatty

acids) cannot be synthesized by the human body and must come from the diet

• one such essential fatty acid is linoleic acid which can be found in foods such as sunflower oil and almonds

• both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids can be found in plant oils

• in cis fatty acids, the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on the same side of the molecule.

• Almost all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are cis isomers

Trans fats

• are triglycerides that contain trans fatty acids • Trans means “across” so… • a trans fatty acid is an unsaturated one in which the

hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on opposite sides of the molecule

• produced by the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated vegetable oils

• hydrogenation decreases the number of carbon-carbon double covalent bonds in the molecules and creates what are known as “hydrogenated” or “partially hydrogenated” vegetable oils

• trans configuration gives the fatty acids chemical properties more similar to saturated fatty acids (such as lack of bends in the molecules) and can also lead to some accumulation of “bad” types of cholesterol when consumed

• trans fats are found in any hydrogenated oils, so margarines and shortening made from vegetable oils are major sources

• since they are made from plant oils, these were once touted as being much healthier than saturated animal fats

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

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Questionstotestcomprehension:

• NamesomespecificfoodsthatmightleadtoincreasedLDLcholesterolinthebloodstream.

• Whatdothesefoodscontainthatcouldcausethis?

• Lookatthefoodlabelsfromthecoursewebsiteandanswerthefollowingquestions:

http://bsc2005mattcarrigan.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/food-labels5.pdfo Howmuchtransfatisinoneservingofthefoodinfigure(a)

o Whatingredientisthesourceofthetransfatinthefoodshowninfigure(a)?

o Estimatehowmuchtransfatistheentirepackageshowninfigure(b).

• Whatisthereasonbehindhydrogenatingvegetableoils?Whateffectdoesthehydrogenation

processhaveontheirchemicalandphysicalproperties?

• Drawbothacisisomerandatransisomerofapolyunsaturatedfattyacid.Whichwouldbeproducedbythehydrogenationprocess?

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Lecture#9:Lipidspart2

LecturePrep: readsectiononlipids(Chapter3.3),and Cardiovasculardisorders(chapter32.3),and http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/

Whatkindofbiomoleculeischolesterol:carbohydrate,protein,nucleicacid,orlipid?Drawthestructureofcholesterol:Whatchemicalpropertydoescholesterolsharewithtriglyceridesandphospholipids?WhatdoesHDLandLDLstandfor?WhatisthefunctionofHDLs?WhatisthefunctionofLDLs?Listfourthingsthatyourbodyusescholesterolfor.Whatisthedifferencebetweenastrokeandheartattack?

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LectureReview:

Whatisthefunctionofbile?Whatsimilaritiesexistbetweenbile,soapandphospholipids?Ifyoudonotneedagallbladderinordertolive,whydowehaveone?WhattwothingsdoesyourbodyneedtomakeVitaminD. Howdomammalswithfur(whichisalmostallofthemexcepthumans)getenoughUVtomakeVitaminD?WhydoesyourbodyneedVitaminD–describespecificallywhatVitaminDdoes. Explainwhyhumans,unlikeallotherprimates,havelittlebodyhair.Doyouexpecttheskinofmosthairymammalstobedarkorlight?Explainwhy.Allhumans,includingthoseinEurope,Asia,AustraliaandtheAmericas,descendedfromhumanslivinginAfrica-whatskincolordidtheseancestralhumanshave?Whatbiologicaladvantagesweregainedbyhumanswhoseskinchangedcolor. Whydoyousupposehydrophobicmolecules(likethesteroidsandcorticosteroidsmadefromcholesterol)areusedtocontrolsomanyprocessesinthebody,fromsexualmaturation,musclegrowth,electrolytebalance,theimmunesystem,inflammation,andmetabolism?[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26813/]

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Completethetablebelow:First,listineachboxlifestyleschangesthatleadtothedesignatedeffect.Thenidentifyhowtheselifestylechoicesaffectplaqueformationonarterywalls.

Effect:increasesHDLDotheselifestylespromoteorpreventplaqueformation?

Effect:increasesHDLDotheselifestylespromoteorpreventplaqueformation?

Effect:decreasesHDLDotheselifestylespromoteorpreventplaqueformation?

Effect:decreasesLDLDotheselifestylespromoteorpreventplaqueformation?

ExplainhowtofindoutyourHDLandLDLlevels. Doyouthinksocietyshouldallowprofessionalathletestousesteroids(orotherperformanceenhancingdrugs)iftheywantsinceitonlyaffectstheirbody.Isthisanydifferentthanallowingcoalminers,firefighters,orsoldierstogotoworkwithoutthepropersafetygear?Shouldpeoplebeexpected(orallowed)toputtheirhealthatriskinordertobemoresuccessfulintheircareers?Howdoyouthinkthisappliesto“studydrugs”likeRitalinorAdderallthatstudentsmighttaketoimprovetheirconcentration? Doyouthinktheuseofperformanceenhancingdrugsbycollegeandprofessionalathletescontributestounrealisticbody-imageopinionsinteenagersandyoungadults?Doyouthinkmagazinesandmoviesthatcelebrate“beautiful”peoplecontributetounrealisticbody-imageopinionsinteenagersandyoungadults?

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Lecture#10:fromAristotletoDarwin,andtheCentralDogmaofbiology

LecturePrep: read OverviewofTheoryofEvolution(chapter15.2) watchthisTEDtalk:mindingyourmitochondria(linkoncoursewebsiteunder“coolscience”)

prepareforupcomingexam!Giveafewexamplesofdietaryrequirementsotherthanlipids,carbohydrates,andproteins.LectureReview:

Youprobablywouldnotbesurprisedtoseethatfamilymembersoftenlooksimilar.Whydotheylooksimilar?“Becausetheyarerelated,”isthecommonanswer…butnoteverythingthatlookssimilarisrelated,andnoteverythingthatisrelatedlookssimilar.Giveafewexamplesofthingsthatlooksimilar,butwherethissimilarityisnotbecausetheyarerelated.Iftheexamplesyougavearenotrelated,thanwhatreasoncanyouofferforwhytheylooksimilar?Giveafewexamplesofthingsthatarerelated,butlookverydissimilar.Whatmakesyoubelievetheyarerelatediftheylooksodissimilar?ExplaintheCentralDogmaofModernBiology?

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Whatsignificantsimilaritiesaresharedbyalllivingthings?Whatmakesyouthinkthesesimilaritiesarenotmerelycoincidences,ortheoptimal(oronly)waytobe?Explainwhatismeantbythe“chickenortheegg”paradoxasitrelatestotheCentralDogmaofModernBiology?ExplaintheRNAworldhypothesisandhowitresolvesthe“chickenortheegg”paradoxthatplaguesourunderstandingoftheoriginoflife?WhatevidencesupportstheRNAworldhypothesis?(Inotherwords,whatpeculiarobservationsareexplainedbytheRNAworldhypothesis?)IftheRNAworldhypothesisistrueandlifecanexistwithonlyRNA(withoutDNAorproteins),whatmightbesomereasonsforwhywedon’tweseeanylife-formstodaythatareonlyRNA?Hint:thinkaboutwhytheabacususedtobecommon,butisnotanymore.

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44

ReadingList-BSC2005Unit2:MovingfromMitosis&MeiosistoGenetics&Evolution

textbook:Biology(12thEd)byMader&Windelspecht: Ch11 Mendel,Geneticsreview Ch5 Cellularreproduction:mitosis&meiosis Ch.14 DNABiotechnology Ch15–19 Evolution Ch30 HumanEvolution Ch43 Behavior:Nature(Genetics)vsNurture,andtheAffectonFitnessStudylecturenotes! Knowdetailsofexamplesdiscussedinclass Makealistofallthetraitswecoveredinclass Quizyourself:whatisthedominancerelationshipforeachtrait? Whenyougetawordproblem,whatsymbols/letterswillyouuse? Whatcategory(epistasis,co-dominance,etc)isthisexample?

Readbookthebook!Practice:testyourselfusingthequestionsattheendofeachchapterandonthecoursewebsite.

