Reaction Rates and Equilibrium Chapter 17. Collision Theory or Model Molecules react by colliding...
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Transcript of Reaction Rates and Equilibrium Chapter 17. Collision Theory or Model Molecules react by colliding...
Collision Theory or Model
Molecules react by colliding with each other with enough energy and proper orientation to break bonds, rearrange and form new bonds
Explains why increasing concentration of reactants (solutions) increases rate of reaction (more particles collide)
Explains why increasing temperature increases reaction rate (increases the energy (speed)) of the particles
Collision Theory or Model
Why does increasing concentration or temperature increase the rate of reaction?
More particles have collisions with enough energy and proper orientation to reach activation energy
Collision Theory or Model
Increasing pressure of gases increases rate of reaction. Why?
It increases the number of collisions that occur by reducing the volume.
Collision Theory or Model
Increasing surface area increases rate of heterogeneous reaction. Why?
More places for reactions to occur (locations for collisions)
Catalyst and Reaction Rate
Catalyst is not used up in the reactionLowers the activation energy of the
reactionProvides a “shortcut” for reactionEnzymes are examples of catalysts
Homogeneous Reactions
Reactions that involve only one phase or state of matter.
Ex. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 (g)
Heterogeneous Reactions
Reactions involving more than one phase or state of matter.
Ex. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Equilibrium
When forward and backward reactions are occurring at the same rate, the system is said to be at equilibrium.
Formation of reactants and products occur at the same rate, but the quantities are not necessarily the same.
Answers – page 604
1. Molecules must collide for reactions to occur.
2. A catalyst provides a new pathway for the reaction at a lower activation energy.
3. At lower temperatures, molecules have less kinetic energy. Therefore, fewer molecules will have the necessary activation energy for the reaction making it slower.
Answers con’t.
4. Grinding increases surface area which increases locations for collisions to occur. More collisions increases the rate.
5. 2NaCl(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2HCl (aq)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
6. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal at equlibrium.
7. Changes are occurring at the molecular level.
LeChatelier’s Principle
When a stress is applied to a system, it will react in such a fashion as to counter or offset the stress.
Most reactions are reversible so stress may favor formation of either reactant(s) or product(s). It depends on the type of “stress”.
LeChatelier’s Principle
What kind of stressors may be applied to a system?
Addition or removal of a reactantAddition or removal of a productIncrease or decrease temperatureIncrease or decrease pressurePure solids and liquids do not affect
equilibrium. Why?
Pressure
Increasing pressure tends to favor the side of the reaction with the fewest number of gas molecules.
Decreasing pressure tends to favor the side of the reaction with the largest number of gas molecules.
If more of a reactant is added, which way do you think the equilibrium will shift- towards the reactants or towards the product?
Why?If the reaction is exothermic and the
temperature is increased, which way will the equilibrium shift? Why?
LeChatelier’s Principle
Equilibrium Constant
Equilibrium is expressed in terms of concentrations of the products and reactants
From the balanced chemical equation, the coefficients become exponents (superscripts)
If the actual concentrations (moles per liter) of the reactants and products is known, K can be calculated
Remember, pure solids and liquids ( such as water) do not affect equilibrium
K = [Prod]x[ucts]y
[Reac]x[tants]y
Ex. 2O3(g) 3O2(g) K = [O2]3
[O3]2
Assignment
Read 17.2Complete Practice Problem 17.3 (yellow
box) a-d, bottom of page 610Complete Section 17.2 Section Review
(page611) 1-5
Answers p. 611
1. K= __[NO2]2__
[NO]2 [O2]
2. K = [0.141]2
[0.000104] [0.000201]3
K = 2.35 X 1013
3. Equilibrium position is a set of equilibrium concentrations. The equilibrium constant is a specific ratio of these concentrations. Ex. .5 = 1/2, 2/4