Reaching Sensory Processing Reaching Sensory Processing Disorders: Working toDisorders: Working to

Benefit Benefit ADD/ADHD to AutismADD/ADHD to Autism through through

Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

Charles W Chapple, DC, FICPACharles W Chapple, DC, FICPA360 E Irving Park RD, Roselle, IL360 E Irving Park RD, Roselle, IL

(630) 894-8778 (630) 894-8778 www.drchapple.com

Selected 2006-2008 “Guide To America’s Top Chiropractors”Selected 2006-2008 “Guide To America’s Top Chiropractors”2008 “ Five Star Excellence Award in Chiropractic”2008 “ Five Star Excellence Award in Chiropractic”

What are Sensory Processing What are Sensory Processing Disorders?Disorders?

Any condition which demonstrates the Any condition which demonstrates the inability to process information through the inability to process information through the SensesSenses..

Interestingly the DMSR only acknowledges the sensory component in ASD as a secondary finding( Diagnosed by language, social and behavioral variations).

Inter-related Conditions?Inter-related Conditions? ADD/ADHD AUTISM PDD SPD CHALLENGEDADD/ADHD AUTISM PDD SPD CHALLENGED

“ “ Normal” ChildrenNormal” Children

PrevalencePrevalence

ADD/ADHD: ADD/ADHD: 5 Million Children in USA alone5 Million Children in USA alone

Autism: Autism: Every 21 minutes another Child is Diagnosed.Every 21 minutes another Child is Diagnosed.

Challenged Child: Challenged Child: 12 to 30% of Children.12 to 30% of Children.

How is Information Gathered for Our How is Information Gathered for Our Sensory System?Sensory System?

Through SensesThrough Senses

Through ReflexesThrough Reflexes

Reflexes and Sensory Processing Can’t be Reflexes and Sensory Processing Can’t be SeparatedSeparated

Body Body Senses Senses IncludeInclude

Far SensesFar Senses - Allow us to - Allow us to respond to stimuli outside respond to stimuli outside our body:our body:

HearHear

SeeSee

TasteTaste

TouchTouch

SmellSmell

Near SensesNear Senses - Or - Or Hidden Senses – Hidden Senses – Automatically respond Automatically respond within our body to stimuli:within our body to stimuli:

Body Position/AwarenessBody Position/Awareness

Movement/BalanceMovement/Balance

Reflexes and the Sensory System:Reflexes and the Sensory System:

Primitive ReflexesPrimitive Reflexes

Postural ReflexesPostural Reflexes

What are the What are the Primitive ReflexesPrimitive Reflexes??

Primitive reflexes are automatic survival responses to stimuli (Sensory Input) which develop during uterine life

and should be fully present at birth.

Anatomy of Primitive Reflexes:Anatomy of Primitive Reflexes:

Within the brainstem Within the brainstem – Oldest part of the brain (Reptilian or Pre-Oldest part of the brain (Reptilian or Pre-

Cortical) Cortical) => Midbrain => Cortical=> Midbrain => Cortical

Automatic vs VolitionalAutomatic vs Volitional Stimulus elicited (e.g. A Chocolate Cookie)Stimulus elicited (e.g. A Chocolate Cookie) Survival / InstinctualSurvival / Instinctual

Primitive Reflexes ChartedPrimitive Reflexes Charted

A Closer Look at Primitive ReflexesA Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes

Fear Paralysis ReflexFear Paralysis ReflexFetal Tuck Reflex

Moro Reflex Moro Reflex Clasping Reflex

• Facilitates the 1st “Breath of Life”• Only PR connected to ALL senses• Matures to “Adult startle response”

– Shoulders shrug w/ head turn• If underdeveloped maybe factor in If underdeveloped maybe factor in

SIDSSIDS

Palmar Reflex Palmar Reflex Grasping Reflex

• Related to early feeding (hand/mouth)

• Stimulation bilaterally inhibits Moro Reflex

• Matures to “Pincer Grip”

Plantar ReflexPlantar Reflex• Trouble w/Gait, Run, Toe Walk

Rooting/Suck ReflexRooting/Suck ReflexCardinal Points ReflexCardinal Points Reflex

• Hand-mouth neurologic link

A Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes A Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes ContinuedContinued

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Asymmetrical Tonic Neck ReflexReflex

