READ CHAPTER 4.1 UP TO READ CHAPTER 4.1 UP TO ANDANDINCLUDING PAGE 67.INCLUDING PAGE 67.

READ CHAPTER 4.1 UP TO READ CHAPTER 4.1 UP TO ANDANDINCLUDING PAGE 67.INCLUDING PAGE 67.

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SAYINGWHAT DO WE MEAN BY SAYINGTHAT ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE, THAT ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE, THERE IS A THERE IS A NATURALNATURAL STATESTATE OR OR IDEAL TYPE IDEAL TYPE BENEATH THE BENEATH THE DIVERSITY THAT EXISTS DIVERSITY THAT EXISTS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS?BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS?

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SAYINGWHAT DO WE MEAN BY SAYINGTHAT ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE, THAT ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE, THERE IS A THERE IS A NATURALNATURAL STATESTATE OR OR IDEAL TYPE IDEAL TYPE BENEATH THE BENEATH THE DIVERSITY THAT EXISTS DIVERSITY THAT EXISTS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS?BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS?

WHAT PREVENTS INDIVIDUALSWHAT PREVENTS INDIVIDUALSFROM ACHIEVING THEIR FROM ACHIEVING THEIR NATURAL STATE?NATURAL STATE?

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTTRUE OR FALSE?TRUE OR FALSE?

ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE, ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE, VARIATION BETWEEN VARIATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES IS INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES IS JUST NOISE THAT MASKS A JUST NOISE THAT MASKS A CREATURE’S NATURAL STATE.CREATURE’S NATURAL STATE.

WHAT PREVENTS INDIVIDUALSWHAT PREVENTS INDIVIDUALSFROM ACHIEVING THEIR FROM ACHIEVING THEIR NATURAL STATE?NATURAL STATE?

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTTRUE OR FALSE?TRUE OR FALSE?

ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE, ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE, VARIATION BETWEEN VARIATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES IS INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES IS JUST NOISE THAT MASKS A JUST NOISE THAT MASKS A CREATURE’S NATURAL STATE.CREATURE’S NATURAL STATE.

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTTRUE OR FALSE?TRUE OR FALSE?

ACCORDING TO DARWIN, VARIATION ACCORDING TO DARWIN, VARIATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES IS JUST NOISE THAT MASKS A IS JUST NOISE THAT MASKS A CREATURE’S NATURAL STATE.CREATURE’S NATURAL STATE.

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTTRUE OR FALSE?TRUE OR FALSE?

ACCORDING TO DARWIN, VARIATION ACCORDING TO DARWIN, VARIATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF A SPECIES IS A BASIC ASPECT OF A SPECIES IS A BASIC ASPECT OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE.EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE.

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTBY REY SIMILAR TO ARISTOTLE’SBY REY SIMILAR TO ARISTOTLE’SVIEW OF NATURE OR DARWIN’S?VIEW OF NATURE OR DARWIN’S?

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTBY REY SIMILAR TO ARISTOTLE’SBY REY SIMILAR TO ARISTOTLE’SVIEW OF NATURE OR DARWIN’S?VIEW OF NATURE OR DARWIN’S?

To begin an inventory and proper classification of plants, we To begin an inventory and proper classification of plants, we need to determine some criterion for distinguishing species. need to determine some criterion for distinguishing species. After long and careful consideration of this matter, nothing After long and careful consideration of this matter, nothing better has come to mind than those distinctions passed from better has come to mind than those distinctions passed from one generation to another through seed. For whatever traits one generation to another through seed. For whatever traits arise in an individual or in the seed of a species of plant, are arise in an individual or in the seed of a species of plant, are accidental and not of the kind that distinguish species.... For accidental and not of the kind that distinguish species.... For species preserve their distinctive traits forever; one species species preserve their distinctive traits forever; one species does not arise from another, nor vice versa.does not arise from another, nor vice versa.

WHAT WAS JOHN LOCK’S VIEW OF WHAT WAS JOHN LOCK’S VIEW OF A SPECIES AND HOW DID IT A SPECIES AND HOW DID IT INFLUENCE DARWIN?INFLUENCE DARWIN?