Understandvocabularyandexamplesforeachofconceptslistedbelow:Mitosisvs.meiosis

Diploidvs.haploidDaughtercellsGermcells,gametesCrossingover/recombinationChromosomes&Independentassortment

Mendeliangenetics: Particulatetheoryvs.blendingtheory Completedominance(andrecessive) GenotypeandPhenotype;“genotypicratio”vs.“phenotypicratio” Allelevs.gene HomozygousandHeterozygous Monohybridcross–heterozygousforonetrait:AaxAa RatioofGenotypes(genotypicratio) RatioofPhenotypes(phenotypicratio) Dihybridcross–heterozygousfortwotraits:AaBbxAaBb RatioofGenotypes(genotypicratio) RatioofPhenotypes(phenotypicratio)(continuedonnextpage)

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Post-Mendeliangenetics: Co-dominanceandincompletedominance(vs.complete“Mendelian”dominance) Multipleallelesforasinglegene:e.g.A,BandOallelesforbloodtype(nottheRh+/Rh-) Pleiotropy Epistasis Polygenicinheritance Impactofenvironmentonphenotypicexpression

Sex-linkedrecessive Autosomalrecessiveinheritance AutosomaldominantinheritanceEvolution

Artificialvs.NaturalSelectionDarwinianvs.LamarckianevolutionImpactofenvironmentonallelefrequencies

Microevolutionvs.MacroevolutionDirectionalvs.Stabilizingvs.DisruptiveSelectionSympatricvs.Allopatricspeciation

Prezygoticvs.Postzygoticmechanismsforreproductiveisolation Causesofmassextinction

Evidencesupportingevolution:

Comparisonofmodernlife(homologousstructures,includingmolecular/DNAhomologies) Fossilrecordindicatesprogressivechangethroughtime Biogeography:patternsofspeciesarenotrandombutarrangedbygeographicproximity Convergentevolutioninsimilarecosystems Directobservationofmicroevolutionduringhistoricaltimes.

Ageoftheearth(4.5billionyearsago)andapproximatetimewhenmajorbiologicaleventsoccurred:Earliestevidenceof“simple”,prokaryoticlifeonearth(about3.5–4.0billionyearsago)Earliestevidenceofeukaryoticlife(about2billionyearsago)Allmajorgroupsofanimalsfirstappear(about0.5billionyearsago=500millionyearsago)Firstmammalsanddinosaursappear(about0.25billionyearsago=250millionyearsago)Dinosaursbecomeextinct(about0.07billionyearsago=70millionyearsago)Humanancestors(hominins)firstleftAfrica(about0.001billionyearsago=1millionyearsago)

Labs:

#5 Cellcycle(Mitosis,Meiosis)andCancer#6 Genotypes,Phenotypes,MitosisandMeiosis#7 Biotech:bloodtypes,howtointerpretDNAfingerprintsfromgels

#8 homologous,analogousandvestigialstructures Anatomyisrelatedtoenvironmentaladaptations(dentalformulaanddiet) Sexualdimorphisms

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Lecture11-IntroductiontoMendelianGeneticsLecturePrep: readChapter11;reviewmitosisandmeiosisandcrossingoverInthefiguresbelow,athinlinedesignatesDNAinheritedfromoneparent,andathicklinedesignatesDNAinheritedfromanotherparent.

Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveillustratesmitosis? Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveillustratesmeiosis? Whichoftheprocessesshownabovegeneratesgermcells(gametes)withhalfthenumberof

chromosomesastheparentcell? Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveillustratesthetypeofcelldivisionbywhichafertilizedegg

growsintoanadult? Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveisusedbyyourliverorskintocreateidenticalcellsin

ordertoreplacecellsthathavedied? Whichoftheprocessesshownaboveinvolvesrecombinationofthegenesfromeachparent? Howmanydaughtercellsareproducedbymeiosis? Arethedaughtercellsproducedbymeiosisgeneticallyidentical? Giveoneexampleofahaploidcell. Explainthebenefitofcrossingover(geneticrecombination):

47

LectureReview:

Definethefollowingterms:

TruebreedingplantParentalgenerationF1generationF2generationgene

allele

genotype

phenotype heterozygous homozygous genotypicratio

phenotypicratio

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GiveafewexamplesofphenotypesMendelobservedinpeaplants,andthealternateformsthatphenotypecantake: Example: colorofpeaseed-yelloworgreenHowmanyallelesdothesepeaplantshaveforeachgenethatcontrolsaphenotype? Whydon’tpeaplantshavemoreorlessalleles?Providestwoexamplesofahomozygousgenotype: Canaphenotypebeheterozygous?Ifyourphenotypeisdominant,yourgenotypecouldbe(listallthatarepossible)is (pickanylettersyouwishtosymbolizethealleles)Ifyourphenotypeisrecessive,yourgenotypecouldbe(listallthatarepossible)is (pickanylettersyouwishtosymbolizethealleles)Explainwhyaphenotypeproducedbyarecessiveallele(likegreencoloredpeas)mightbemorecommonthanthephenotypeproducedbythedominantallele(yellowcoloredpea).[Youmightalsoconsiderwhyatraitproducedbythedominantallele,suchaspolydactylism,islesscommonthanthetraitproducedbytherecessiveallele].PRACTICEPROBLEMS:“Theformationofgametes”–

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/gametes.htmPRACTICEPROBLEMS:“MonohybridCrosses”–inamonohybridcross,wearecrossingtwoindividualswhoarebothheterozygotes(hybrid)forone(mono)gene.

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/mono.htmPRACTICEPROBLEMS:“DihybridCrosses”–inadihybridcross,wearecrossingtwoindividualswhoarebothheterozygotes(hybrid)fortwo(di)differentgenes:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihybrid_cross.

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/dihy.htmwarning...the"hints"demonstratehowtosolvetheseproblemsthehardway;Irecommendusingthe“productrule,”asillustratedinclass,andonpage469ofthetextbook(yetanotherexampleofthe“productrule”methodcanbeseenoncetheanswertothegeneticsextracreditproblemispostedonthecoursewebsite).Nonetheless,youcanusetheproblemsabovetotestyourself.

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Lecture#12-GeneticsLecturePrep: readCh11LectureReview:Definethefollowingterms,&provideanexampleofeach(specifythephenotypeassociatedwitheachallele) Incompletedominance Codominance Multiplealleles Onegenecontrolswhetheraparticularspeciesofsnakehasadiamondpatternonitsbackandalsowhetherithasastripeonitsbelly.Youbreedasnakewithdiamondsonitsback(butnostripesonitsbelly)withanothersnakethathasstripesonitsbelly(butnodiamondsonitsback).Alloftheiroffspringhavebothdiamondsandstripes!Whatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample?

Whatarethegenotypesoftheparentsandtheoffspring?(youcanuseanysymbolsyouwishtodesignatethegenotypeofeachparent,andthegenotypeoftheoffspring)

Aretheparentshomozygous?Aretheoffspringhomozygous?

Ifyouweretobreedtwooftheoffspringwitheachother,whatphenotypicratiowouldyouexpect?

…andwhatgenotypicratiowouldyouexpect?

Whatifyoubreedoneoftheoffspringwithoneofitsparents(YUCK!)?

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Marylovesdairyproducts,andsuffersnoilleffectsfromeatingthem,butherhusbandJosephisabsolutelylactoseintolerant(evenalittlelactoseandhe’sgotterriblediarrhea).JosephandMaryhaveachildnamedJose’,andthischildcantoleratesomedairyproductsaslongasitisnottoomuch.Whatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample?

Jose’goesontofatherachildwithawoman(whoisalsonamedMary,likeJose’smother,loversdairyproducts).WhatarethepossiblegenotypesofJose’andMary’schildren?

isthegenotypicratioexpectedforJose’andMary’schildren?

WhatistheprobabilitythatJose’andMaryfirstchildwillhavethesamephenotypethathehas?

IfJose’andMaryhavethreechildren,whatistheprobabilityallthreewillhavethesamephenotypeasMary?

PRACTICEPROBLEMS:IncompleteDominance–

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/incom.htm

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Lecture#13-GeneticsLecturePrep: readCh11LectureReview:Definethefollowingterms,&provideanexampleofeach(specifythephenotypeassociatedwitheachallele) Pleiotropy

Epistasis

PolygenicinheritanceImaginethatthreedifferentgenescontrolthenumberofeyelashesapersonhas,andforeachgenetherearetwoalleles(onethatproducesaboutteneyelashes,whiletheotheralleleproducesaboutfiveeyelashes).Brianhasthemaximumnumberofeyelashespossible,andhemateswithJulia,whohasthefewestnumberofeyelashespossible.Whatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample?

