REACH: The need for a truly multidisciplinary approach towards the integration of toxicological,...
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372 British Toxicology Society Abstracts, Spring 2010 / Toxicology 278 (2010) 341–378 Fig. 1. Increase in p53 expression in GSTP1/2 (−/−) mice. Whole cell lysates from 10- week-old mice on a 129xMF1 background were analysed by western blotting using a primary antibody for p53. nism may exist between p53 and GSTP, and this is currently being investigated further. Reference Adler, V., Yin, Z., Fuchs, S.Y., et al., 1999. EMBO J. 18 (5), 1321–1334. Henderson, C.J., Smith, A.G., Ure, J., et al., 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (9), 5275–5280. Ritchie, K.J., Henderson, C.J., Wang, X.J., et al., 2007. Cancer Res. 67 (19), 9248–9257. Ritchie, K.J., Walsh, S., Sansom, O.J., et al., 2009. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. [Epub ahead of print]. Wu, Y., Fan, Y., Xue, B., et al., 2006. Oncogene 25 (42), 5787–5800. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.131 P52 REACH: The need for a truly multidisciplinary approach towards the integration of toxicological, epidemiological and environ- mental sciences with socio-economic analysis Philip Holmes ∗ , Meg Postle, Nigel Tuffnell, Daniel Vencovsky, Panos Zarogiannis Risk and Policy Analysts, Loddon, Norfolk NR14 6LT, United Kingdom E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Holmes). REACH (EC 1907/2006) is now in force and aims to improve human/environmental protection by requiring risk assessments (RA) on chemicals. The initial step, Registration, is intended to gather hazard, use and exposure data to inform a RA. Manage- ment options are then considered to ensure adequate control. For some substances of very high concern (SVHC)’ or those that pose a significant risk at an EU level, individual uses may require ‘autho- risation’ or be subject to ‘restriction’. Part of these processes is a socio-economic analysis (SEA) to establish the balance between the overall benefits and costs of regulatory actions. These SEAs require consideration of available hazard and exposure informa- tion and comparison of the benefits with the costs from using alternative chemicals or processes. Methods to facilitate such cross- disciplinary analysis are poorly developed. Using SEA techniques as a starting point, several ‘real world’ examples are being devel- oped (e.g. polybrominated flame retardants, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, chromium VI and cadmium (Cd)). For each, toxicological, epidemio- logical and ecotoxicity assessment techniques are used to estimate the adverse impact(s) from use of the chemical and to estimate how this may change under various regulatory scenarios. To the extent possible, the estimated health and environmental ‘savings’ from introducing regulatory measures are then converted to money values and compared with estimated costs of introducing restric- tions on use using various socio-economic techniques; an example is given for Cd in Table 1. When completed, the study will inform the process of combining RA with SEAs under REACH to facilitate robust, science-based policy decisions to be made. Acknowledgements: This work draws on a series of projects funded by the European Commission. Reference RPA, 2009. Socio-economic impact of a potential update of the restric- tions on the marketing and use of cadmium. Risk and Policy Analysts, Published on line by DG Enterprise at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/ sectors/chemicals/files/markrestr/study cadmium dec09 en.pdf. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.132 P53 Cytotoxic effect of dibutylphthalate and/or methomyl on cere- bellum and cerebrum of male albino rats doi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.133 Table 1 Potential impact of a ban on cadmium in brazing alloys in Europe (from RPA, 2009). Endpoint Potential saving Potential cost to industry (D , million) Number cases avoided Present value estimate (discount over 20 years; D , million) Lung cancer in professional users in EU15 6–29 deaths/year (using AF and CAREX) 97.85–472.94 D 57.8–352 over 20 years (estimated using cost-benefit techniques) Emphysema in professional users in EU15 9 cases/year (from HSE incidence rates and EU15 worker data) 0.13 All cause deaths (age-standardised) in heavy hobby users 0.08–0.155 cases/year in heavy hobby users (based on risk association between urinary Cd levels and death rate) 1.3–3.79
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Transcript of REACH: The need for a truly multidisciplinary approach towards the integration of toxicological,...
372 British Toxicology Society Abstracts, Spring 2
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Cytotoxic effect of dibutylphthalate and/or methomyl on cere-bellum and cerebrum of male albino rats
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.133
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ig. 1. Increase in p53 expression in GSTP1/2(−/−) mice. Whole cell lysates from 10-eek-old mice on a 129xMF1 background were analysed by western blotting usingprimary antibody for p53.
ism may exist between p53 and GSTP, and this is currently beingnvestigated further.
eference
dler, V., Yin, Z., Fuchs, S.Y., et al., 1999. EMBO J. 18 (5), 1321–1334.enderson, C.J., Smith, A.G., Ure, J., et al., 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (9),
5275–5280.itchie, K.J., Henderson, C.J., Wang, X.J., et al., 2007. Cancer Res. 67 (19), 9248–9257.itchie, K.J., Walsh, S., Sansom, O.J., et al., 2009. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. [Epub
ahead of print].u, Y., Fan, Y., Xue, B., et al., 2006. Oncogene 25 (42), 5787–5800.
oi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.131
52
EACH: The need for a truly multidisciplinary approach towardshe integration of toxicological, epidemiological and environ-
ental sciences with socio-economic analysis
hilip Holmes ∗, Meg Postle, Nigel Tuffnell, Daniel Vencovsky,anos Zarogiannis
Risk and Policy Analysts, Loddon, Norfolk NR14 6LT, United Kingdom
-mail address: [email protected] (P. Holmes).
REACH (EC 1907/2006) is now in force and aims to improveuman/environmental protection by requiring risk assessmentsRA) on chemicals. The initial step, Registration, is intended toather hazard, use and exposure data to inform a RA. Manage-ent options are then considered to ensure adequate control. For
able 1otential impact of a ban on cadmium in brazing alloys in Europe (from RPA, 2009).
Endpoint Potential saving
Number cases avoided
Lung cancer in professional users inEU15
6–29 deaths/year (using AF and CAREX)
Emphysema in professional users inEU15
9 cases/year (from HSE incidence rates andEU15 worker data)
All cause deaths (age-standardised) inheavy hobby users
0.08–0.155 cases/year in heavy hobby user(based on risk association between urinarylevels and death rate)
010 / Toxicology 278 (2010) 341–378
some substances of very high concern (SVHC)’ or those that pose asignificant risk at an EU level, individual uses may require ‘autho-risation’ or be subject to ‘restriction’. Part of these processes is asocio-economic analysis (SEA) to establish the balance betweenthe overall benefits and costs of regulatory actions. These SEAsrequire consideration of available hazard and exposure informa-tion and comparison of the benefits with the costs from usingalternative chemicals or processes. Methods to facilitate such cross-disciplinary analysis are poorly developed. Using SEA techniquesas a starting point, several ‘real world’ examples are being devel-oped (e.g. polybrominated flame retardants, 1,4-dichlorobenzene,chromium VI and cadmium (Cd)). For each, toxicological, epidemio-logical and ecotoxicity assessment techniques are used to estimatethe adverse impact(s) from use of the chemical and to estimatehow this may change under various regulatory scenarios. To theextent possible, the estimated health and environmental ‘savings’from introducing regulatory measures are then converted to moneyvalues and compared with estimated costs of introducing restric-tions on use using various socio-economic techniques; an exampleis given for Cd in Table 1. When completed, the study will informthe process of combining RA with SEAs under REACH to facilitaterobust, science-based policy decisions to be made.
Acknowledgements: This work draws on a series of projectsfunded by the European Commission.
Reference
RPA, 2009. Socio-economic impact of a potential update of the restric-tions on the marketing and use of cadmium. Risk and Policy Analysts,Published on line by DG Enterprise at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/files/markrestr/study cadmium dec09 en.pdf.
doi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.132
P53
Potential cost to industry (D , million)
Present value estimate(discount over 20 years; D ,million)
97.85–472.94 D 57.8–352 over 20 years(estimated using cost-benefittechniques)0.13
sCd
1.3–3.79
