•Reading Intervention Programs

•Remedial Reading Programs

•Corrective Reading Programs

Reading Intervention

program is one that hinders or alters the action ofreading failure by preventing it from occurringor stopping it if it has already started.

Students who participate in interventionprograms attain the goal of reading or theprogram is discontinued and other alternativesare considered (Hiebert & Taylor, 1994).

• The more accurately teachers and reading specialists can define the student’s challenge, the more effective the intervention.

what are the individual needs

what requires help

Use information to target a solution

Main Purpose

Decoding

Fluency

Comprehension

Vocabulary

According to research by Haring and Eaton on their Instructional Hierarchy, interventions should be targeted based on four phases—or stages—of learning:

Phase 1: Acquisition

Phase 2: Proficiency

Phase 3: Generalization

Phase 4: Adaptation

improving accuracy

increase the student’s speed of response

to use the skill in a wide possible range of settings

can adapt, or modify

Reading Intervention Programs

Response-to-

Intervention (RTI) model

Tier 1 (general education)• consists of a research-based core curriculum• All children are screened at this Tier to determine if they are responding

appropriately to instruction before they experience any significant failure in comparison to their peers.

Tier 2 (early intervening services)• consists of increasing the time and intensity of the child's exposure to the core

curriculum for children who do not appear to be responding appropriately to Tier 1 instruction.

Tier 3 (intensive intervention)• includes many children who have been found eligible for special education and

related services, and some who have not.

Word Based Interventions for Phonological Awareness

– Sound Manipulation • Sound Boxes – /F/ /AN/ – Put the two sounds together to get

―FAN‖

• Sound Sorts – Categorizing sounds according to same beginning and ending as well as words that rhyme » Bag, Bat, Big, But, Ball » Rug, Bug, Slug, Mug

Flashcard drill • Given sight words, told to go until time runs out, and then go

back and explain missed cards. Repeat

Incremental Rehearsal• 10 unknown words, nine known words. Known words are shown,

then given 1 unknown word, and repeat showing nine known words again and a new unknown word until all 10 words have been gone through

Word Based Interventions for Fluency

Evidenced-Based Comprehension Interventions

Vocabulary and Comprehension• Students exhibit difficulty understanding and deriving

meaning from text – Semantic Webs• Key concept is placed in the middle and characteristics

can be placed at various places around the targeted word.

-Story Maps • Elements include characters, setting, main idea, major events,

problem/conflict, and resolutions

– Response Cards• Used in classroom settings, where students are given dry-erase

boards and told to write answer and show when a teacher asks a question

-Questioning and Paraphrasing Text • Students have been found to understand text better when they

form and answer their own factual as well as inferential questions

– EX. ―What do you think will happen next in the story?

Foorman and Moats (2004) summarized pertinent findings regarding early reading intervention. These are:

1.Both explicit instruction in the alphabetic principle and reading with comprehension should be incorporated.

2.Small-group instruction is as effective as one-on-one. 3.Skilled para-professionals work as well as teachers. 4.Grade 1 and 2 interventions are more efficient than

those implemented in later grades.

How do I evaluate programs?Should:

1. Be adaptable to the students needs as identified by assessment 2. Include alphabetic knowledge, phonemic awareness, vocabulary development, and the reading of text as well as systematic phonics instruction 3. Help teachers explicitly and systematically instruct students in

• how to relate letters and sounds • how to break spoken words in to sounds• and how to blend sounds to form words

The End