Whatarethegenotypesoftheparentsandtheoffspring?(youcanuseanysymbolsyouwishtodesignatethegenotypeofeachparent,andthegenotypeoftheoffspring)

Aretheparentshomozygous?Aretheoffspringhomozygous?

WhatphenotypicratiowouldyouexpectintheoffspringproducedbyBrianandJulia? WhatgenotypicratiowouldyouexpectintheoffspringproducedbyBrianandJulia?

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Adulthumanshaveawideandcontinuousrangeofshoesizes,butmostmenarenearsize10,andmostwomenarenearsize7.5.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?Someindividualsarebornwithouttheabilitytosmell.Alloftheseindividualsalsohavereducedcapabilitytodetecttheflavorofmostfoods.Let’sassumetheinabilitytosmellisageneticdefectinasinglegene(notdevelopmentaldefect).Ifyoubelievetheabilityto‘detectflavor’isdistinctfrom‘smell‘(somearguesmellandflavordetectionarethesame),thenwhatkindofinheritanceisexemplifiedbythisexample? Assumingthistraitisgenetic,whatevidence(above)suggeststhistraitiscausedbyasinglegene? Howwouldyoudetermineifthiswasageneticdefectoradevelopmentalproblem?Approximately40%ofcatswithwhitefurandblueeyesaredeaf.Aninitialhintthatonegenecontrolledbothpigmentationanddeafnesscamefromtheobservationthatwhitecatswithoneblueeyeandoneyelloweyeweredeafonlyontheblue-eyedside.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?Phenylketonuria(PKU)isadiseaseinhumanscausedbyadeficiencyoftheenzymephenylalaninehydroxylase.Thisenzymeconvertstheessentialaminoacidphenylalaninetotyrosine.Adefectinthisgeneresults(ifuntreated)inmentalretardation,eczema(askindisorder),andpigmentdefectsthatmakeaffectedindividualslighterskinned.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?WalterLandauerandElizabethUphamobservedthatchickensthatexpressedthedominantalleleforfrizzlegeneproducedfeathersthatcurledoutwardratherthanlyingflatagainsttheirbodies(seephotototheright).Thesesamefowlsalsohaveabnormalbodytemperatures,highermetabolicandbloodflowrates,greaterdigestivecapacity,andalsolaidfewereggsthantheirwild-typecounterparts.Whatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?

Ethanolismetabolizedintovinegarbyatwostep-process.Inthefirststep,ethanolisconvertedintoacetaldehydeanenzymecalledAlcoholdehydrogenase(let’sjustcallitenzymeA).Inthesecondstep,theacetaldehydeisconvertedintovinegarbyadifferentenzymecalledAldehydedehydrogenase(letsjustcallitenzymeB).Foreachofthetwoenzymes,A&B,thereexisttwoalleles,onethatencodesafunctionalenzyme(thedominantform,AorB)andonethatencodesamutatedandnon-functionalenzyme(therecessiveform,aorb).Considerindividualswiththefollowinggenotypes;iseachindividualabletoconvertethanolintovinegar?

AABB aaBB AaBb

Aabb aaBb aabb

Ifyoudefinethephenotypeofinterestastheabilitytometabolizeethanolintovinegar,thenwhatkindofinheritanceismostlikelyexemplifiedbythisexample?

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Lecture#14-GeneticsLecturePrep: readCh11LectureReview:Definethefollowingterms,&provideanexampleofeach(specifythephenotypeassociatedwitheachallele) Sex-linkedrecessiveinheritance Autosomalrecessiveinheritance AutosomaldominantinheritancePRACTICEPROBLEMS:Sex-linkedtraits–

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/dragons.htm

http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/genetics/xlinked.htm

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Lecture#15-Evolutionpart#1LecturePrep: readChapter15-19,andcompletethegraphingexercisebelow

Thecommonfemalehouseflieslaysapproximately100eggsinherone-monthlife(columnEbelow).Howmanyofthose100eggsdoyouthinkwilllivelongenoughtoreproduce?________ Convertthisnumberofsurvivingfliesintoapercent(divideby100),andplaceitincolumnGbelow.Usethestartingdatafor“month0”andyourestimateofflysurvivalrate(columnG)tocompletethetable.Graphthetotalnumberoffliesineachgenerationonthegraphbelow(monthontheX-axis,total#offlies

fromeachgeneration,columnB,ontheY-axis–makesureyoulabelthenumbersontheY-axis)

A.month

B.Total#offlies

(males+females)alive

ineachgeneration

(columnH

fromprecedinggeneration)

C.#ofmaleflies

(C=1/2ofcolumnB)

D.#offemale

flies

(D=1/2ofcolumnB)

E.howmany

eggsdoeseachfemalelay?

F.totalnumberofeggsthatarelaidthisgeneration

(F=DxE)

G.percentageofthoseeggsthatlivelongenoughtoreproduce.

(yourown

estimate,usethesame%forallrows)

H.totalnumberofadultfliesreproducinginnextround

(H=FxG)

0 2 1 1 100

1 100

2 100

3 100

4 100

5 100

6 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 month

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2 -

1 -

9 – 8 – 7 – 6 – 5 – 4 – 3 –

Continuethelinebelowtoshowwhatyoupredictthehumanpopulationwillbein100years. Whatfactorswillaffecttheoverallsizeofthehumanpopulationin100years?

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

year

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LectureReview:Whilewatchingthemovie“TheEvidenceforEvolution,”answerthequestionsbelow.ThemovieisavailableonthecourseCANVASsite:clickon“Pages”inthesidebar,then“videosforclass”TheRecordintheRocks1.Namethreethingsthatcanfossilize.2.Lookatthehorse-likeskeletons.Howaretheychanging?(i.e.,size,numberoftoes,wayofwalking,

presenceofhooves)3.Scientificevidencesuggeststhatthecontinentslookedverydifferent350millionyearsago(mya).Briefly

describeinwhatways.EvidencefromLivingThings4.Definewhathomologousstructuresare.Givethreeexamples.5.Whatisdivergentevolution?6.Definewhatanalogousstructuresare.7.Giveoneexampleofavestigialstructure.8.Accordingtothevideo,howcanweexplainthefactthattherearelargeflightlessbirdsonlyinthe

southernhemisphere?

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TheTheoryofEvolution9.Whatdidthetheoryofacquiredcharacteristicsstated?Whoformulatedthisincorrecttheory?10.Whoformulatedthetheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection?11.Whenindividualsreproduce,theygeneratemanymoreoffspringthanneededtoreplacetheparents.

Whataresomeofthereasonswhyearthisnotoverrunwiththeresultantprogeny?12.Ifcharacteristicsareinherited,thoseindividualswhoreproduceareabletopassontheirtraitstothe

nextgeneration.Thisisreferredtoas…13.WhatdidDarwinmeanwhenhesaidthatthereisa“struggleforexistence”?Howcanthisinfluence

whichtraitsaccumulateinanygivenpopulation?14.Whatisdefinedasnaturalselection?15.Defineconvergentevolutionandgiveatleasttwoexamples.16.Whyisthenumberoflightanddarkpepperedmothschanginginapopulation?Isthecolor

characteristicgeneticallydetermined?VariationandEvolution17.Whatisthedefinitionofaspecies?18.Whencanwesaywehaveanewspecies(speciationhasoccurred)?19.Howcanyoutellwhensomeorganismsareanewspecies,versusvariantsfromthesamespecies?20.Whatisartificialselection?Namesomespeciesthatmaychange(orhavebeenproduced)dueto

artificialselection?21.Howcannewtraitsappearinapopulation?Giveanexplanationatthemolecularlevel.22.Isitpossibletoinducemutationsinordertocreatenewtraits?Whichexampleisshowninthevideo?

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Lecture#16-Evolutionpart#2-Microevolution LecturePrep:

Aregrizzlybearsandpolarbearsthesamespecies?Howwouldyoudeterminethat?

http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-06-02/climate-change-species-are-increasingly-hybridizing-survive

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124115253

Reviewpages280–285ofyourtextbook,andcompletethe“MechanismsofMicroevolution”exerciseonnexttwopages.

