REACTION VERSUS PROGRESSCHAPTER 11

INTRODUCTION

Reaction: European conservatism opposed to the French Revolution and its social, political, and cultural consequences.

Progress: industrial development and its social, political, and cultural consequences.

INTRODUCTION

• Two Revolutions• French Revolution

• Primarily political

• Primarily continental

• Industrial Revolution

• Primarily economic

• Primarily in England

INTRODUCTION

Capitalism and Industrialism: Who owns the property?

Western Europe ownership of property = liberty,

independence culture promoted an

“entrepreneurial spirit” Europe becomes the most powerful

part of the world through the melding of capitalism, industrialism and the “liberal and modernizing” principles of the French Revolution

INTRODUCTION

- Others the state had to take the

initiative in industrialization

tended to be playing “catch-up” with Western Europe and in a sense still are

DIKE AND FLOOD: DOMESTIC (11.54)

A cycle of discontent and reaction characterized by agitation by secret societies and counterrevolutionary response

France violent response to Napoleon’s return

(1815)

control of Chamber of Deputies by wealthy landowners

Charles X (1824) more reactionary than Louis XVIII

DIKE AND FLOOD: DOMESTIC (11.54)

Poland (Congress Poland) Though governed by a liberal constitution

with Alexander as king, Poles were nationalistic.

Alexander clamps down.

Germany the Burschenschaft movement

Metternich’s response: The Carlsbad Decrees (1819): censorship, controls on universities

DIKE AND FLOOD: DOMESTIC (11.54) Great Britain

Parliament controlled by squirearchy

New cities were underrepresented

depression

Corn Law (1815)

protest and reaction (Six Acts 1819)

DIKE AND FLOOD: INTERNATIONAL 11.55 The congress system started

as a “Holy Alliance” (Great Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, Russia) against revolutionary agitation

Great Britain and France backed off when the congresses called for international cooperation.

DIKE AND FLOOD: INTERNATIONAL 11.55

Basically each country pursued it’s national aims

The immediate problems dealt with were revolutions in Spain, Naples, Romania, and Latin America

DIKE AND FLOOD: INTERNATIONAL 11.55

The three Congresses Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) Troppau (1820) Verona (1822

THE DECEMBRIST REVOLT

Death of Alexander I (1825) leads to a revolt of Russian officers Based the new ideology in Europe

Put down by new czar Nicholas I.

Signs of things to come in Russia