Identifying Critical Lenses:Reading Environments with a Critical EyeArch 3711 // Lecture 02.2

ANNOUNCEMENTS

TONIGHT: World of Matter - Reception + Film Screening // 6pm @ Nash Gallery

FRIDAY: Dutch Complex Housing -Exhibition Opening + Book Signing // 6pm 8pm @ Rapson Hall HGA Gallery

Symposium: Complexity Dutch & American Housing, October 6th-8th

SUNDAY: World of Matter Conference -Proceedings Begin 10am @ Nash Gallery

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

TUESDAY: Guest Lecture Andrew BlaisdellDiagramming Space + Place

DUE TUESDAY: One Copy Paper 1 Draft

Overview // Reading Environments with a Critical Eye

I Reading Places Introduction

II Communicating Behavior Through Place

III Institutionality + Place

IV Dutch Housing as Case Study of Space + Program

Why this lecture?

Research as exploration

Research to discover unforeseen things

Matrices + Diagrams as tools of discovery and investigation

Transitioning to the Project

Analyzing environments as cultural mediums

Interpreting Cultural Cues / Place Communicating Use

What can you tell about each place based upon what you see in the image?

Participatory Exercise: Reading Places

Where are you? How do you know?

Entry Corridor

Where are you? How do you know?

Participatory Exercise: Reading Places

What attitudes are expressed here?

Participatory Exercise: Reading Places

What attitudes are expressed here?

Participatory Exercise: Reading Places

Where are you? How do you know? What Attitudes are expressed in these places?

What are the cues?

In-Class Exercise: Challenging Negative Stereotypes of Institutionality

In comparison to the exercise images, what values and attitudes are expressed here?

Implications: Challenging Negative Stereotypes of Institutionality

University of Minnesota, Fall 2012Arch 3711, Julia Williams Robinson

Department of Architecture Environmental Design & the Sociocultural Context

Degree of Institutionality

Presence of Territorial Gradient

Transience

Level of Surveillance

Control by Social Role

Domestic Housing

Complete gradient

Public territory exterior

Long-term

Informal observation

Resident controls bldg

Resident controls access by visitor and worker

Domestic with Institutional Characteristics

Complete gradient

Public territory in interior corridor

Long-term

Informal observation, sometimes supervision of public territory

Resident controls unit

Resident or worker control bldg

Partial Institutions

Incomplete gradient

Intimate realm present, juxtaposed to public realm

No Private territory

Public interior corridor may intervene with intimate territory

Limited term

Formal supervision

Resident controls intimate territory

Worker controls building, territory primarily at bldg entrance

Visitor controlled by resident

Complete Institutions

I

ncomplete gradient,

Intimate realm juxtaposed to public realm,

No Private territory

Public interior corridor

Limited term or temporary

Surveillance

Resident has territory but no control

Worker controls bldg and unit, territory is located throughout bldg

Visitor controlled by worker and has access to whole bldg

Oppressive Institutions

No gradient,

Only public territory,

No Intimate territory

No Private territory

Long term

Surveillance

Resident has minimal territory and no control

Worker controls bldg

Visitors kept at exterior by workers

Degrees of Institutionality and Selected Characteristics @ Julia Williams Robinson, 2004

Architecture 3711:Environmental Design & the Sociocultural Context

Aof Culture & Design as A Cultural Process

3. Exercise: The Childhood Dwelling

4. Lecture: The Role of Environment

in Constructing Identity

5. Western Culture in the World

Context & an Example of Adaptation to the

Environment (if time)

Constructing a Thatched Roof in Shirakagawa Japan (photo by JWR, 210)

Buildings Communicating Behavior: Julia Robinsons Research

Exploratory Research

1. Beginning with questions: - How do the different kinds ofresidences for adults with developmental disabilities differ in terms of their design?- What attitudes and behaviors are communicated in the designs

2. Developing/ selecting methods of describing environments

- Paired Illustrations - Narrative explanation- Checklist of Architectural Features- Plan - Space syntax analysis- Territorial gradient chart

2. Developing/ selecting methods of analysis

- Photo image comparison- Matrix analysis/ Chart mark-up- Sectional studies- Plan comparison/ Space syntax analysis- Territorial gradient

Exploratory Research

1. Beginning with questions: - How do the different kinds ofresidences for adults with developmental disabilities differ in terms of their design?- What attitudes and behaviors are communicated in the designs

2. Developing/ selecting methods of describing environments

- Paired Illustrations - Narrative explanation- Checklist of Architectural Features- Plan - Space syntax analysis- Territorial gradient chart

2. Developing/ selecting methods of analysis

- Photo image comparison- Matrix analysis/ Chart mark-up- Sectional studies- Plan comparison/ Space syntax analysis- Territorial gradient

Towards an Architectural Definition of

Normalization

Julia W Robinson, Travis Thompson

Paul Emmons, Myles Graff

University of Minnesota School of Architecture, 1984

Institution & Home: Architecture as Cultural

Medium

Julia Williams Robinson

Delft, Netherland:Techne Press, 2006

Buildings Communicating Behavior: Julia Robinsons Research

Research PHASE 1 Study of 10 settings to develop design guidelinesPHASE 2 Study of 30 settings to test validity of Institution & Home

Definition of Normalization: That dependent people (mentally ill, physically disabled, developmentally disabled, homeless) are entitled to a residence that approximates as closely as possible that of mainstream citizens. (Nirje, 1969)

Implications/ Challenges of Applying Normalization Principle-Need to study normal or ordinary housing-Framing the house as ideal residence-Value polarization of institution and home

Buildings Communicating Behavior: Institution + Home

Buildings Communicating Behavior: Institution + Home

Phase 1: The Places Studied in 1981

Developing Design Principles for De-Institutionalization/ Normalization

Case Studies: Residences for developmentally disabled adults

What are the design features thatcharacterize institutions versus homes?

Buildings Communicating Behavior: Julia Robinsons Research

Buildings Communicating Behavior: Institution + Home

Phase 1: The Places Studied in 1981

Developing Design Principles for De-Institutionalization/ Normalization

Case Studies: Residences for non-developmentally disabled adults

What are the design features thatcharacterize institutions versus homes?

Buildings Communicating Behavior: Institution + Home

Paired Annotated Drawings Architectural Checklist

Phase 1: Discovering the Dialectic- Continuum of Housing

Diagram Indicating A ContinuumBetween Institution-like + Homelike

(based on evaluation of slide images)

Phase 2: Exploring the Opposition Between Institution + Home

Studying 30 Housing Settings

Hospital

Nursing Home

Dormitory Midrise Apartment Group Home

TownhouseWalk-up Apartment

Living Rooms-one of each building type

Single Family House

Phase 2: Exploring the Opposition Between Institution + Home

Public Housing

Home-likeness

Phase 2: Exploring the Opposition Between Institution + Home

ceiling material heating, ventilation air conditioning

furniture type, style arrangement floor material

window &

door type

room configu-ration

lighting

1. Arrangement between Spaces- 2. Arrangement within Spaces-location, character of links, dynamic -appearance, relatively static(inter-spatial relations) (intra-spatial relations)

What is going on?FINDINGS: Two kinds of spatial relationsImportant to study both

Phase 2: Exploring the Opposition Between Institution + Home

Architecture 3711:Environmental Design & the Sociocultural Context

Buildings communicating behavior: Institution & Home

Aof Culture & Design as A Cultural Process

3. Exercise: The Childhood Dwelling

4. Lecture: The Role of Environment

in Constructing Identity

5. Western Culture in the World

Context & an Example of Adaptation to the

Environment (if time)

Constructing a Thatched Roof in Shirakagawa Japan (photo by JWR, 210)

How can we understand the differences between institutions and homes?

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality in Housing: Types of Spatial Relations

The Territorial Gradient of the Single Family House(drawing by Hank Liu)

Public Private Intimate

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality in Housing: Complete Institutions

Plans, Elevation & Syntax Diagram of Hospital (diagram by Carlos Naranjo)

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality in Housing: Complete Institutions

Linear Pattern connecting to exterior

No ringy patterns-socialization is discouraged-social places discrete

Fan pattern predominates-many rooms linked to hall-hall is public, serving

many people -intimate br & ba directly

off public hall

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality in Housing: Territorial Gradient

Section Diagrams of House & Hospital (by Hank Liu)

Notice the public interior space in the apartment building

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality in Housing: Territorial Gradient

Section Showing Privacy gradient in Houses, Apartments & Hospitals

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality: Distances: Roles Occupancy & Control

Who comes into the building?

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality: Distances: Roles Occupancy & Control

What is the term of occupancy?

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality: Distances: Roles Occupancy & Control

What kind of control can be exerted in each role?What is the source of authority? (Ownership? Tenancy? Job?, eetc)

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality: Domains of Control & Scale of Use

Based on Numbers of People Using a Space

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality: Domains of Control & Housing Type

- Domains of intimacyGradient across top

- Building types along the side

- Interior & exterior spaces located in matrixAccording to# Of peopleUsing theSpace

Phase 2: Degrees of Institutionality: Domains of Control & Institutionality

-Institutional settings tend to have many residents

-Many institutional buildings have gaps in gradient

-Large public buildings have public territory on the interior

-Freestanding house full range of territorial gradient

Exterior

Interior

Mor

e In

stitu

tiona

lM

ore

Hom

elik

e

Gaps in Gradient

Architecture 3711:Environmental Design & the Sociocultural Context

Buildings Communicating Behavior: Domesticity to Oppression

Aof Culture & Design as A Cultural Process

3. Exercise: The Childhood Dwelling

4. Lecture: The Role of Environment

in Constructing Identity

5. Western Culture in the World

Context & an Example of Adaptation to the

Environment (if time)

Constructing a Thatched Roof in Shirakagawa Japan (photo by JWR, 210)

University of Minnesota, Fall 2012Arch 3711, Julia Williams Robinson

Department of Architecture Environmental Design & the Sociocultural Context

Degree of Institutionality

Presence of Territorial Gradient

Transience

Level of Surveillance

Control by Social Role

Domestic Housing

Complete gradient

Public territory exterior

Long-term

Informal observation

Resident controls bldg

Resident controls access by visitor and worker

Domestic with Institutional Characteristics

Complete gradient

Public territory in interior corridor

Long-term

Informal observation, sometimes supervision of public territory

Resident controls unit

Resident or worker control bldg

Partial Institutions

Incomplete gradient

Intimate realm present, juxtaposed to public realm

No Private territory

Public interior corridor may intervene with intimate territory

Limited term

Formal supervision

Resident controls intimate territory

Worker controls building, territory primarily at bldg entrance

Visitor controlled by resident

Complete Institutions

I

ncomplete gradient,

Intimate realm juxtaposed to public realm,

No Private territory

Public interior corridor

Limited term or temporary

Surveillance

Resident has territory but no control

Worker controls bldg and unit, territory is located throughout bldg

Visitor controlled by worker and has access to whole bldg

Oppressive Institutions

No gradient,

Only public territory,

No Intimate territory

No Private territory

Long term

Surveillance

Resident has minimal territory and no control

Worker controls bldg

Visitors kept at exterior by workers

Degrees of Institutionality and Selected Characteristics @ Julia Williams Robinson, 2004

Architecture 3711:Environmental Design & the Sociocultural Context

Reading Places : Dutch Complex Housing

Aof Culture & Design as A Cultural Process

3. Exercise: The Childhood Dwelling

4. Lecture: The Role of Environment

in Constructing Identity

5. Western Culture in the World

Context & an Example of Adaptation to the

Environment (if time)

Constructing a Thatched Roof in Shirakagawa Japan (photo by JWR, 210)

What space syntax can reveal.