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MechanismsofMicroevolution.Reviewpages280–285ofyourbookforthisexercise.Thepurposeofthisactivityistoanalyzeahypotheticalsituationanddeterminethemechanismofmicroevolutioninvolved.Ineachofthefollowingscenarios,thereisatleastonemechanismofmicroevolutionoccurring,butpossiblymore.Howmanycanyouidentify?

Wordbank: mutation nonrandommating directionalselection sympatricspeciation geneticdrift naturalselection disruptiveselection allopatricspeciation geneflow artificialselection stabilizingselection

1.Atypeofshortgroundclovergrowsinaremotemeadownearthetopofamountain.Themeadowissmall,withonlyenoughspaceforabout100cloverplantstogrow.ADNAreplicationerroroccursduringoogenesisinoneoftheseclovers.ThiserrorchangestheDNAsequenceofaplantgrowthgene(g),therebyproducinganeggwithanewallele(G).Thiseggissuccessfullyfertilizedbyawildtype(g)pollen,givingrisetoaheterozygoteclover(Gg).BecauseoftheGallele,theGgheterozygoteinitiatesgerminationfasterthantheggclovers.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?2.Becausetheheterozygote(Gg)clovergerminatesfasterthanitsneighboringclovers,itistallerandgetsmoresunlightthanitsshadedneighboringclovers.Theadditionalsunlightenablesthe‘Gg’clovertoproducemorepollenthanitsneighbors,andoverthecourseofafewgrowingseasons,theGallelebecomesmorecommon.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?3.Afewyearspass,andastheGallelebecomesincreasinglycommon,afewGGgenotypesareproduced.Asitturnsout,theGalleleexhibitsincompletedominance,sotheGGgenotypegrowsevenfaster(andthereforetaller)thantheGggenotype.Overthenextfewgrowingseasons,theGGgenotypebecomesevenmorecommonthantheGggenotype.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?

Usethespacebelowtomakeabargraphthatillustratestheinitialgenotypefrequencyofthepopulationafterscenario#1.

Usethespacebelowtomakeabargraphthatillustratesthenewgenotypefrequencyofthepopulationafterscenario#3.

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4.Awanderingherdofgoatpassthroughthemeadow.Thegoatslikeeatingthecloverflowers,buttendtoeatthetallestflowersinthepatch.Inthefewdaysthegoatsareinthismeadow,theyeatalmostallthetallflowers.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?Predictwhatclovergenotypewouldbemostfitifthegoatsreturnedtothismeadowregularly:Usethegraphtotherighttomakeabargraphthatillustrateswhatyouexpectgenotypefrequencywouldlooklikeifscenario#3and#4persistedformanygenerations.

5.Theshortgroundcloverisnormallypollinatedbyabeetlethatlivesontheground.Thisbeetledoesnotoftencrawluptothetallestflowers(perhapsbecauseitwouldbemoreeasilyeatenbybirds).However,asthetallGGplantsbecomemorecommon,butterfliesbegintopollinatetheGGplants(thebutterfliesrarelypollinatetheshortggplants,perhapsbecausetheflowersontheshortplantsaremoredifficultforthebutterfliestoreach).Fortunatelyfortheclovers,thereisenoughpollenandpollinatorstoensurethatnearlyeveryeggissuccessfullyfertilized,regardlessoftheplants’heightandpollinator.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?Suggestapossibleexplanationforwhybirdsmighteatthebeetlesbutnotthebutterflies.Usethegraphtotherighttomakeabargraphthatillustrateswhatyouexpectthegenotypefrequencywouldlooklikeifscenario#5persistedformanygenerations.(assumetheherdofwanderinggoatsdoesnotreturntothismeadow).

6.Itturnsoutthatsomeofthetallerplantseatenbygoatsinscenario4hadalreadybeenpollinatedandproducedseedswithaprotectiveoutercoating.Therefore,thegoatsatetheseseedsalongwiththeflowers,andthenwanderedmanymilesaway,depositingseedsastheywent.Becausethegoatsatealmostonlythetallflowers,mostoftheseedsintheirpoopwastheGGgenotype.Someseedsweredepositedinaremotemeadowwhereonlyshort(gg)cloversweregrowingwhileotherseedsweredepositedinawindy,rockymountainpasswherenoclovershadpreviouslyexisted.Thebutterfliesandbeetlesthatpollinatethiscloverdon’tusuallyvisitrocky,windyareas,sotheclovergrowingintherockyareasbecamedependentonthewindtopollinateitsflowers.Variousallelesofanothergene(Horh)affectthesizeandweightofthepollen,whichthenaffectshoweasilythepollenisspreadbythewind.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolvedinthisscenario?

7.Withinafewyears,thecloversonthemountainpassgrewintoalushcloverpatch;butinoneparticularlyhardwinter,99%ofthecloversfrozeanddied.Itturnsoutthatoneclover(anditsfewdescendants)hadamutationthatshiftedenergystoragefrompredominantlystarchtoarelatedapolysaccharidecalledinulin,andtheinulinpreventedtheseplantsfromfreezing.Whichevolutionaryprocessesareinvolved?

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Lecture#16-Evolutionpart#2–Microevolution LectureReview:Classifythefollowingscenariosasexamplesofeitherartificialornaturalselectionbyplacingtheletterforeachscenariointotheappropriateboxbelow.

ScenariosA.Rattlesnakesblendinwiththeirwoodedsurroundings.B.Desertplants,suchascacti,areadaptedtostorewaterduringdryconditions.C.Avariationthatincreasesthespeedofarodentincreasesitschancesofescapingpredatorsand

reproducing.D.AdogbreederwantstheagilityofabordercollieandthecoloringofanAustralianshepherd,sohe

breedsthetwo.E.Agardenerchosestheseedsfromarosethatproduceslargerflowerstoplant.F.Brusselsprouts,kohlrabi,andChinesecabbagearedomesticatedplantsthatalldescendedfromthe

sameancestor. ArtificialSelection

NaturalSelection

Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Eachtermisusedonlyonce.

Alllivingorganismsusesimilarbiomolecules,suchas_____,RNA,ATPandproteins.Thisleadsscientiststoconcludethatalllifedescendedfromacommonancestorthatalsousedthese_____.Organismsalsousethesamegeneticcode(UniversalCodonChart)tospecifywhich_____isencodedbyaparticular3-nucleicacidcodonwhenbuildingproteins.Thus,differencesbetweenspeciesexistmainlyduetosmalldifferencebetweenthe_____eachoneproducesanduses.

A.RNAB.DNAC.proteinsD.aminoacidE.biomolecules

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Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Sometermsmaybeusedmorethanonce.

Structuresthatareanatomicalllysimilarbecausetheywereinheritedfromacommonancestorarecalled____structures.

Forexample,theforearmsofabat,bird,whaleandcatallcontainthesame____ofbones,buteachservesadifferent____.

Someinheritedstructuresarenolongernecessaryandlosetheiroriginalfunction,inwhichcasetheyareconsidered_____structures.Thepresenceofthesenon-functionalstructuresimpliesdescentfromanancestorthatoncehadafunctionalform.

Oppositely,____structuresarethosethatservethesamefunctionintwoorganisms,butareanatomicallydifferentanddon’tshareacommonancestry.

Thepresenceof____structures,notanalogousstructures,isevidencethatorganismsarerelated.

Scientistsconcludethatalllifedescendedfromacommonancestorbecausetheyshare_____biomoleculessuchasDNA,RNAandproteins.

A.analagousB.functionC.homologousD.arrangementE.vestigial

Classifythefollowingexamplesaseitherhomologousoranalogousstructuresbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.

examplesA.Cactusesandspurgeshaveconvergent(similarbutindependent)adaptationstohotclimates.B.Forearmsofchickens,whales,andhumans.C.Insectwingsandbatwings.D.Structuresthatarerelatedtoeachotherbecauseofdescentfromacommonancestor.E.Toeofahorseandwingofabat.F.Arisebecauseofadaptationstothesametypeofenvironment.G.Structureswiththesamefunctionbutdifferentevolutionaryancestry.

