Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I
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Transcript of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I
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Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I
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Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids & BasesAcidic properties taste sour change the colors of indicators
turn litmus red react with metals to generate H2(g)
react with carbonates and bicarbonates to form salts, carbon dioxide and water
aqueous solutions conduct electricity react with bases to produce salt and water
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Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids & Bases
Basic properties taste bitter feel slippery change colors of indicators
turn litmus blue react with acids to form salts and
water aqueous solutions conduct electricity
SOAP
SOAP
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Arrhenius Acid Acid - A substance that
produces hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous solutions.
HCl H+ + Cl-
HCN H+ + CN-
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Arrhenius Base Base - A substance that
produces hydroxide, OH-, in aqueous solutions.
KOH K+ + OH-
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
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Arrhenius Theory neutralization - combination of H+
(or H3O+) with OH- strong acids - ionize 100% in water
HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4
strong bases - ionize 100% in waterLiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH,Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
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Arrhenius Theory total ionic equation for strong acid
with strong base
(l)O HCl Na OH Na Cl H 2-aqaq
-aqaqaqaq
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Arrhenius Theory net ionic equation for strong acid
with strong base
(l)OH OH H 2-aqaq
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Acid-Base Theories The most general theory for
common aqueous acids and bases is the BRØNSTED - LOWRY theory
ACIDS DONATE H+ IONS BASES ACCEPT H+ IONS
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Acid-Base Theories
ACIDS DONATE H+ IONS BASES ACCEPT H+ IONS
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Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory differences between Arrhenius &
Brønsted-Lowry theories reaction does not have to occur in an
aqueous solution bases do not have to be hydroxides
for example- ammonia is not a hydroxide
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
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Hydronium Ion The hydrated hydrogen ion or
hydronium ion gives aqueous solutions of acids their characteristic acidic properties.
H2O + H+ H3O+
hydronium ion
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Hydrated Hydrogen Ion H+(aq) is really H(H2O)n
+
n is a small integer = 7? H3O+ is usually used where n = 1
H3O+ H+
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Acid-Base Characteristics Solution Type Relationship Acid[H+ ] > [OH-] Neutral [H+ ] = [OH-] Base [H+ ] < [OH-]
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Brønsted–Lowry Acids An acid is a proton donor.
HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3-
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Brønsted–Lowry Bases A base is a proton acceptor.
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
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Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases The Brønsted definition means NH3
is a BASE in water — and water is itself an ACID.
BaseAcidAcidBaseNH4
+ + OH-NH3 + H2O
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Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases An acid–base reaction is the
transfer of a proton from an acid to a base.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-acid1 base2
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Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
When an acid gives up a proton, a conjugate base is formed that is capable of accepting a proton.
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Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
HF + H2O H3O+ + F-
acid1 base2 base1acid2
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Conjugate Acid-Bases Conjugate acid-
base pairs are a reactant and a product that differ by a proton, H+.
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Conjugate Acid-Bases Conjugate acid-base pairs are a
reactant and a product that differ by a proton, H+.
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Conjugate Acid-Bases Every acid has a conjugate base,
formed by the removal of a proton from the acid.
Every base has a conjugate acid associated with it, formed by the addition of a proton to the base.
Thus H3O+ is the conjugate acid of H2O.
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Conjugate Acid-Bases
HNO2 + H2O H3O+ + NO2-
Conjugatebase
Acid BaseConjugate
acid
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Conjugate Acid-Bases
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
Conjugateacid
BaseConjugate
baseAcid
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Conjugate Acid–Base Strengths The more readily a substance
gives up a proton, the less readily its conjugate base accepts a proton.
The more readily a base accepts a proton, the less readily its conjugate acid gives up a proton.
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Conjugate Acid–Base Strengths The stronger an acid, the weaker
its conjugate base. The weaker an acid, the stronger
its conjugate base.
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Conjugate Acid–Base Strengths
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Ampholytes A substance capable of being an
acid or a base is amphoteric.
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
acid1 base1acid2base2
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Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory water can be either an acid or base
in Bronsted-Lowry theory amphoteric - species that can be
either an acid or base amphiprotic - proton transfer
reactions that species behave as either an acid or base
2121
-322
base acid acid base
OH O H O H OH