WHAT WAS JOHN LOCK’S VIEW OF WHAT WAS JOHN LOCK’S VIEW OF A SPECIES AND HOW DID IT A SPECIES AND HOW DID IT INFLUENCE DARWIN?INFLUENCE DARWIN?

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT TRUE OR FALSE?TRUE OR FALSE?

ACCORDING TO LOCKE, EACH ACCORDING TO LOCKE, EACH SPECIES HAS A GENUINE SPECIES HAS A GENUINE ESSENCE (I.E. NATURAL STATE).ESSENCE (I.E. NATURAL STATE).

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT TRUE OR FALSE?TRUE OR FALSE?

ACCORDING TO LOCKE, EACH ACCORDING TO LOCKE, EACH SPECIES HAS A GENUINE SPECIES HAS A GENUINE ESSENCE (I.E. NATURAL STATE).ESSENCE (I.E. NATURAL STATE).

HOW DID ERASMUS DARWINHOW DID ERASMUS DARWINEXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTINCTIVE OF INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR?BEHAVIOUR?

HOW DID ERASMUS DARWINHOW DID ERASMUS DARWINEXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTINCTIVE OF INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR?BEHAVIOUR?

WHAT EVIDENCE IS THEREWHAT EVIDENCE IS THERETHAT AT LEAST IN SOMETHAT AT LEAST IN SOMEINSTANCES, HE WAS INSTANCES, HE WAS RIGHT?RIGHT?

WHAT EVIDENCE IS THEREWHAT EVIDENCE IS THERETHAT AT LEAST IN SOMETHAT AT LEAST IN SOMEINSTANCES, HE WAS INSTANCES, HE WAS RIGHT?RIGHT?

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTTRUE OR FALSE:TRUE OR FALSE:

Lamarck emphasized the Lamarck emphasized the importance of importance of

behaviour itself as the agent of behaviour itself as the agent of evolutionary evolutionary

change.change.

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTTRUE OR FALSE:TRUE OR FALSE:

Lamarck emphasized the Lamarck emphasized the importance of importance of

behaviour itself as the agent of behaviour itself as the agent of evolutionary evolutionary

change.change.IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTTRUE OR FALSE:TRUE OR FALSE:

It is biological need rather than will or It is biological need rather than will or volition volition

that, according to Lamarck, leads to that, according to Lamarck, leads to

behavioral and ultimately physical behavioral and ultimately physical changes.changes.

PLEASEPLEASE NOTE: NOTE:

THE PREVIOUS SLIDE WAS INTENDED TO ALERT YOU TO A DISTINCTION THAT, IF YOU MASTER, CAN HELP THE PREVIOUS SLIDE WAS INTENDED TO ALERT YOU TO A DISTINCTION THAT, IF YOU MASTER, CAN HELP YOU AVOID LOSING POINTS ON SOME QUESTIONS IN THE NEXT MIDTERM, OR IN THE FINAL EXAM.YOU AVOID LOSING POINTS ON SOME QUESTIONS IN THE NEXT MIDTERM, OR IN THE FINAL EXAM.

THERE ARE LOTS OF SIMILAR HELPFUL AIDS AND HINTS IN THE STUDY GUIDES. WHY NOT MAKE USE OF THERE ARE LOTS OF SIMILAR HELPFUL AIDS AND HINTS IN THE STUDY GUIDES. WHY NOT MAKE USE OF THEM?THEM?

BOTHBOTH STATEMENTS ARE IN FACT CORRECT. STATEMENTS ARE IN FACT CORRECT.

LAMARCK ARGUED THAT LAMARCK ARGUED THAT BEHAVIOUR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES.BEHAVIOUR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES.

HE ALSO ARGUED THAT BIOLOGICAL NEED IS HE ALSO ARGUED THAT BIOLOGICAL NEED IS ULTIMATELYULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES. RESPONSIBLE FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES.

AREN’T THESE TWO STATEMENTS CONTRADICTORY? AREN’T THESE TWO STATEMENTS CONTRADICTORY? NO THEY ARE NOTNO THEY ARE NOT!!