HomologousStructures

Analogousstructures

Explainhowvestigialtraitsandhomologoustraits(includingbothanatomicalandbiochemicalfeatures)supportthetheoryofevolution.

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Classifythefollowingexamplesbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.

A.Britishlandsnailshavetwoverydifferentphenotypesastheyarebothadaptedtodifferenthabitats.

B.Individualfincheswithinonepopulationoccupydifferentnichesandeventuallyevolvetohavedifferentbeaksizes.

C.Verylargeandverysmallnewbornsaremorelikelytosufferserioushealthproblems.

D.Chloroquineisnolongereffectiveagainstmalariabecauseithasevolvedresistanceagainstit.

E.Anewfluvaccineisneededeveryyear.

F.Birdclutchsizeconsistingof4-5eggsaremorelikelytohatchthanlargerorsmallerclutches.

Disruptiveselection Stabilizingselection Directionalselection

Usethespacebeloweachgraphtoillustratehowtheinitialpopulationdistributionthatisshownwouldchangeafterundergoingdisruptive,stabilizing,ordirectionalselection.Thex-axisrepresentsthephenotypeofthepopulationbeingmeasured,suchasthesizeofananimal(smallanimalsontheleft,mediumsizedanimalsinthemiddle,andlargeranimalsontheright).They-axisisthefrequencyofeachphenotypeinthepopulation(i.e.thenumberofindividualsinthepopulationthataresmall,mediumorlarge).InitialPopulationDistributions:

smalllargesmalllargesmalllargesize size sizeNewPopulationDistributionAfterSelection:

Disruptiveselection stabilizingselection directionalselection

smalllargesmalllargesmalllargesize size size

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Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Sometermsmaybeusedmorethanonce.

Sicklecellisa_____geneticallyinheriteddisorderthataffects_____moleculesthatcarryoxygenintheblood.

Individualsthatare_____havethesicklecelldisease,whileindividualsthatbelongtotheothertwogenotypesdonot.

Individualsthatcarryanalleleforsicklecellalsocarryaresistancetomalaria,asthesickleshaped_____lack_____andmalarialparasitesdie.

Therefore,individualsthatare_____carryanadvantage,astheyareresistanttomalariaanddonothavesicklecelldisease.

A.autosomaldominant

B.homozygousdominant

C.heterozygous

D.homozygousrecessive

E.autosomalrecessive

F.hemoglobin

G.whitebloodcells

H.redbloodcells

I.calcium

J.potassium

Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Sometermsmaybeusedmorethanonce.

Aprocesswheresmallmeasurablechangesoccurfromgenerationtogenerationiscalled_____.

Aprocesswherelargechangesoccuroverlongperiodsoftimeiscalled_____.Thisprocessrequires_____,orthesplittingofonespeciesintotwoormorenewspecies,tooccur.

The_____describesaspeciesasgroupsoforganismsthatinterbreed,haveashared_____,andarereproductivelyisolatedfromallotherspecies.

Onelimitationofthiswayofdefiningspeciesisthatitappliesonlyto_____organisms.

A.asexuallyreproducing

B.biologicalspeciesconcept

C.extinct

D.genepool

E.macroevolution

F.microevolution

G.naturalselection

H.sexuallyreproducing

I.speciation

Classifythefollowingexamplesbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.

ExamplesofreproductivebarriersA.F2fitness

B.habitatisolation

C.gameteisolation

D.zygotemortality

E.hybridsterility

F.behavioralisolation

G.temporalisolation

H.mechanicalisolation

Postzygoticisolatingmechanisms

Prezygoticisolatingmechanisms

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Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Sometermsmaybeusedmorethanonce.

Inordertomate,maleblue-footedboobiesmustdisplayanelaboratecourtshipdance.Thisisanexampleof_____.

Becausesugarmaplesandredmaplesoccupydifferenthabitats,theydonotexchangepollen,eventhoughtheyliveinthesamelocations.Thisisanexampleof_____.

Maleinsectsofaspecieshavereproductivegenitaliathatmakeitimpossibletoreproducewithfemalesofothercloselyrelatedorganisms.Thisisanexampleof_____.

Twospeciesoftermitesliveinthesamelocationbutdon’tmatebecausetheyhavedifferentbreedingseasons.Thisisanexampleof_____.

Pollenofonespeciesofflowerisnotabletosurvivethejourneytoreachtheeggproducedinembryosacofaflowerofanotherspecies,sotheycannotreproducetogether.Thisisanexampleof_____.

A.behavioralisolation

B.habitatisolation

C.mechanicalisolation

D.gameteisolation

E.hybridsterility

F.temporalisolation

Classifythefollowingexamplesbyplacingtheletterforeachexampleintotheappropriateboxbelow.

Examples

A.Speciationthatisbasedongeographicseparation.

B.Organismsindifferentlocationsaresubjecttodifferentselectivepressuresandevolveintodifferentspecies.

C.Organismsarereproductivelyisolatedbypostzygoticmechanismsandevolveintodifferentspecies.

D.Speciationthatdoesnotrequiregeographicisolation.

E.Breadwheatevolvedfromtwospeciesofwheatwithdifferentnumbersofchromosomes.

Allopatricspeciation

Sympatricspeciation

Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.

Rapidanddramatic_____isasignificantcauseofextinction.

The_____changedglobalweatherpatternsandtheamountofshorelineandinteriorland,leadingtothePermianmassextinctionof_____andterrestrialorganisms250millionyearsago.

HighlevelsofiridiumandalargecraterintheGulfofMexicoindicatetheimpactofagiant_____duringtheCretaciousperiod66millionyearsago.Thisimpactwouldlikelyhavecausedlargeenvironmentalchangesincludingaprolongedglobalwinter,andisbelievedtohavecontributedtoamassextinctionthatkilledofthe_____.

Thereappearstobeanon-goingmassextinctioncausedby_____.

A.driftingofcontinents

B.environmentalchange

C.dinosaurs

D.meteorite

E.human-inducedenvironmentalchanges

F.marine

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Lecture#17-Evolutionpart#3–HumanevolutionLectureprep:readCh30(HumanEvolution)

WatchtheTEDtalk:DebunkingthePaleodiet–byChristinaWarinnerThereisalinkunderthe“coolscience”tabonthecoursewebsite.

ComparethistalktotheTEDtalkwewatchedearlier(Mindingyourmitochondria).Isthereanythingwecanconcludefromthesetwotalks?

LectureReview:preparefortheunit#2exam!

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ReadingList-Unit3:

DiversityofLifeandEcologyTextbook:Biology(12thEd)byMader&Windelspecht:

DiversityofLife:Chapter20 Viruses,Bacteria,andArchaeaChapter21 ProtistansChapter22 FungiChapter23–27 PlantsChapter28&29 Animals

EcologyChapter43 BehavioralEcologyChapter44 PopulationEcology Chapter45 CommunityandEcosystemEcologyChapter46 MajorEcosystemsoftheBiosphereChapter47 ConservationofBiodiversity

Labs:#11 InvertebrateDiversity#13 PlantDiversity#14 Ecology

PostersondisplayinthehallsofBuildingXTheexamwillplaceapproximatelyequalemphasisontheDiversityofLife(Chapters20–29)andEcology(Chapters43–47).LectureswillemphasizethemainpointsoftheDiversityofLife(Chapters20–29),butonlysomeoftheconceptsaboutEcology(Chapters43–47).Studentsarethereforeadvisedtospendsignificantamountoftimestudyingboththelecturematerial,andthematerialfromthebook.Theportfoliohighlightsimportantaspectsofallchapters,includingmaterialnotcoveredextensivelyinlecture.Miscellaneous:Ageoftheearth(4.5billionyearsago)andapproximatetimewhenmajorbiologicaleventsoccurred:

Earliestevidenceof“simple”,prokaryoticlifeonearth(about3.5–4.0billionyearsago)Earliestevidenceofeukaryoticlife(about2billionyearsago)Allmajorgroupsofanimalsfirstappear(about0.5billionyearsago=500millionyearsago)Firstmammalsanddinosaursappear(about0.25billionyearsago=250millionyearsago)Dinosaursbecomeextinct(about0.07billionyearsago=70millionyearsago)Humanancestors(hominins)firstleftAfrica(about0.001billionyearsago=1millionyearsago)

Studylecturenotes… and… readthebook!Knowdetailsabouteachexamplediscussedinclass.Reviewtheportfolioandlabexercises.Studythefigures(andphylogenetictrees)inthebookandportfolio.Practice:testyourselfusingthequestionsattheendofeachchapterandonthecoursewebsite.