Kicking & Vestibular reflexKicking & Vestibular reflex• In Utero provides continuous In Utero provides continuous

motion stimulating balance/ motion stimulating balance/ neural connectionsneural connections

• Assists & reinforces birth Assists & reinforces birth processprocess

• First eye-hand coordinationFirst eye-hand coordination• Integrates vestibular w/ other Integrates vestibular w/ other

senses; enhances myelinationsenses; enhances myelination• If underdeveloped maybe factor If underdeveloped maybe factor

in SIDSin SIDS

Spinal Galant ReflexSpinal Galant ReflexSpinal reflexSpinal reflex

• Assist birth processAssist birth process• Enables the fetus to “feel” soundEnables the fetus to “feel” sound• Reduced by Auditory Integrative Reduced by Auditory Integrative

TrainingTraining

A Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes A Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes ContinuedContinued

Symmetric Tonic Neck ReflexSymmetric Tonic Neck ReflexRolling reflexRolling reflex

• First assistance of body to defy First assistance of body to defy gravitygravity

• Influences body muscle tone in Influences body muscle tone in horizontal halves (crawl)horizontal halves (crawl)

• Crawl assist hand-eye Crawl assist hand-eye coordination essential for coordination essential for

reading & writingreading & writing

Tonic Labyrinthine ReflexTonic Labyrinthine Reflex Vestibular reflex – Forward & Vestibular reflex – Forward &

BackwardBackward• Backward Backward emerges w/ emerges w/ Postural Postural

ReflexesReflexes• Early method of response to Early method of response to

gravitygravity- Giving sense of direction based - Giving sense of direction based

where in spacewhere in space• Shared circuit of eyes & brainShared circuit of eyes & brain

• Influences muscle tone Influences muscle tone throughout the bodythroughout the body

What If Primitive Reflexes don’t What If Primitive Reflexes don’t Integrate?Integrate?

Primitive reflexes that remain and do not integrate, are “Retained” and therefore postural reflexes do not develop fully resulting in a “Reflexive No Man’s Land” or “ A Reflexive Seesaw” (e.g. Car stuck in the Snow).

Thus the body remains under the influence of involuntary responses instead of voluntary.

Retained Primitive Reflexes cause: Difficult voluntary movements and Balance

Irregular Visual Perception Irregular Auditory Processing Irregular Sensory Perception

Observing SPD’sObserving SPD’s

An Individual defined as having SPD concerns An Individual defined as having SPD concerns exhibits variations of sensory activity in :exhibits variations of sensory activity in :

Frequency Intensity DurationFrequency Intensity Duration

Observed as either as Observed as either as aa Hypersensitivity or a Hypersensitivity or a HyposensitivityHyposensitivity

The Sensitivity of the Seven Senses The Sensitivity of the Seven Senses in SPDin SPD

HypersensitiveHypersensitive - - requires less stimulationrequires less stimulation

Avoids soundsAvoids sounds Overwhelmed by intense visualOverwhelmed by intense visual Object to textures and gagObject to textures and gag Avoid textures and being touchedAvoid textures and being touched Avoids odorsAvoids odors Rigid and uncoordinatedRigid and uncoordinated Apprehensive running, climbing and Apprehensive running, climbing and

swingingswinging

HyposensitiveHyposensitive - - requires requires more stimulationmore stimulation

Appears to ignore soundAppears to ignore sound Appears uninterested by visualAppears uninterested by visual Tastes inedible objectsTastes inedible objects Chews and presses into objectsChews and presses into objects Unaware of unpleasant odorsUnaware of unpleasant odors Limp and clumsyLimp and clumsy Craves rocking, twirling and fidgetsCraves rocking, twirling and fidgets

How SPD PresentsHow SPD Presents

More Specific Symptoms of More Specific Symptoms of Retained Reflexes:Retained Reflexes:

Fear Paralysis ReflexFear Paralysis Reflex• Oppositional Defiance• “The Screaming Child”

Moro ReflexMoro Reflex • Aggressive or Withdrawn

• Overactive (Ready-Fire-Aim)• Overemotional (Weeping Anger)

• Learning Difficulty (Pupils problem w/ black print on white paper

• Visual attention drawn to outside edges (Peripheral Vision)

• Hypersensitive to ALL senses • Adrenal Fatigue=> Weak Immune• Overall effects emotional profile

Palmar ReflexPalmar Reflex • Poor Manual Dexterity (Thumb)