THE PROPER CHAIN OF EVENTS GOES LIKE THIS:THE PROPER CHAIN OF EVENTS GOES LIKE THIS:

FIRST AND FOREMOSTFIRST AND FOREMOST, THE ANIMAL EXPERIENCES BIOLOGICAL NEED. IF YOU ARE A FERN OR BLADE OF , THE ANIMAL EXPERIENCES BIOLOGICAL NEED. IF YOU ARE A FERN OR BLADE OF GRASS, YOU GRASS, YOU DON’TDON’T EXPERIENCE BIOLOGICAL NEED. IF YOU ARE A GIRAFFE, YOU EXPERIENCE BIOLOGICAL NEED. IF YOU ARE A GIRAFFE, YOU DODO..

THENTHEN, BIOLOGICAL NEED , BIOLOGICAL NEED LEADS TOLEADS TO CHANGES OF BEHAVIOR. YOU ARE HUNGRY (BIOLOGICAL NEED), SO CHANGES OF BEHAVIOR. YOU ARE HUNGRY (BIOLOGICAL NEED), SO YOU WORK HARD TO OBTAIN FOOD.YOU WORK HARD TO OBTAIN FOOD.

YOUR EFFORTS CAUSE PHYSICAL CHANGES. YOUR EFFORTS CAUSE PHYSICAL CHANGES.

THESE CHANGES ARE PASSED ON TO YOUR DESCENDANTS.THESE CHANGES ARE PASSED ON TO YOUR DESCENDANTS.

HOW? THE ANSWER GIVEN BY LAMARCK IS ON PAGES 60-61.HOW? THE ANSWER GIVEN BY LAMARCK IS ON PAGES 60-61.

PLEASEPLEASE NOTE: NOTE:

THE PREVIOUS SLIDE WAS INTENDED TO ALERT YOU TO A DISTINCTION THAT, IF YOU MASTER, CAN HELP THE PREVIOUS SLIDE WAS INTENDED TO ALERT YOU TO A DISTINCTION THAT, IF YOU MASTER, CAN HELP YOU AVOID LOSING POINTS ON SOME QUESTIONS IN THE NEXT MIDTERM, OR IN THE FINAL EXAM.YOU AVOID LOSING POINTS ON SOME QUESTIONS IN THE NEXT MIDTERM, OR IN THE FINAL EXAM.

THERE ARE LOTS OF SIMILAR HELPFUL AIDS AND HINTS IN THE STUDY GUIDES. WHY NOT MAKE USE OF THERE ARE LOTS OF SIMILAR HELPFUL AIDS AND HINTS IN THE STUDY GUIDES. WHY NOT MAKE USE OF THEM?THEM?

BOTHBOTH STATEMENTS ARE IN FACT CORRECT. STATEMENTS ARE IN FACT CORRECT.

LAMARCK ARGUED THAT LAMARCK ARGUED THAT BEHAVIOUR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES.BEHAVIOUR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES.

HE ALSO ARGUED THAT BIOLOGICAL NEED IS HE ALSO ARGUED THAT BIOLOGICAL NEED IS ULTIMATELYULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES. RESPONSIBLE FOR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES.

AREN’T THESE TWO STATEMENTS CONTRADICTORY? AREN’T THESE TWO STATEMENTS CONTRADICTORY? NO THEY ARE NOTNO THEY ARE NOT!!

THE PROPER CHAIN OF EVENTS GOES LIKE THIS:THE PROPER CHAIN OF EVENTS GOES LIKE THIS:

FIRST AND FOREMOSTFIRST AND FOREMOST, THE ANIMAL EXPERIENCES BIOLOGICAL NEED. IF YOU ARE A FERN OR BLADE OF , THE ANIMAL EXPERIENCES BIOLOGICAL NEED. IF YOU ARE A FERN OR BLADE OF GRASS, YOU GRASS, YOU DON’TDON’T EXPERIENCE BIOLOGICAL NEED. IF YOU ARE A GIRAFFE, YOU EXPERIENCE BIOLOGICAL NEED. IF YOU ARE A GIRAFFE, YOU DODO..