Research Assistants 2010-2016Hans-Christian J. Karlberg, Erin Lilli, Austin LukesSean Meyers Thomas Ducastel, Jianing Song, YujingSu, Andra Zerbe, Kristin Erhardt, Jenny Asp, Edward Palka, Hayden Rensch, Jinguang Xie, Brittany Klingler, GoldielynLopez, Corinne Deger, Terri Leung, Tad Nesser, MandanaMotamed, Yun Koo, Mago Fredericks, Nicole Kiel, Max Oulette- Howitz, and Anthony Rodriguez

School of Architecture, University of Minnesota

UROP students from Spring 2015 & some of their posters for the Undergraduate Research Symposium in April

Hayden Rensch, Jinguan Xie, Edward Palka, Brittany Klingler

I ApproachA. Definition of Complex HousingB. Typology as an Analytic PracticeC. Typological Patterns

II ExamplesA. The 8 Case StudiesB. One Example: Zilvervloot

III Conclusions A. Principles for Design- BuildingB. Principles for Design- HousingC. Implications for a Typological Approach

Typology as an Instrument of Analysis: Complex Dutch Housing

Definition of COMPLEX HOUSING- Large housing project/block with three or more housing types- Housing serves diverse lifestyles & incomes- Combines owned and rented housing- Typically includes non-housing uses- Urban landmark

De Zilvervloot

II. Approach: Typology as an Analytic Practice

1. Identification of types2. Discovery of patterns of application3. Critiquing the way types are used

De Zilvervloot

KCAP 2010 Steenhuis Bukman 06 CASA 2007 SCALA 2010 AUAI 2005 Atelier Pro 1997 MVRDV 2003 Cie 2000

The Eight Case Studies

II. Approach: The Typological Patterns

A. Building -location-functions-massing-articulation-material-courtyards-syntactical structure

B. Housing- housing types - access type- outdoor space

The Eight Case Studies: Floor Plans

The Eight Case Studies: Syntax Diagrams

De Muzen Vrijburcht Carnisselande De Beeklaan

De Zlivervloot De Opgang La Grande Cour Silodam

La Grande Cour. Myers Van Schooten, Cie and Herren

Dutch Complex Housing Research Conclusions

A. DESIGN PRINCIPLES for Dutch Complex Housing- Building

-

De Muzen

- Locate structure on some kind of open space- Non-housing functions at the base of the building

(linked to the urban context)- Reduce apparent scale using alternative strategies

1. Make a simple dramatic form with negative space at the base2. Combine smaller masses

-open the wall & add balconies3. Top layers reduced size and/or set back from building edge

- Thin building mass to create courtyards & access to light and ventilation on at least 2 sides- Use courtyard to create thinner masses and for green (may vary greatly in form and function)

Conclusions- Design Principles for Site and Context

- Mix lifestyles & income levels- Combine ownership and rental- Provide at least two open sides for each unit- Employ row housing on the ground floor

+direct access +life on the street +access to a garden- For above ground housing

+ minimize the # of people using a corridor + maximize light and air (Licht en lucht) (thin building or double sided

access)- Outdoor space for every unit

+ large enough to use+ designed for orientation sun, wind and noise- Exterior circulation paths

+maximize sense of direct access to own unit

Conclusions: Design Principles for Housing

CC. IMPLICATIONS FOR A TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH

Typology offers a strategy for both analysis and design-identifying alternative design elements-analyzing our patterns so we can improve or change them-making productive (new) combinations of elements, old & new

Silodam

Implications for a Typological Approach

Social issues are relevant to design

As citizens we read meaning from environments as a way to understand cultural expectations

As designers we can analyze environments to understand how to design them better

The exploratory approach taken in the research shown can be applied in the class project and in the other course assignments.

The Whale

Reading Environments with a Critical Eye

Identifying Critical Lenses:Reading Environments with a Critical EyeArch 3711 // Lecture 02.2Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Why this lecture?Slide Number 5Participatory Exercise: Reading PlacesSlide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27 Slide Number 39Slide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 47Slide Number 49Slide Number 50