Reaction papers - Wofford...
Transcript of Reaction papers - Wofford...
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Reaction papers
• 1 summary paragraph; 3 or more comments (separate paragraphs)
• Format: ok to use single space; 1” margins
• No quotes
• Try to use formal language (e.g. no contractions) (although first person is fine)
• Try to keep comments about article (not about CogLab).
• No final conclusion paragraph needed
• If confusing, look up info or try to resolve. Do not say ‘I didn’t understand it.’
• If ask questions or suggest future studies, provide what you think you would find (hypotheses)?
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Our Divided Brain
• Corpus Callosum
– large bundle of
neural fibers
– connects the two
hemispheres
– carries messages
between the
hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
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Split-brain patients
• Gazzaniga et al. (1962)
• Documentary • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZnyQewsB_Y
• “Joe” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv4K5aStdU&feature=related
• Scientific American Frontiers • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9iNMxjxL7k&feature=related
• Brain Story BBC documentary • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCwIhztgTv4
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Our Divided Brain
• Path of
information from
the eyes to the
brain
• Contralateral
control
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Brain Asymmetry
• Hemispheric specialization = separate functions for
each hemisphere
• Method: Split-brain patients (Gazzaniga)
– Asked to verbally report words/pics flashed on a screen
– Right side of screen -> left hemisphere -> say word
– Left side of screen -> right hemisphere -> “???”
• Conclusions:
• Left brain: language and analytical thought
• Right brain: spatial relations and creativity
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Left Brain, Right Brain?
• Left:
• Verbal
• Sequential
• Logical
• Plans ahead
• Remembers names
• Looks at parts
• Right:
• Visual/spatial
• Random
• Emotional
• Impulsive
• Remembers faces
• Looks at whole
http://www.playcranium.com
Cranium: “The game for your whole brain”
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CogLab: Brain Asymmetry
• Question
– Is the brain lateralized in normal participants?
– Is the right hemisphere more responsible for facial judgments about age
• Method
– Decide which of 2 chimeric faces is “youngest”
– IV: youth side, IV: handedness, DV: % left choice
• Hypothesis
– Choose face with younger-half when on left side (b/c info processed by right hemisphere)
– Stronger effect for righties vs lefties
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CogLab: Brain Asymmetry
• Results (global; class)
– % chose yng-half of face when on left side
– Righties: N=21,809; 57.3% (sd = 19.8%) (class N=12, 53%)
– Lefties: N=2,273; 56.5% (sd = 19.5%) (class N=1, 42.9%)
• Discussion
– Left side of face (LVF) more influential in age decision
therefore, right hemisphere (RH) bias
– Support for lateralization
– CogLab: Same or less effect in lefties vs. righties?
• Comments? Confounds? Future directions?
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Handedness and Lateralization
• Strong but imperfect correlation between handedness and
lateralization
– http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/split.html
• Strongest lateralization in right-handed males
• 90% of population is right-handed
– 95% of righties use Left hemisphere for language
• 10% of population is left-handed
– 70% of lefties use Left hemisphere for language
– 30% of lefties use both hemispheres for language
• Problem: How do you define and measure handedness?
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Heller & Levy (1981)
• Hypothesis
– LVF (left visual field) dominates discrimination of facial
emotion
– Emotion expression greater on left side of face
– Greater lateralization for righties vs. lefties
• Method
– 12 righties & 12 lefties for discrimination task
– Photographs of righties & lefties neutral & smiling
– Chimeric faces presented successively for 150ms
– Judgment: Which looked happier?
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Heller & Levy (1981)
• Chimeric faces
Rl Lr
Rr Ll
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Heller & Levy (1981)
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Heller & Levy (1981)
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Heller & Levy (1981)
• LVF preference for discrimination (or perception) of facial emotion
– Moderate effect for righties, no effect for lefties
– Hemispheric specialization is heterogeneous
• Expression of emotion more on left side of face
– For both righties and lefties
– But, large individual differences in facial asymmetry too
• Future directions
– Examine Ss with greater expression asymmetry to see if greater LVF preference for discrimination
– Other suggestions?
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Butler & Harvey (2006)
• Question
– Is left perceptual bias due to practiced directional scanning bias (read left to right)?
• Method
– Present faces too quick (100ms) so that eye movements are impossible
– Used realistic male/female face stimuli
– Gender judgment (rather than emotion)
• Results/Discussion
– 55% of responses based on left side of face
– 13 of 15 Ss showed left bias
– Bias stronger when eye movements are possible (longer PT – LVF bias = 63%)
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Ashwin, Wheelright & Baron-Cohen (2005)
• Question
– Do people with Asperger syndrome (AS) have same LVF
biases for face identity and emotional expression face tasks?
• Method
– Exp1: Chimeric faces: angry, happy (which one is more?)
– Neutral condition (which has more stars?)
– Exp2: Chimeric faces: (which looks like original?)
• Laterality bias score= # LVF - # RVF/ total
– Positive scores = LVF bias
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Ashwin, Wheelright & Baron-Cohen (2005)
Which face
looks more:
angry / happy?
Which display
has more stars?
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Ashwin, Wheelright & Baron-Cohen (2005)
Identity perception task: Which face is same as original?
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Application of Lateralization research
Heller, Nitschke, & Miller (1998)
• Right hemisphere regulates emotion
• Research suggests:
– Understanding emotion: right lateralized
– Expressing emotion: right lateralized
– Feeling emotion: not lateralized
• Application:
• Individuals had following “symptoms”:
– Poor visuo-spatial information processing
– Difficulty in understanding interpersonal processes
• All right lateralized problems – led to diagnosis of “non-verbal learning disability” (NVLD)
– Research assisted diagnosis
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Summary
• Split-brain research provided evidence for
– Hemispheric specialization
– Corpus callosum integrates info from 2 hemispheres
• One hemisphere more efficient in a cognitive process, not
solely responsible
• Difficult to get lateralization effect in normal population
– In part due to handedness? Gender? Other?
• Research helped identify types of emotion and NVLD
• Final question:
– Why do hemispheres specialize?