THENTHEN, BIOLOGICAL NEED , BIOLOGICAL NEED LEADS TOLEADS TO CHANGES OF BEHAVIOR. YOU ARE HUNGRY (BIOLOGICAL NEED), SO CHANGES OF BEHAVIOR. YOU ARE HUNGRY (BIOLOGICAL NEED), SO YOU WORK HARD TO OBTAIN FOOD.YOU WORK HARD TO OBTAIN FOOD.

YOUR EFFORTS CAUSE PHYSICAL CHANGES. YOUR EFFORTS CAUSE PHYSICAL CHANGES.

THESE CHANGES ARE PASSED ON TO YOUR DESCENDANTS.THESE CHANGES ARE PASSED ON TO YOUR DESCENDANTS.

HOW? THE ANSWER GIVEN BY LAMARCK IS ON PAGES 60-61.HOW? THE ANSWER GIVEN BY LAMARCK IS ON PAGES 60-61.

IS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTIS THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTTRUE OR FALSE:TRUE OR FALSE:

Lamarck argues that will or conscious Lamarck argues that will or conscious intentionsintentions

are necessary for the inheritance of are necessary for the inheritance of

acquired characteristics.acquired characteristics.

THE ANSWER IS “THE ANSWER IS “FALSEFALSE”. WHY?”. WHY?

EXPLAIN TO SOMEONE EXPLAIN TO SOMEONE DARWIN’SDARWIN’STHEORY OF HOW INSTINCTSTHEORY OF HOW INSTINCTSDEVELOP. (PAGE 61)DEVELOP. (PAGE 61)

EXPLAIN TO SOMEONE EXPLAIN TO SOMEONE DARWIN’SDARWIN’STHEORY OF HOW INSTINCTSTHEORY OF HOW INSTINCTSDEVELOP. (PAGE 61)DEVELOP. (PAGE 61)WHAT IS THE BALDWIN WHAT IS THE BALDWIN EFFECT?EFFECT?WHAT IS THE BALDWIN WHAT IS THE BALDWIN EFFECT?EFFECT?

Is the following statement True or False:Is the following statement True or False:

The Baldwin Effect was designed to explain the mechanism by which The Baldwin Effect was designed to explain the mechanism by which habits lead to changes in behaviour that eventually become innate. habits lead to changes in behaviour that eventually become innate.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE BALDWIN BETWEEN THE BALDWIN EFFECT AND THE EXPLANATION EFFECT AND THE EXPLANATION OFFERED BY THE SCOTTISH OFFERED BY THE SCOTTISH BIOLOGIST, DOUGLAS BIOLOGIST, DOUGLAS SPALDING IN 1873?SPALDING IN 1873?

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE BALDWIN BETWEEN THE BALDWIN EFFECT AND THE EXPLANATION EFFECT AND THE EXPLANATION OFFERED BY THE SCOTTISH OFFERED BY THE SCOTTISH BIOLOGIST, DOUGLAS BIOLOGIST, DOUGLAS SPALDING IN 1873?SPALDING IN 1873?

AGAIN, THE DISTINCTION RAISEDAGAIN, THE DISTINCTION RAISEDIN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE IS AN IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A LITTLE WORK YOUEXAMPLE OF A LITTLE WORK YOUNEED TO DO THAT CAN EARN YOUNEED TO DO THAT CAN EARN YOUPOINTS IN THE MIDTERM AND POINTS IN THE MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM.FINAL EXAM.

HINT: THE ACCOUNT OFFEREDHINT: THE ACCOUNT OFFEREDBY SPALDING IS BY SPALDING IS TELEOLOGICATELEOLOGICAL L BUTBUTTHE ACCOUNT BY BALDWIN IS NOT.THE ACCOUNT BY BALDWIN IS NOT.

WHY?WHY?

AGAIN, THE DISTINCTION RAISEDAGAIN, THE DISTINCTION RAISEDIN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE IS AN IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A LITTLE WORK YOUEXAMPLE OF A LITTLE WORK YOUNEED TO DO THAT CAN EARN YOUNEED TO DO THAT CAN EARN YOUPOINTS IN THE MIDTERM AND POINTS IN THE MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM.FINAL EXAM.