• Speech Difficulties• Manual Tasks Inhibit Talking

• Difficult writing (w/Mouth Motion)

Plantar ReflexPlantar Reflex• Trouble w/Gait, Run, Toe Walk

More Specific Symptoms of More Specific Symptoms of Retained Reflexes:Retained Reflexes:

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex:Reflex:

• Easily DistractedEasily Distracted• Poor Pencil Grip, Excessive GripPoor Pencil Grip, Excessive Grip

• Missing Visual Reading FieldsMissing Visual Reading FieldsWhen readingWhen reading

• Difficult Distance PerceptionDifficult Distance Perception• Poor Ball SkillsPoor Ball Skills

• Difficult cross crawling on stomachDifficult cross crawling on stomach(Barrier crossing midline)(Barrier crossing midline)

• Difficult tasks involving both sides of Difficult tasks involving both sides of Body ; Favors same side motion & since Body ; Favors same side motion & since

choice of side not automatic becomes choice of side not automatic becomes unnecessary source of confusionunnecessary source of confusion

• Learning DifficultyLearning Difficulty

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex:Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex:• Poor Judgment of Balance, Space, Poor Judgment of Balance, Space,

Distance, Depth, Motion & TimeDistance, Depth, Motion & Time• Motion Sickness & Dislike P.E.Motion Sickness & Dislike P.E.

• ““Floppy” or “Rigid” ChildFloppy” or “Rigid” Child• Fatigue when Neck FlexedFatigue when Neck Flexed

• Learning/Visual Difficulty (Mirror Write)Learning/Visual Difficulty (Mirror Write)

More Specific Symptoms of More Specific Symptoms of Retained Reflexes:Retained Reflexes:

Rooting/Suck ReflexRooting/Suck Reflex• Difficult Chew, Speech and Dribble

• Relation to manual dexterity

Spinal Gallant Reflex:Spinal Gallant Reflex:• Delayed Sitting Delayed Sitting

• Abnormal Gait/PostureAbnormal Gait/Posture• Poor Bladder & Bowel/ Bed WettingPoor Bladder & Bowel/ Bed Wetting

• “ “Ant’s in Pants” ChildAnt’s in Pants” Child• Poor Concentration & Learning DifficultyPoor Concentration & Learning Difficulty

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Symmetrical Tonic Neck ReflexReflex

• Poor Posture, (Ape like) Walk• “W” leg position w/ floor sitting

• Poor Hand-eye coordination- eating

• Swim better underwater w/ less gravity

The Next Developmental StepThe Next Developmental Step

As As higher brain centers higher brain centers mature or the PR’s mature or the PR’s IntegrateIntegrate more voluntary more voluntary Postural ReflexesPostural Reflexes

and Cortical development occursand Cortical development occurs

Postural Reflexes:Postural Reflexes:• The Righting Reflexes (Quadruped)The Righting Reflexes (Quadruped)

• Equilibrium Reactions (Bipedal)Equilibrium Reactions (Bipedal)

Developmental Movement PatternsDevelopmental Movement Patterns

The The Building BlocksBuilding Blocks of movement and understanding of movement and understanding

CONTRALATERALCONTRALATERALIntegrates all previous patterns; Gains ability to intendIntegrates all previous patterns; Gains ability to intend

HOMOLATERALHOMOLATERALDifferentiates right and left side of the body; Gains mobilityDifferentiates right and left side of the body; Gains mobility

HOMOLOGOUSHOMOLOGOUSDifferentiates upper and lower halves of the body; Gains the ability to actDifferentiates upper and lower halves of the body; Gains the ability to act

SPINAL MOVEMENTSPINAL MOVEMENTDifferentiates front and back of the body; Gains the abilityto attendDifferentiates front and back of the body; Gains the abilityto attend

NAVEL RADIATIONNAVEL RADIATIONDifferentiation and connectionDifferentiation and connection

MOUTHINGMOUTHINGFirst limb to reach, grasp, hold and let goFirst limb to reach, grasp, hold and let go

BREATHINGBREATHINGSimplest ground of physical presenceSimplest ground of physical presence

The Significance of Primitive to The Significance of Primitive to Postural Reflexes:Postural Reflexes: Primitive Reflexes Primitive Reflexes

Form foundations for later body functionsForm foundations for later body functions

Postural ReflexesPostural Reflexes Provide the framework within which body systems operateProvide the framework within which body systems operate

