Readiness standards comprise 65% of the U. S. History Test

4 (A)

Readiness Standard (4)The student understands the emergence of the

U. S. as a world power between 1898 and 1920.

The Student is expected to:(A) Explain why significant events, policies, &

individuals such as the Spanish-American War, U. S. expansionism, Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred

Thayer Mahan, Theodore Roosevelt, Sanford B. Dole, & missionaries moved the United States into

a position of world power

Readiness Standard (4)The student understands the emergence of the

U. S. as a world power between 1898 and 1920.

(A) 1 The Spanish-American War

4 (A) 2 U. S. expansionism

TOWARDS EMPIRE: THE UNITED STATES BECOMES A WORLD POWER (1865-1901)

Movement away from traditional American

isolationism was the result of the filling of the American

continent by the U. S. A. and increasing trade which drew the United States into world

affairs.

How American Expansion of the 1890s Differed from Past U.S.

Expansion• America had been expanding virtually

from its birth• Previous expansion had been contiguous• Territories taken in 1890s were less for

settlement than as naval bases, trading outposts, & commercial centers on major trade routes

• The new territories were not so much “states-in-the-making” as colonies

Classic Economic Imperialism

“Factories and farms multiplied, producing more goods than the

domestic market could consume. Both farmers and industrialists

looked for new overseas markets, and the growing volume of exports. . . changed the nature of American

trade relations with the world.”

The Urge to Expand

William H. Seward—

U. S. Secretary of State under

presidents Lincoln

and Johnson

The evolution of “Manifest Destiny”

Alaska—”Seward’s Folly”

Ahead of his time, Seward had visions of an American Empire stretching from the Caribbean

to Asia, including Latin America, Canada, and many of the strategically located Pacific

islands.

“Seward’s Folly”—the initial response to the purchase of Alaska from Russia was not a positive one. Many Americans

believed that Seward had squandered good money for a valueless acquisition.

Potential of Panama

Seward even perceived the

importance of a canal across the Panama isthmus (right). In 1867

he also supervised the

annexation of the Midway Islands

in the Pacific Ocean.

The Influence of Sea PowerUpon History

Mahan’s writings insisted that future U. S. prosperity depended on access to world

markets; the U. S. needed a strong navy to protect their trade routes; advocated

annexation of Hawaii and construction of canal through Panama. Mahan believed that

industrialism “produced vast surpluses of agricultural and manufactured goods, for which markets must be found. Markets involved distant ports; reaching them

required a large merchant marine and a powerful navy to protect it.”

4 (A) 4 Alfred Thayer Mahan

4 (A) 5 Theodore Roosevelt

4 (A) 6 Sanford B. Dole

Longtime resident of Hawaii who, as a lawyer & jurist,

opposed the native royal family,

supported American immigrants, &

advocated westernization of

Hawaiian culture & government

Acquisition of Hawaii—the “Crossroads of the Pacific”

By 1820, U.S. missionaries had arrived intending to convert the natives to Christianity

American planters developed Hawaii’s rich soil and made healthy profits off of sugar production—Hawaii became

increasingly dependent economically on the U.S.

American planters aided by

U. S. Marines overthrew

Queen Liliuokalani

(right)

Hawaii A valuable

commercial and naval base in the middle of the Pacific

A stepping stone on the route to Chinese markets

4 (A) 1 Spanish-American War

Pro-War Newspaper Publishers

William Randolph Hearst (left) published the New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer (right) published the

New York World. These two men captured

large readerships with their bold headlines, lavish illustrations,

and sensational--and often inaccurate--

stories.

Sinking of the MaineThe Maine enters Havana Harbor. There were 266 American sailors who died in the blast.

Declaration of War

• On April 19, 1898, Congress passed a joint resolution declaring Cuba independent and authorizing the president to use force to evict the Spanish

• On April 21, Spain severed relations with the U.S.

• On April 22, McKinley proclaimed a naval blockade of Cuba

• On April 25, Congress passed a declaration of war with Spain and the president signed it

Territories Acquired by the U.S. as a Result of the Spanish-American War

Puerto Rico

The Philippine Islands

What Was Cuba’s Status as a Result of the Spanish-American War?

Cuba became an independent nation. . . more or less.

Teller Amendment

Colorado Senator Henry M. Teller’s declaration was

part of a joint resolution demanding that Spain withdraw from Cuba;

Teller Amendment renounced any plan of U. S.

annexation of Cuba.

Platt Amendment

The Amendment gave U. S. right to set up naval stations—principally at Guantanamo Bay—and send troops to Cuba to preserve order

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