HINT: THE ACCOUNT OFFEREDHINT: THE ACCOUNT OFFEREDBY SPALDING IS BY SPALDING IS TELEOLOGICATELEOLOGICAL L BUTBUTTHE ACCOUNT BY BALDWIN IS NOT.THE ACCOUNT BY BALDWIN IS NOT.

WHY?WHY?

IN WHAT WAY WAS DARWIN’S VIEWS ON THE IN WHAT WAY WAS DARWIN’S VIEWS ON THE EVOLUTION OF MORALITY INFLUENCED BY EVOLUTION OF MORALITY INFLUENCED BY JOHN LOCKE?JOHN LOCKE?

IN WHAT WAY WAS DARWIN’S VIEWS ON THE IN WHAT WAY WAS DARWIN’S VIEWS ON THE EVOLUTION OF MORALITY INFLUENCED BY EVOLUTION OF MORALITY INFLUENCED BY JOHN LOCKE?JOHN LOCKE?

ARE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE:TRUE OR FALSE:

Locke assumed that animals were capable of formulating Locke assumed that animals were capable of formulating abstractabstract ideas. ideas.

David Hume (1711-1776) argued that animal reasoning differed only in degree from human David Hume (1711-1776) argued that animal reasoning differed only in degree from human abilities.abilities.

For Charles Darwin, like his grandfather Erasmus, there was a fundamental distinction between For Charles Darwin, like his grandfather Erasmus, there was a fundamental distinction between instinct and reason. instinct and reason.

According to Darwin, our moral choices are determined by our biological nature and personalAccording to Darwin, our moral choices are determined by our biological nature and personal

history rather than our free will. history rather than our free will.

ARE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE:TRUE OR FALSE:

Locke assumed that animals were capable of formulating Locke assumed that animals were capable of formulating abstractabstract ideas. ideas.

David Hume (1711-1776) argued that animal reasoning differed only in degree from human David Hume (1711-1776) argued that animal reasoning differed only in degree from human abilities.abilities.

For Charles Darwin, like his grandfather Erasmus, there was a fundamental distinction between For Charles Darwin, like his grandfather Erasmus, there was a fundamental distinction between instinct and reason. instinct and reason.

According to Darwin, our moral choices are determined by our biological nature and personalAccording to Darwin, our moral choices are determined by our biological nature and personal

history rather than our free will. history rather than our free will.

Altruistic behaviour benefits the Altruistic behaviour benefits the group rather than the individual.group rather than the individual.

Some biologists argued that Some biologists argued that there are problems with this there are problems with this idea. What problems? idea. What problems?

The term “selfish gene” was developed by The term “selfish gene” was developed by Dawkins to express the idea that the Dawkins to express the idea that the survival of a gene may not coincide with the survival of a gene may not coincide with the best interests of the individual who carries best interests of the individual who carries the gene.the gene.

True or False?True or False?

What is meant by the term “replicator”?What is meant by the term “replicator”?Why is the body Why is the body notnot an example of a an example of a replicator.replicator.Think of four good examples of replicators?Think of four good examples of replicators?

WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM “VEHICLE”?“VEHICLE”?

IS THE HUMAN BODY AN EXAMPLE IS THE HUMAN BODY AN EXAMPLE OF A VEHICLE?OF A VEHICLE?

WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM “VEHICLE”?“VEHICLE”?

IS THE HUMAN BODY AN EXAMPLE IS THE HUMAN BODY AN EXAMPLE OF A VEHICLE?OF A VEHICLE?

The distinction between replicator and The distinction between replicator and vehiclevehiclecorresponds to the distinction between corresponds to the distinction between ……?……?Fill in the missing word(s).Fill in the missing word(s).

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ‘MEME’ AND A WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ‘MEME’ AND A ‘GENE’?‘GENE’?

If a meme is like a gene, then in each instance it should be If a meme is like a gene, then in each instance it should be possible to identify a possible to identify a replicatorreplicator, or something that can be , or something that can be copied.copied.

Can this be easily done?Can this be easily done?