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Lecture#18-OverviewofLife’sDiversityLecturePrep: ReviewChapter1 LectureReview:1.DrawaphylogenetictreethatrepresentstherelationshipamongthemajorDomains[andeukaryoticKingdoms]oflife: Archaea,Bacteria,Eukarya[Protista,Plantae,Fungi,Animalia]2.Whatfeaturesdistinguisheseachofthemajorgroupswithinthetreefromeachother?3.Doyouthinkvirusesqualifyas“livingorganisms”?4.Begincompletingthetableonthefollowingpage.Addmoretoitaftereachlecture.

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Canitevolve?

Doesithaveitsownribosomestomakeitsprotein?

Doesithaveaphospholipidcellmembrane?

Doesithaveacellwall?(never,usually,sometimes)Ifyes,whatisitmadeof?

Doesithaveamembraneboundnucleusandorganelles?

Howdoesitgetits“food”?Isitaphotoautotroph,chemoautoroph,orheterotroph?

Aretheyalwayssinglecells,ormulti-cellular,orsometimesboth?

Interestingexamplesanduniquefeatures

Viruses

Bacteria

Archaea

Protista:Algae

Protista:Protozoan

Plants

Fungi(fungus)

Animals

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Lecture#19-DomainEukarya,KingdomAnimalia,PhylumPorifera(Sponges)LecturePrep: readChapter28&29

Namefiveexamplesofanimals(themorediversethebetter).

Namefiveexamplesoflivingorganismsthatarenotanimals(themorediversethebetter).

Considertheexamplesofanimalsandnon-animalsyoujustmade(andothers),andthendescribeasmanydifferencesasyoucanbetweenthetwogroups.Vocabulary:

Truetissuesvscellular-leveloforganization

Protostomevsdeuterostome

Germlayers:endoderm,mesoderm,ectoderm

Coelomvspseudocoelomvsacoelom

Radialvsbilateralsymmetery(andhowitrelatestocephalization)

Endothermvsectotherm

LectureReview:Drawaphylogenetictreethatrepresents: 1.TheninemajorPhylumwithinKingdomAnimalia 2.Whatdistinguisheseachofthemajorgroupswithinthetreefromeachother? 3.Whatfeature(s)distinguish(es)animalsfromfungi?

WhatDomain,KingdomandPhylumdospongesbelongto?Whyisamouthanimportantfeatureamonganimals?Whatdistinguishesbetweenprotostomesanddeuterostomes? Hint-toseeonetrait,lookhere:http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/urchins/rad_spir.html

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Drawapictureofasponge,labelingthethreetypesofcellsandthedirectionofwaterflow.Whyisaspongeconsideredananimalifitlackstruetissues?Doesaspongehaveamouth?Ifso,canitbiteyou?Ifnot,thenhowdoesaspongeeat?Doesaspongehaveaskeleton? Whatkindofbiomoleculeiscollagen,andwhatpurposedoesitserveinasponge? Whattwopurposesdospiculesserve?Whatarethethreeprimarycelltypesinasponge,andwhatroledoeseachserve?Describethreeimportantecologicalrolesthatspongesserve.Usethetermsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow

Spongesare_____organismswitha_____leveloforganization,thereforeplacingthematthe_____oftheevolutionarytreeofanimals.

Thebodyofaspongeislinedwith_____thatuseflagellatocreatewatercurrentsthatflowthroughtheporesandoutthe_____.

Thesewatercurrentshelpthespongeobtainfood,asitisa(n)_____.

Spongesreproduceasexuallythrough_____andsexuallybyreleasingeggandspermintothewater.

Mostspongeshave_____madeof_____andfibersof_____toprovidesupport.

A. BaseB. BuddingC. CellularD. ChoanocytesE. EndoskeletonsF. ExoskeletonsG. FilterfeederH. MulticellularI. OsculumJ. SpiculesK. collagenL. unicellular

Labelthephylogenetictreeonthenextpagewiththedescriptionsineachofthethreeboxes.

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Usethefollowingphrasestolabelthemajorevolutionarychangesidentifiedbytheletters(A-J)inthetreeabove:

Originsofmulticellularity

Bilateralsymmetry

Radialsymmetry

Twogermlayers

Threegermlayers

Protostomes(mouthfirst)

Dueterostomes(mouthsecond)

Truetissues/germlayers

Pseudocoelom

Acoelom

LabeleachPhyluminthetreeaboveusingthefollowingterms:

Molluscs

Platyhelminthes(flatworms)

Annelids(segmentedworms)

Cnidarians

Porifera(sponges)

Nematodes(roundworms)

Arthropods

Echinoderms

Chordates

Matchthefollowingdescriptionswiththecorrectphylumabove:1.Hastwogermlayers,&doesnothaveaseparatemouth&anus.

2.Multicellular,butlackstruetissues.

3.Segmentedbody,jointedappendages&crunchyexoskeleton

(andthusgrowsbymoltingormetamorphosis)

4.Segmentedbody&growsbyaddingbodytissue.

5.Segmentedbody&hasdorsalrodandnervecord,pharyngeal

pouchesandpost-analtail.

6.Threemainbodyparts:visceralmass,foot,&mantlethatmay

becomeashell.

7.Hasapseudocoelomandgrowsbymolting.

8.Thelarvaearebilaterallysymmetrical,buttheadultisradially

symmetricalandhasnoheadorbrain.

9.Hasthreegermlayersbutnocoelom;doesnothavea

respiratoryorcirculatorysystemandusuallydoesnothavea

separatemouthandanus(althoughverylongonessometimes

havemultipleanuses).

Kingdom Animalia

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Lecture#20-DomainEukarya,KingdomAnimalia,PhylumChordatesLecturePrep: readChapter28&29 LectureReview:Whatarethefourdefiningcharacteristicsofachordate? Whatdoeseachofthesefourembryologicalstructuresbecomeasahumandevelops? Whatdoeseachofthesefourembryologicalstructuresbecomeasabonyfishydevelops?Whatcharacteristicsdohumanssharewiththemarineorganismsknownastunicates?Classifythefollowingcharacteristicsasdescribingeitherechinodermsorchordatesorboth.A.HavepostanaltailB.DeuterostomesC.Havefree-swimminglarvalstageD.ExhibitbilateralsymmetryasadultsE.HavedorsaltubularnervecordsF.Exhibitradialsymmetryasadults

G.ExhibitbilateralsymmetryatsomepointintheirlifecyclesH.Havenohead,brain,orsegmentationasadultsI.Includesanimalswithvertebrae(thevertebrates)J.HavepharyngealpouchesatsomepointindevelopmentK.Havenotocordsatsomepointintheirlifecycle

Both

Echinoderms Chordates

Usethefollowingchoicestocompletethesentencesbelow.Somechoicesmaybeusedmorethanonce.

A. Dorsaltubularnervecord

B. Four

C. Invertebrates

D. Notochord

E. Six

F. Tail

G. vertebrates

Allchordatespossess_____basiccharacteristics.

Theypossessa_____atsomepointintheirlifetime.

Chordatesthatare_____possessa_____,butitisneverreplacedbyaboneyvertebralcolumnasinthecasewith_____.

Chordatesalsopossessa_____thatisfilledwithfluid.

In_____,this_____isprotectedbythevertebrae.

Atsomepointintheirdevelopment,allchordatesmustalsopossesspharyngealpouchesandapostanal_____.

Whatarethemajorevolutionaryinnovationsinthehistoryofchordates,andwhatadvantagedoeseachinnovationprovide?Howare“lancelets”and“hagfish”differentfromatruefish?Howaretheysimilar?What’sthedifferencebetweenashark,aray-finned(bony)fish,andalobed-finfish? Whichareyoumostcloselyrelated?Whicharemostlycloselyrelated:seasquirt,seaanemone,seacucumber,seaurchin,andseasponge. Why?

75 ancestral chordate

tunicates lancelets jawless fishes cartilaginous

fishes bony fishes mammals

vertebrae mammary glands

(and hair)

reptiles & birds amphibians

amniotic egg

lobe-finned fishes

Chordates

lungs

limbs bony skeleton

jaws

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Lecture#21-DomainEukarya,KingdomFungiLecturePrep: readchapter22(Fungi) LectureReview:Whatfeature(s)distinguish(es)animalsfromfungi?PlacethefollowingitemsintotheappropriateKingdombelow

A.NoCellWallB.PhotosyntheticautotrophC.ChemoheterotrophicbyabsorptionD.ChemoheterotrophicbyingestionE.CellwallcomposedofpolysaccharidechitinF.Cellwallcomposedofpolysaccharidecellulose

Fungi

LandPlants Animals

Usethewordsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.

Fungicontainanucleusandaretherefore_____organisms.

Fungilack_____andcannotproducetheirownfoodbyphotosynthesis;instead,manyserveasdecomposersintheenvironment.

Fungimustsecrete_____enzymesand_____fromtheirimmediateenvironment.

Theseorganismsdifferfromplantsandanimalsinmanyotherways,andcurrent_____evidencesuggeststhattheymaybethedescendantsofflagellatedprotists.

A.DNAB.absorbC.chloroplastsD.digestiveE.eukaryoticF.fossilG.mitochondriaH.photosyntheticI.prokaryotic

Describehowafungusobtainsitsorganicmolecules(usewordssuchasheterotrophic,autotrophic,saprotrophic,externalorinternaldigestion):Describewhatalichenis,andhowitobtainstheorganic(e.g.glucose)andinorganicmolecules(water,minerals)itneedstolive.

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Lecture#22(part1and2)-DomainEukarya,KingdomPlantaeLecturePrep: readChapters23-37 LectureReview:Drawaphylogenetictreethatrepresents: 1.AllthemajorPhylumwithinKingdomPlantae 2.Whatdistinguisheseachofthemajorgroupswithinthetreefromeachother? 3.Whatdistinguishesthemulticellular,photosyntheticorganismswithinKingdomPlantaefrom themulticellular,photosyntheticorganismswithinKingdomProtista(forexample,algae)?Whatistheprimarydifferencebetweenalgae(astrictlywaterplant)andall“landplants”? Bemorespecificthanjust“onelivesinthewaterplant,andtheotherlivesonland.”Plantslivepartoftheirlifeasasporophyteandpartoftheirlifeasagametophyte(thisisknownas“alternationofgenerations”).Whichofthesegenerationsishaploid,andwhichisdiploid? Whenyoulookatagiantoaktree,areyoulookingatthediploidorhaploid? Ifyouseemossgrowingonarockinaforest,areyoulookingatthediploidorhaploid? Describewhatthehaploidformofapinetreelookslike.Whatchemicalsareinyourlawnfertilizer,andwhydoplantsneedit(seetextpage383)?Whydoesavenusflytrap"eat"insects?Dogymnospermsproduceafruitthatcontainsseedswithin? Howdogymnospermsdispersetheirseeds? Howdoesthepollenfromagymnospermgettothefemalegametophyteinordertofertilizeit? Howispollinationinangiospermsdifferentfromthatingymnosperms?IstheDNAinthefleshypartofanangiosperm’sfruitthesameastheDNAintheseedsofthatfruit?Offeroneexplanationforwhygymnospermsandangiospermsaremorewidespreadthroughouttheworldthanferns.Offeranotherexplanationforwhyangiospermsaremorewidespreadthangymnosperms.Explainhowaplantgetswaterfromtherootsuptoitsleaves,andsugarfromphotosynthesisfromleavesdowntotheroots,withoutahearttopumpit.Watch“Episode3,Flowering”ofthePrivateLifeofPlantsdocumentaryandthinkaboutthefollowingthreequestions:

Howdoflowersattracttheattentionofpollinators?Howdoflowersenticepollinatorstovisitthem?Whichanimalsfunctionasflowerpollinators?

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1.UsethefollowingwordstolabelthemajorevolutionaryinnovationswithintheKingdomPlantae(designatedbytheblankboxesinthetree). A.Seeds B.Flowers C.EmbryoProtection D.Megaphylls E.VascularTissue F.Commongreenalgalancestor2.Circlethelandplants.3.Putacheckmarkabovethevascularplants.4.PutanXovertheplantsthatproduceseeds.

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Usethewordsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.

Mossesarelow-lyingplantsthatlack_____forwatertransportation,butdohavestructurestoprevent_____.

Thelycophytesarethefirstplantswith_____.Theyalsocontaintinynarrowleavescalled_____.

Fernsarethefirstlandplantstohavebranching_____toincreasetherateof_____andthereforesize.

Plantsdeveloped_____toprotectembryosandprovidethemwithnourishmentduring_____.

Angiospermscontain_____toattractpollinatorsandproducefruitstocover_____.

A.desiccation

B.flowers

C.germination

D.megaphylls

E.microphylls

F.photosynthesis

G.seeds

H.vasculartissue

Usethewordsontherighttocompletethesentencesbelow.Somewordsmaybeusedmorethanonce.

The_____plants,alsoknowasthe_____,includeliverworts,hornworts,andmosses.

Lycophytesare_____plantswithroots,stems,andleavescalled_____.Examplesoflycophytesinclude_____.

Fernsaregroupsof_____plantswithlargeleavescalled_____orfronds.Examplesoffernsinclude_____androyalferns.

Treesandgardenplantsareexamplesof_____plants,calledsobecausetheyproduce_____thatcontainaprotectivecoatingandfoodforthedeveloping_____.

Plantswithnakedseesarecalled_____andfloweringplantsarecalled_____.

Examplesof_____includespines,conifersandredwoods,whileexamplesof_____includeoaktress,Spanishmoss,andcorn.

A.angiospermsB.embryoC.gymnospermsD.megaphyllsE.nonvascularF.seedsG.bryophytesH.groundpinesI.maidenhairJ.microphyllsK.seedL.vascular

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AngiospermsandGymnosperms:Fillintheblanksbelowusingoneofthetermsprovided(eachtermisusedonlyonce): Gametophyte gymnosperm angiosperms sporophyte fruitordryshell pollen megaspore antherInthealternationofgenerationsofaplantlifecycle,the isdiploid,whilethe ishaploid.Thesearemulticellularhaploidstructures;ingymnospermstheycontainonemalegamete,whileinangiospermstheycontaintwomalegametes: .Thesearemulticellular,haploidreproductivestructuresthatcontainaneggandareenclosedwithinthediploidovule: .Infloweringplants,pollenisproducedinthe .Theirnamemeans“covered”or“enclosed”seed: . What“covers”or“encloses”theseed? .In ,pollenisusuallydispersedbywind.Angiosperms:

1.Fillintheblanks,andthen,2.Putastar(*)nexttotheworddesignatingthestructurethatbecomestheseed.3.Puta“X"nexttotheworddesignatingthestructurethatbecomesafleshyfruitordryseedcovering.

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Lecture#23-DomainEukarya,KingdomProtistaLecturePrep: readchapter21(Protist) Doallprotistshaveanucleus? Doallprotistshaveachloroplast? Wheredoprotistslive?LectureReview: Doallprotistshaveamitochondria? Whatisendosymbiosis?

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Lecture#24-Prokayotes:DomainBacteriaandDomainArchaeaLecturePrep: readchapter20 DoBacteriaandArchaeabelongtothesameDomain? ArevirusesinthesameDomainasBacteriaorArchaea? WhyareArchaeaandBacteriabothcalledProkaryotes?LectureReview: Giveexamplesofprokaryotesanddescribetheirsymbioticinteractionswithhumans. Arethesesymbioticinteractionscommensalistic,mutualistic,orparasitic?