The Integrity of one effects the Integrity of the The Integrity of one effects the Integrity of the OtherOther

(The Model Home)(The Model Home)

Learning HierarchyLearning Hierarchy

Academic FunctioningAcademic FunctioningDevelopment of logic and reasoning for schooling-reading, writing and mathDevelopment of logic and reasoning for schooling-reading, writing and math

ConceptionConceptionMaking sense of the worldMaking sense of the world

LanguageLanguageDevelopment of speechDevelopment of speech

PerceptionPerceptionDevelopment of sight, hearing and touchDevelopment of sight, hearing and touch

Motor PatternsMotor PatternsDevelopment of correct motor pattern, crawling and climbDevelopment of correct motor pattern, crawling and climb

Postural ReflexesPostural ReflexesDevelopment of ability to be in an upright posture and balance against gravityDevelopment of ability to be in an upright posture and balance against gravity

Primitive ReflexesPrimitive ReflexesEmergence and integration of survival reflexes along with hearing and touch competenceEmergence and integration of survival reflexes along with hearing and touch competence

Difficulty with Senses and ReflexesDifficulty with Senses and Reflexes

Difficulty with SkillsDifficulty with SkillsMotor/ Muscle ToneMotor/ Muscle Tone

CognitionCognition

CommunicationCommunication

SocializationSocialization

IndependenceIndependence

Difficulty with BehaviorsDifficulty with BehaviorsImpulsivenessImpulsiveness

Self ControlSelf Control

DistractibilityDistractibility

FrustrationFrustration

SocialSocial

EmotionalEmotional

SPD ExpressionSPD Expression

Cause:Cause:

Difficulty with Senses Difficulty with Senses

and Reflexesand Reflexes

EffectEffect

Difficulty with Skills and Difficulty with Skills and BehaviorBehavior

Low Self EsteemLow Self Esteem

InterventionIntervention

TraditionalTraditionalTreats causes as genetic, pre-Treats causes as genetic, pre-postnatal trauma and unknownpostnatal trauma and unknown

Treatment is geared from outside Treatment is geared from outside the body to inside the body the body to inside the body ( e.g. ( e.g. Behavioral Modification)Behavioral Modification)

ReactiveReactive (The Model Home)(The Model Home)

AlternativeAlternative Treats the Treats the structurestructure in order to in order to

improve the improve the function as cause is function as cause is a Sensory & Reflex imbalance a Sensory & Reflex imbalance System OverwhelmedSystem Overwhelmed

Treatment is geared from inside Treatment is geared from inside

the body to outside the body the body to outside the body (e.g. (e.g. Chiropractic and Craniosacral Therapy (CST) Chiropractic and Craniosacral Therapy (CST)

ProactiveProactive (The Model Home)(The Model Home)

Controlling the Senses and the Controlling the Senses and the ReflexesReflexes

The Central Nervous System (CNS), The Central Nervous System (CNS), comprised of the brain, brain stem, the comprised of the brain, brain stem, the

cranial nerves, the spinal cord and the nerve cranial nerves, the spinal cord and the nerve attachments controls the attachments controls the senses and the senses and the

reflexes.reflexes.

CNS InvolvementCNS Involvement

Hear………………………………CN 8 (Vestibular Cochlear)Hear………………………………CN 8 (Vestibular Cochlear) See………………………..CN 2(Optic)..CN 3(Occulomotor), See………………………..CN 2(Optic)..CN 3(Occulomotor),

CN 4(Trochlear)..CN 6 (Abducens)CN 4(Trochlear)..CN 6 (Abducens) Taste………………………………..CN 9(Glossopharyngeal)Taste………………………………..CN 9(Glossopharyngeal) Touch……..............................Afferent and Spinal PathwaysTouch……..............................Afferent and Spinal Pathways Smell…………………………………………..CN 1 (Olfactory)Smell…………………………………………..CN 1 (Olfactory) Body Position...................CN 8, Brain stem and Spinal cordBody Position...................CN 8, Brain stem and Spinal cord Movement………………………..Brain stem and Spinal cordMovement………………………..Brain stem and Spinal cord

Cranial Nerves InvolvementCranial Nerves Involvement

CNS Structure and FunctionCNS Structure and Function

The Cranium and Spinal Cord are the boney The Cranium and Spinal Cord are the boney structures protecting the CNS.structures protecting the CNS.