Are the following statements true or false:Are the following statements true or false:

Learning is like copying a meme from one vehicle to another.Learning is like copying a meme from one vehicle to another.Learning is like copying the phenotype of a meme.Learning is like copying the phenotype of a meme.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ‘MEME’ AND A WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ‘MEME’ AND A ‘GENE’?‘GENE’?

If a meme is like a gene, then in each instance it should be If a meme is like a gene, then in each instance it should be possible to identify a possible to identify a replicatorreplicator, or something that can be , or something that can be copied.copied.

Can this be easily done?Can this be easily done?

Are the following statements true or false:Are the following statements true or false:

Learning is like copying a meme from one vehicle to another.Learning is like copying a meme from one vehicle to another.Learning is like copying the phenotype of a meme.Learning is like copying the phenotype of a meme.

ARE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE:ARE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE:

Darwin Darwin agreedagreed with the popular view that emotional expressions were a kind of natural with the popular view that emotional expressions were a kind of natural language that signalled a large number of feelings.language that signalled a large number of feelings.

Darwin argued that much of perceptual cognition depends on context.Darwin argued that much of perceptual cognition depends on context.

Darwin assume that emotional expression evolved by natural selection.Darwin assume that emotional expression evolved by natural selection.

Darwin assumed that emotions served a definite communicative function.Darwin assumed that emotions served a definite communicative function.

ARE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE:ARE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS TRUE OR FALSE:

Darwin Darwin agreedagreed with the popular view that emotional expressions were a kind of natural with the popular view that emotional expressions were a kind of natural language that signalled a large number of feelings.language that signalled a large number of feelings.

Darwin argued that much of perceptual cognition depends on context.Darwin argued that much of perceptual cognition depends on context.

Darwin assume that emotional expression evolved by natural selection.Darwin assume that emotional expression evolved by natural selection.

Darwin assumed that emotions served a definite communicative function.Darwin assumed that emotions served a definite communicative function.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING, ACCORDING WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING, ACCORDING TO DARWIN, ALLOWS ONE TO IDENTIFY TO DARWIN, ALLOWS ONE TO IDENTIFY AN AMBIGUOUS EMOTIONAL AN AMBIGUOUS EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION?EXPRESSION?

a)a)KNOWLEDGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL EXPRESSING THE EMOTION.EXPRESSING THE EMOTION.

b)b)EXPERIENCE OF THE EMOTION ITSELF.EXPERIENCE OF THE EMOTION ITSELF.c)c)LANGUAGE.LANGUAGE.d)d)ALL OF THE ABOVE.ALL OF THE ABOVE.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING, ACCORDING WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING, ACCORDING TO DARWIN, ALLOWS ONE TO IDENTIFY TO DARWIN, ALLOWS ONE TO IDENTIFY AN AMBIGUOUS EMOTIONAL AN AMBIGUOUS EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION?EXPRESSION?

a)a)KNOWLEDGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL EXPRESSING THE EMOTION.EXPRESSING THE EMOTION.

b)b)EXPERIENCE OF THE EMOTION ITSELF.EXPERIENCE OF THE EMOTION ITSELF.c)c)LANGUAGE.LANGUAGE.d)d)ALL OF THE ABOVE.ALL OF THE ABOVE.

Be sure to understand and be able to define the three Be sure to understand and be able to define the three principles that Darwin used to explain the origin of principles that Darwin used to explain the origin of emotional expressions. emotional expressions.

Broad hint: I am inviting you to do this because for Broad hint: I am inviting you to do this because for sure, you will face questions on the distinction sure, you will face questions on the distinction between these three principles inbetween these three principles in

the midterm and final exam.the midterm and final exam.

‘‘Therefore I say, grant reason to any animal with social Therefore I say, grant reason to any animal with social and sexual instincts and yet with passion (..then...) he and sexual instincts and yet with passion (..then...) he mustmust have conscience -- this is a capital view have conscience -- this is a capital view’’

WHAT DID DARWIN MEAN BY THEWHAT DID DARWIN MEAN BY THEFOLLOWING:FOLLOWING:WHAT DID DARWIN MEAN BY THEWHAT DID DARWIN MEAN BY THEFOLLOWING:FOLLOWING: