Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first...
Transcript of Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first...
![Page 1: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS
definitiontermsmain families
Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4)
![Page 2: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Important Families of Parasitoids
1. Scelionidae2. Encyrtidae3. Pteromalidae4. Braconidae5. Chalcididae6. Aphelinidae7. Eulophidae
8. Trichogrammatidae9. Mymaridae10. Ichneumonidae11. Aphidiidae
1. Tachinidae 2. Phoridae
DIPTERA
HYMENOPTERA
![Page 3: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
All eggs parasitoids
Here, a Telenomus species attacking cassava hornworm egg
#1HYMENOPTERA
Scelionidae
![Page 4: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
#2 HYMENOPTERA EncrytidaeAttack mealybugs and many others groups. Epidinocarsisdiversicornis host feeding on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus herreni
![Page 5: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Encrytidae Comperia merceti, a specialized parasitoid of brown banded cockroach egg cases
See use of antennae to investigate chemicals on surface of ooethecae
![Page 6: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
See ovipositor being inserted
Encyrtidae Tetrastichus julii, an introduced parasitoid of cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus
![Page 7: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sphegigaster sp.
# 3 HYMENOPTERA PteromalidaeParasitoids of many groups, including pupae, larvae of muscoid flies
![Page 8: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
# 4 HYMENTOPERA BraconidaeParasitoids of aphids, caterpillars, and for one subfamily, theEuphorinae, adult insects; here, the euphorine Microctonus
aethiopoides attacks an adult alfalfa weevil.
Note the point of oviposition
![Page 9: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gregarious parasitoidsLarvae of a gregarious braconid parasitoid emerging from a host
![Page 10: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The braconid Cotesia rubecula The ichneumonid Diadema
insularis inside net bag of host
Solitary parasitoids (one progeny per host)
![Page 11: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hyperparasitismattack of one parasitoid on another.
Here, Conura torvinaoviposits into larvae of Costesia rubecula inside its cocoon.
Family feature is greatly enlarged hind femur
#5 HYMENOPTERA
Chalcididae
![Page 12: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Chalcididae Brachymeria intermedia attacks a gypsy moth. This is a pupal parasitoid, an internal parasitoid and an idiobiont
See enlarged femur
![Page 13: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe
#6 HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae.
Host Feeding- Coccobius sp. female kills a host (CA red scale, Aonidiella aurantii) and drinks it fluids as a protein source.
![Page 14: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Host FeedingAfter ovipositor insertion, the scale bleeds hemolymph
![Page 15: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe
Host Feeding-Lunch is served, the female turns and drinks the host fluid from the scale
![Page 16: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Aphelinidae Encarsia formosa, a whitefly parasitoid
![Page 17: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
#7 HYMENOPTERA EulophidaeSympiesis marylandensis, a native parasitoid of the apple blotch
leafminer (Phyllonorycter crataegella)
![Page 18: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Host feeding– a killed larva of a Phyllonorycter leafmining gracillariid moth killed by the eulophid Sympiesis marylandensis
See dried host fluid bonding larva to upper skin of leaf mine (opened for photo)
![Page 19: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Polyembryony- when one egg shakes apart into hundreds of clones and each develops as a separate, genetically identical larva.
mud dabber pupae parasitized by a chalcid
![Page 20: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Two styles of parasitoidsIdiobionts• attack eggs, pupae or
adults, which cannot grow
• Also, external parasitoids, as these kill their hosts
• Internal pupal and adult parasitoids face immune counterattack, but external parasitoids and egg parasitoids do not.
Koinobionts• permit their hosts to
continue to grow after oviposition, increasing the resource for progeny
• Larval and nymphal parasitoids
• Must defeat host immune system
![Page 21: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Koinobionts- larval or nymphal internal parasitoids
Pieris rapae larvae. The left one is parasitizied by an internal parasitoid, Cotesia rubecula.
See the white larva inside caterpillar
![Page 22: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
External parasitoids (here, the eulophid Sympiesis marylandensis on Phyllonorycter crataegella) are idiobionts,
but so are egg, pupal, and adult internal parasitoids
Parasitoid larva
Leafminer caterpillar
![Page 23: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
EncapsulationSome Epidinocarsis diversicornis eggs are encapsulated by its host
mealybug Phenacoccus herreni
See use of antennae to investigate the host
Dark bodies in host are encapsulated parasitoid eggs
![Page 24: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
#8 HYMENOPTERA TrichogrammatidaeTrichogramma minutum examining the eggs of spruce budworm
![Page 25: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Note hairy wings, characteristics of many groups of minute insects
#9 HYMENOPTERA Mymaridae Anaphes flavipes, a parasitoid of cereal leaf beetle
![Page 26: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe
# 10 HYMENOPTERA Ichneumonidae Campoplex frustrana, a parasitoid of Nantucket pine tip moth
![Page 27: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe
IchneumonidaeDiadegma insulare, a parasitoid of larvae of diamondback moth
![Page 28: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe
BraconidaeCotesia melanoscela, a parasitoid of gypsy moth larvae
![Page 29: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe
BraconidaeCocoon of Cotesia melanoscela, a parasitoid of gypsy moth larvae
![Page 30: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe
# 11 HYMENOPTERA AphidiidaeA group of braconids specialized as aphid parasitoids. See the
distinctive braconid oviposition stance.
![Page 31: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Aphidiidae
Aphid parasitoids turn aphids into mummies. Upon emergence, mummies remain with distinctive parasitoid emergence holes
![Page 32: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe
Chrysididae- social parasitoids of bee brood. Note the iridescence and heavily sculptured armor. They can roll up in a
defensive ball when attacked in a bees’ nest
![Page 33: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Hypera postica, the alfalfa weevil, an invasive insect from Europe
Tiphiididae-parasitoids of scaraebiid larvae in soil
![Page 34: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Visual hunters, tachinids respond to prey movement
#1 DIPTERA TachinidaeA large family of all parasitoids. Here, a species of Myopharus
investigating a Colorado potato beetle larva
![Page 35: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Tachinidae-some lay large external eggs (here on tent caterpillar); others scatter small eggs on foliage; others larvaposit
egg
![Page 36: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Tachinidae-fly larva emerged from a gypsy moth pupa
![Page 37: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Puparia of tachinid
![Page 38: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
# 2 DIPTERA Phoridae- flies that attack ants
![Page 39: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Phoridae- flies attack foraging ants, disrupting food collection
![Page 40: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Phoridae- flies oviposit in the head of worker ants
![Page 41: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Phoridae-as parasitoid larvae mature, the ant head comes off
![Page 42: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Phoridae-larvae develop, pupate and emerge from the separated head, hence the name “decapitating flies”
![Page 43: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Predator Orders/families1. Dermaptera2. Thysanoptera3. Hemiptera
(Anthocoridiae, Miridae, Nabidae, Lygaeidae, Pentatomidae)
4. Neuroptera (Chrysoptera, Conopterigidae)
5. Coleoptera (Coccinellidae, Carabidae,Staphylinidae, Histeridae,Cleridae)
6. Diptera (Cecidomyiidae, Syrphidae)
7. Hymenoptera (Formicidae)
8. Acari (Phytoseiidae, other mite familes)
9. Aranae (spiders-many families)
10. Snails 11. Vertebrates
![Page 44: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Order #1 Dermaptera (earwigs)Minor predators of various soft bodied insects
![Page 45: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Order #2Thysanoptera
(thrips)
A mostly herbivorous order with some
predaceous groups
![Page 46: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Orius bugs, nymphs on left, adult on right
Order #3 Hemiptera (true bugs +Homoptera)Family Anthocoridae (minute pirate bugs)Important predators of thrips and other pests in field
crops and greenhouses
![Page 47: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Hemiptera: Anthocoridae: Orius nymph feeding on an aphid
![Page 48: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Hemiptera: Miridae:predaceous plant bug feeding on an lacebug
![Page 49: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Hemiptera: Nabidae: feeding on aphid
![Page 50: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)big-eyed bug (Geocoris)
feeding on whitefly
![Page 51: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Podisus sp., stinkbug feeding on larva of Colorado potato beetle
![Page 52: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Order #4 Neuroptera: ChrysopidaeChrysoperla larvae eating an aphid
![Page 53: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Green lacewing eggs are supported on stocks to reduced egg consumption by early hatching larvae
![Page 54: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Neuroptera:Hemerobiidae
Brown lacewings are smaller but with similar
habits to green lacewings, except that
they are found in wooded areas.
![Page 55: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Order #5 Coleoptera (beetles)Family Coccinellidae (Ladybird beetles) A large family (ca 700
species in North America) with predacious adults and larvae, usually either of interest in relation to aphids or scales as target pests
![Page 56: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: ladybird beetle larvae and aphids
![Page 57: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Coleoptera: Carabidae: ground beetle adults and larvae are usually generalist ground-dwelling predators
![Page 58: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Coleoptera: Carabidae: larvae are also predaceous
![Page 59: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Coleoptera: Staphylinidae
another family of ground dwelling generalist
predators
Note wings do not cover abdomen
![Page 60: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Coleoptera: Histeridae: Teretrius nigrescens (left), released in Africa for control of
larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (right)
![Page 61: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Coleoptera: Cleridae: predators of bark beetle larvae
Note scale patterns on elytra. Don’t confuse with Dermestidae
![Page 62: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Order #6 DipteraFamily Cecidomyiidae: predaceous midge adult (larvae only
are predators, or aphids and mites)
![Page 63: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Diptera: Cecidomyiidaepredaceous midge larvae with aphid prey
![Page 64: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Diptera: SyrphidaeLarvae are predaceous, mostly on aphid prey
![Page 65: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Diptera: SyphidaeEgg of syphid fly
![Page 66: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Diptera: SyrphidaeLarvae are predaceous, mostly on aphid prey
![Page 67: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Order #7 HymenopteraFormicidae (ants)Ants are numerous as species and individuals, forage aggressively and many are predaceous
![Page 68: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Hymenoptera: VespidaeWasps, hornets, yellow jackets forage for prey to feed their young. Some are social, others are solitary but may nest in aggregations
![Page 69: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Group #8 Acari (mites)Family Phytoseiidae. Predaceous mites are predaceous.
(here, Amblyseius sp.) are important for mite control.
![Page 70: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Group #9 Snails
Some snails are predators of herbivorous snails, but many
are generalist and may be dangerous to move more to new areas, as attack many occur on nontarget native snails. Here,
the snail Rumina decollataattacks the brown garden snail,
Helix aspersa, in California
![Page 71: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Group #10 Spiders
Spiders are generalists, selecting prey by size and habitat
![Page 72: Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF INSECTS · Read first parts (taxonomy) of Chs 3 and 4) Important Families of Parasitoids 1. Scelionidae 2.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071000/5fbcb3589e94eb291268503a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Group #11 Vertebrates-(bird, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians)
No vertebrates should be introduced to areas outside their historical range, as non target impacts are likely due to flexible feeding behavior. Some species, such as this BARN OWLmay be usefully conserved by habitat or nest box manipulation to increase predation locally where desired