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Lecture#25-Prokayotes:DomainBacteriaandDomainArchaeaLecturePrep:

Review the Questions below before listening to the following radio interview (answer the questions as you listen): http://www.sciencefriday.com/segment/09/06/2013/do-your-gut-bacteria-influence-your-metabolism.html

What question did Dr. Gordon address by doing a fecal transplant from human twins into mice? How much of an individual’s weight and metabolism is influenced by their gut bacteria. What journal was this study published in? Science Is the community of bacteria in your gut the same as the community in my gut? No What trait was conferred by gut bacteria onto their host? (host = the organism the bacteria live in) Leanness What is the name (genus) of the type of gut bacteria that confer this trait? Bacteroides What kind of symbiotic relationship exists between humans and these bacterial invaders? Mutualistic How does standard mouse chow differ from the “modern human diet”? Standard mouse chow is low in fat, high in plant fiber Human diet is usually high in saturated fat, low in fruit and vegetables What does Dr. Gordon mean by “job vacancies”? There is an ecological niche to be filled. These job vacancies cannot be filled unless ____________________________________________.

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(the right diet is consumed) In this study, obesity is associated with ___________________________________________. less diverse gut microbiota (bacteria) Why isn’t there an epidemic of leanness among people? Diet, diet, diet: Most people aren’t eating a healthy diet that promotes invasion by the good Bacteroi des bacteria The researchers noticed that some kinds gut bacteria were correlated with low weight and high metabolism, but how did the researchers demonstrate that gut bacteria caused these changes in weight and metabolism, rather than the gut bacteria and weight both being caused by something else? (“correlation does not mean causation”) The researchers alter the bacteria in the guts of otherwise identical mice by performing a fecal transplant and determine if this causes a change in weight/metabolism. What are some of the next steps the researchers plan to address? What is the impact of age, culture, etc on bacterial invaders? How can current dietary patterns be modified to promote good bacteria? Why is the field of gut bacteria research growing so rapidly now? Draw a schematic (cartoon) to summarize the various experimental trials in Dr. Gordon’s study.

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LectureReview: Describethenitrogencycleandhowprokaryotescontributetoit. Howdoesfertilizerrun-offaffecttheenvironment?

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Lecture#26-EcologyLecturePrep: readChapters43-47 ReviewpostersondisplayinthehallwayofBuildingX WatchTEDtalk-themathematicsofweightlossbyRubenMeerman:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGKLpYtZ19QLectureReview:1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenacommunityandanecosystem?2.GiveanexampleofaMDCandofaLDC.

IsthepopulationgrowthhighorlowforMDC?

IsthepopulationgrowthhighorlowforLDC?

IsthestandardoflivinghighorlowforMDC?

IsthestandardoflivinghighorlowforLDC?

3.LabeleachofthefollowingascharacteristicofLess-developedCountries(LDC)orMore-developedCountries(MDC):

Overpopulationisobvious

Growthrateupwardsof1.5%

Overuseofresourcesisobvious

Growthratearound0.2%

4.Whatfactorsotherthanpopulationsizecontributestotheenvironmentalimpactofhumansocieties?5.Bioticpotentialishowquicklyapopulationcanincreaseovertime. Listfivecharacteristicsofapopulationthatinfluencebioticpotential.6.Populationgrowthislimitedbydensity-independentanddensitydependentfactors. Giveanexampleofeach(andspecifyifitisdensity-independentordensitydependent).7.Distinguishbetweenanopportunisticpopulationandanequilibriumpopulation. Provideanexampleofeach,andexplainbrieflywhatisdifferentbetweenthetwo.

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Selectallofthefollowingfactorsthataremostlikelytoinfluencebioticpotentialabundanceofresourceshowofteneachindividualreproducesusualnumberofoffspringperreproductionchancesofsurvivealuntilageofreproductionageatwhichreproductionbeginswasteproductionbodycompositiondurationoftimebetweenpost-reproductionanddeathfeedingpattern

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Classifyeachofthefollowingscenariosbasedonwhetherthecontributingfactorsaredensity-dependentordensity-independent:

Bioticfactorssuchascompetition,predation,parasitism

Therearefewernestingsitesthanpairsofwoodpecksthatneednests.Asaresult,somewoodpeckersdonohavesuccesfulclutches

Abioticfactorssuchasweatherornaturaldisasters

Competitiondrivespartofadeerpopulationtostarvation

Atornadodestroyshalfofthetreesinaforest

Aninsectpopulationistoolargeforalltofindsufficientcamouflagewithinaflowerpatch,somanybecomesubjecttopredation.

Aslynxpopulationsincrease,harepopulationsdecrease.Asharepopulationsdecrease,lynxpopulationsdecrease,causingashiftingriseinharepopulationsagain.

Selectallofthefollowingfactorsthatincreaseaspeciesvulnerabilitytoextinction:

RestrictedgeographicrangeorExtensivegeographicrange

BroadhabitattoleranceorNarrowhabitattolerance

SmalllocalpopulationorLargelocalpopulation

increasedresourceusebyhumans

increasedhumanactivityinpreviouslyunsettledareas

tendtoexhibitequilibriumlifehistorypatterns

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Chapter1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenspeciescompositionandspeciesdiversity?2.Whatisapioneerspecies?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytobefastgrowingorslowgrowing?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytohaveasmallbodyorlargebody?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytobeshort-livedorlong-lived?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytoquicktomaturequickly,orslowly?

Isapioneerspecieslikelytoproducefewoffspring,ormany?

3.Whatisthecompetitiveexclusionprinciple,andhowdoesitrelatetoanecologicalniche?4.Whatisakeystonespeciesandwhatisanexotic/invasivespecies?5.The“ecologicalpyramid”describestherelationshipbetweenincreasingtrophiclevelsandenergyflow.

Describethisrelationship.Hint:Howisthecarryingcapacityoftheearthforhumansaffectedbythedifferencebetweenavegetarianvscarnivorousdiet?

6.Whyarechemicalslikecarbon,nitrogenandphosphorous(C,N,P)importantforlife? Whatarethemajorreservoirsofeach?7.Doesenergyflowinalinearorcircularfashion? Whataboutchemicalslike(C,N,andP)…dotheyflowinlinearorcircularfashion?8.Nametwoofthethreemostproductive(intermsofprimaryproductivity)ecosystems. Whatfactorstendtoinfluencetheproductivityofecosystems?

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Chapter1.Listthreeresourcesthateveryorganismneedstolive.2.Givethreeexamplesofbothrenewableresourcesandnon-renewableresources.3.Describebothbeneficialanddetrimentalenvironmentalconsequenceofdams.4.AccordingtotheUSFishandWildlifeService,asof2010thereare530animalspeciesand795plant

speciesintheUSthatareindangerofextinction.Whatarethreeoftheprimaryfactorsthatcontributetothisthreattobiodiversity?

5.Whichtrophiclevelwillhavethehighestconcentrationoftoxinsduetobiologicalmagnification?6.Describethree“direct”valuesofbiodiversity,andthree“indirect”valuesofbiodiversity.7.Listthreethingsyoucandotomakeyourlifestylemoresustainable(yes...thisisagoodtestquestion).

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Selectallofthefollowingfarmingpracticesthatareharmfultotheenvironment:

Plantingafewgeneticvarietiesoramonoculture

Plantingseveraldifferentvarietiesofcropsadaptedtothearea’sclimate

Heavyuseoffertilizers,pesticides,andherbicides

Usingbiologicalcontrolstoeliminatepestsandweeds

Generousirrigationtothepointwhereaquifersarereduced

employingtechniquesandpracticesthatreducewaterconsumption

Excessivefuelconsumptiontorunirrigationpumpsandlargefarmingmachines

Usingbiofuelsandsolarenergytoassistinenergyconsumptionneededforfarmingpractices

Selectallofthefollowingthatarethreatstobiodiversity:Habitatloss

Deforestationassociatedwiththesprawlofurbanareas

Introductionofexoticspecies

Disease

Migrationtootherareas

Interspeciescompetition

Waterandairpollution

Poachingandoverhunting

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Selectallofthefollowingthathelpmakeruralsocietiesmoresustainable:

Plantalienspecies

Removealltreestomakemoreroomforcashcrops

Usechemicalpesticidesandherbicidestokeepcropshealthy

Plantavarietyofspeciestoreducedependenceontraditionalcrops

Maintainandrestorewetlands

Useintegratedpestmanagement,whichutilizesbiologicalcontrolsmorethanchemicalmethods

Supportlocalbusinessbyshoppinglocally

Plantmultipurposetreesandcovercrops

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