Improper Improper ImproperImproper Improper Improper

Structure Function Sensory and Reflex Structure Function Sensory and Reflex ProcessingProcessing

(Alignment and Position) (Motion and Nerve Communication)(Alignment and Position) (Motion and Nerve Communication)

Improve Improve ImproveImprove Improve Improve Structure Function Sensory and Reflex ProcessingStructure Function Sensory and Reflex Processing

The “PROFOUND” LinkThe “PROFOUND” Link

The CNS and its intimately related boney The CNS and its intimately related boney protective network form the profound link of protective network form the profound link of communication and functional interaction communication and functional interaction between an individual’s internal and external between an individual’s internal and external environments.environments.

Craniosacral Therapy (CST)Craniosacral Therapy (CST)

Focuses on relieving pressure on the brain Focuses on relieving pressure on the brain and spinal cord through manual pressure and spinal cord through manual pressure techniques used at the cranium and sacrum.techniques used at the cranium and sacrum.

The Craniosacral SystemThe Craniosacral System

Consists of membranes and cerebral spinal Consists of membranes and cerebral spinal fluid, which protect the CNS.fluid, which protect the CNS.

Restrictions in this system are detected, and Restrictions in this system are detected, and corrections are identified through manual corrections are identified through manual monitoring of the craniosacral rhythm monitoring of the craniosacral rhythm (CSR).(CSR).

The Bones to the Senses and The Bones to the Senses and ReflexesReflexes

The Bones in MotionThe Bones in Motion

Variations in CSR.Variations in CSR.

Variations in the CSR (6-12 bpm) could Variations in the CSR (6-12 bpm) could indicated any number of motor, sensory, indicated any number of motor, sensory, reflex or neurological impairments, as well reflex or neurological impairments, as well as causes of pain.as causes of pain.

The Chiropractic Approach to the CNS

Chiropractors identify the necessity for the reduction of Subluxations, and utilize gentle spinal pressure techniques called Adjustments in order to remove Subluxations.

What are What are Subluxations?Subluxations?

CNS irritation characterized by:– Irregular boney mechanics or spinal misalignment– Nerves imbalances– Muscle irritations– Tissue inflammation– Degenerative wear

The poor structure or mechanics involved in creating The poor structure or mechanics involved in creating SubluxationsSubluxations results in poor motor, sensory, reflex and results in poor motor, sensory, reflex and neurological function, as well as causes of pain.neurological function, as well as causes of pain.

Spinal InvolvementSpinal Involvement

A Step in the Right DirectionA Step in the Right Direction

75% of imperfections from poor foot 75% of imperfections from poor foot mechanics are transmitted up through the mechanics are transmitted up through the

spine via spine via Presso-receptorsPresso-receptors.. Digital Foot Scan…. OrthoticsDigital Foot Scan…. Orthotics

The Best of Both WorldsThe Best of Both Worlds

CST and Chiropractic adjustments work to restore more appropriate motor, sensory, reflex and neurological input and therefore improve function.

Improve Structure Improve Function

Working inside to out and not outside to in.

Synchronizing Structure and Synchronizing Structure and FunctionFunction

Primitive ReflexesPrimitive Reflexes CST ChiropracticCST Chiropractic

Postural ReflexesPostural Reflexes CST ChiropracticCST Chiropractic

Core ActivationCore Activation CST ChiropracticCST Chiropractic

Presso-ReceptorsPresso-Receptors OrthoticsOrthotics

Homework: Primitive ReflexesHomework: Primitive Reflexes

StarburstStarburst Snow AngelSnow Angel Stomach FlyStomach Fly

Stomach TwistStomach Twist

Homework: Postural ReflexesHomework: Postural Reflexes

* Gross motor function proceeds Fine motor function* Gross motor function proceeds Fine motor function* Exercise is in essence Gross motor function and correlates * Exercise is in essence Gross motor function and correlates

to higher academic achievementto higher academic achievement* Chiropractic has been shown to increase exercise * Chiropractic has been shown to increase exercise performance 2 to 4x’s when compared to exercise alone.performance 2 to 4x’s when compared to exercise alone.

The Better Alignment, Motion, Balance and The Better Alignment, Motion, Balance and Strengthen….The Better the Posture, Strengthen….The Better the Posture,

Health and Life.Health and Life.

Measuring CNS FunctionMeasuring CNS Function

Health care practitioners are challenged to quantify variations of the CNS communication with SPD conditions.

Frequently conventional tests such as blood markers, MRI’s and EEG’s appear unremarkable.

The CNS SimplifiedThe CNS Simplified

Noninvasive Testing of the CNSNoninvasive Testing of the CNS

Infrared Thermography

Measures temperature variations along the spine as indications of imbalances in the Autonomic nervous system which result from subluxations within the CNS.

Surface Electromyography

Illustrates the effectiveness of motor nerves by measuring the amount of current at the muscle, with imbalances being indication of subluxations within the CNS.

Infrared ThermographyInfrared Thermography

Surface ElectromyographySurface Electromyography

More ScansMore Scans

Clarification:Clarification:

There is no HealthCare that is guaranteed or without risk.

However, Chiropractic and CST are among the most safe effective in benefiting the CNS.

A Mom’s StoryA Mom’s StoryDear Parents,Dear Parents,

After a frustrating year of indifferent doctors After a frustrating year of indifferent doctors who ignored my concerns about my son, who ignored my concerns about my son, finding Dr Chapple was like a gift. finding Dr Chapple was like a gift.

Over weeks of therapy he has improved Over weeks of therapy he has improved considerably. He no longer cocks his considerably. He no longer cocks his head. Spins or presses his forehead head. Spins or presses his forehead onto me. onto me.

In Fact, we took him for a haircut, and for In Fact, we took him for a haircut, and for the first time he sat still for the whole the first time he sat still for the whole thing….No unfinished haircut, frantic thing….No unfinished haircut, frantic barber or parents.barber or parents.

It’s sad, but I had never really noticed that It’s sad, but I had never really noticed that he didn’t run very much before. When he didn’t run very much before. When he did…he ran on his toes with a very he did…he ran on his toes with a very awkward gait. Now he races around on awkward gait. Now he races around on his little feet for the sheer joy of running his little feet for the sheer joy of running that all children have.that all children have.

More Resources:More Resources:

www.icpa4kids.com www.upledger.com

www.autismspeaks.com www.movementbasedlearning.com

Some Help from Michelangelo…Some Help from Michelangelo…

““the danger that exist is not aiming to high the danger that exist is not aiming to high and reaching it, but aiming to low and and reaching it, but aiming to low and

achieving it.”achieving it.”

We can never aim to high for our childrenWe can never aim to high for our children

The Structure and Function of The Structure and Function of Sensory Processing Disorders:Sensory Processing Disorders:

Working to BenefitWorking to Benefitfromfrom

ADD/ADHD to Autism ADD/ADHD to Autism

Charles W Chapple, DC, FICPACharles W Chapple, DC, FICPA360 E Irving Park RD, Roselle, IL360 E Irving Park RD, Roselle, IL

(630) 894-8778 (630) 894-8778 www.drchapple.com

Selected 2006-2008 “Guide To America’s Top Chiropractors”Selected 2006-2008 “Guide To America’s Top Chiropractors”2008 “ Five Star Excellence Award in Chiropractic”2008 “ Five Star Excellence Award in Chiropractic”

AbstractAbstract

Reaching Sensory Processing Disorders: Working toReaching Sensory Processing Disorders: Working toBenefit ADD/ADHD to Autism through Structure and FunctionBenefit ADD/ADHD to Autism through Structure and Function

So frequently Sensory Processing Disorders: ADHD to Autism, areSo frequently Sensory Processing Disorders: ADHD to Autism, areaddressed through a variety of behavioral and biochemical approaches thataddressed through a variety of behavioral and biochemical approaches that

the significance of the biomechanical aspects of these conditions can bethe significance of the biomechanical aspects of these conditions can beunderestimated.  Experts state that if a cluster of irregular nervous system underestimated.  Experts state that if a cluster of irregular nervous system

reflexes remain unaddressed they will prevent ”sustained long term reflexes remain unaddressed they will prevent ”sustained long term improvement".improvement".

This presentation introduces the importance of the nervousThis presentation introduces the importance of the nervoussystem with its biomechanical relationships to the spine and cranium, andsystem with its biomechanical relationships to the spine and cranium, and

the noninvasive approaches of Chiropractic and Craniosacral therapy for thethe noninvasive approaches of Chiropractic and Craniosacral therapy for thebenefit of individuals struggling with sensory processing concerns and retainedbenefit of individuals struggling with sensory processing concerns and retained

primitive reflexes.primitive reflexes.