R&D, Spillovers, Innovation Systems and the Genesis of Regional Growth in Europe (English) / I + D,...

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Erucds Durkpdna Dbkakilb Udsdnrbh _npdrs

http7//www.bk`durkp.ed/dbk/pue`lbntlkas.hti

U&M, Rpl``kvdrs, Laakvntlka Rystdis

nam thd Cdadsls kj Udclkan` Crkwth

la Durkpd

Namrìs Ukmrécudz-_ksd & Ulbbnrmk Brdsbdazl∓

EDDU pnpdr a ¿ 4

Kbtkedr 5??:

Bkrrdspkamlac nuthkr7

Namrìs Ukmrécudz-_ksd

Mdpnrtidat kj Cdkcrnphy nam Davlrkaidat

@kamka Rbhkk` kj DbkakilbsHkuchtka Rt

@kamka SB5N 5ND, TF

]d`7 +==-(?)5?-3<44 3<3>

Jnx7 +==-(?)5?-3<44 3=>5

D-inl`7 N.Ukmrlcudz-_ksdO`sd.nb.uf

♢ Sd nrd crntdju` tk pnrtlblpnats nt sdilanrs la @kamka, Anp`ds, Ukid, nam Zk`ks jkr

bkiidats tk dnr`ldr mrnjts kj thls pnpdr. ]hd nuthkrs nrd sk`d`y rdspkasle`d jkr nay drrkrs

bkatnladm la thd pnpdr.∓ Namrìs Ukmrécudz-_ksd ls prkjdsskr nt thd thd @kamka Rbhkk` kj Dbkakilbs nam vlsltlac

prkjdsskr nt thd Bk``dcd kj Durkpd la Erucds. Ulbbnrmk Brdsbdazl ls prkjdsskr nt Talvdrsltï

mdc`l Rtuml ‐Ukin ]rd’.

http://www.coleurop.be/eco/publications.htm

http://www.coleurop.be/eco/publications.htm



Namrìs Ukmré cudz-_ksd Ulbbnrmk Brdsbdazl7 U M, spl``kvdrs, laakvntlka systdis nam thd

cdadsls kj rdclkan` crkwth la Durkpd

Nestrnbt

Udsdnrbh ka thd lipnbt kj laakvntlka ka rdclkan` dbkakilb pdrjkrinabd la Durkpd

hns juamnidatn``y jk``kwdm thrdd npprknbhds7 n) thd nan`ysls kj thd `laf edtwdda

lavdstidat la U&M, pntdats, nam dbkakilb crkwth6 e) thd stumy kj thd dxlstdabd nam

djjlbldaby kj rdclkan` laakvntlka systdis6 nam b) thd dxnilantlka kj cdkcrnphlbn`

mljjuslka kj rdclkan` fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs. ]hdsd bkip`didatnry npprknbhds hnvd,

hkwdvdr, rnrd`y edda bkieladm. Lipkrtnat kpdrntlkan` nam idthkmk`kclbn` enrrldrs

hnvd thwnrtdm nay pktdatln` brkss-jdrtl`lzntlka. La thls pnpdr, wd try tk jl`` thls cnp la

thd `ltdrnturd ey bkielalac la kad ikmd` U&M, spl``kvdrs, nam laakvntlka systdis

npprknbhds. N iu`tlp`d rdcrdsslka nan`ysls ls bkamubtdm jkr n`` rdclkas kj thd DT-54,

lab`umlac idnsurds kj U&M lavdstidat, prkxlds jkr rdclkan` laakvntlka systdis, nam

fakw`dmcd nam skblk-dbkakilb spl``kvdrs. ]hls npprknbh n``kws us tk mlsbrlilantd

edtwdda thd laj`udabd kj latdran` jnbtkrs nam dxtdran` fakw`dmcd nam lastltutlkan`

j`kws ka rdclkan` dbkakilb crkwth. ]hd diplrlbn` rdsu`ts hlch`lcht hkw thd

latdrnbtlka edtwdda `kbn` nam dxtdran` rdsdnrbh wlth `kbn` nam dxtdran` skblk-

dbkakilb nam lastltutlkan` bkamltlkas mdtdrilads thd pktdatln` kj dvdry rdclka la

krmdr tk inxlilsd lts laakvntlka bnpnblty. ]hdy n`sk lamlbntd thd lipkrtnabd kj

prkxlilty jkr thd trnasilsslka kj dbkakilbn``y prkmubtlvd fakw`dmcd, ns spl``kvdrs

shkw strkac mlstnabd mdbny djjdbts. La thd DT-54 bkatdxt, ka`y thd laakvntlvd djjkrts

pursudm wlthla n >8? ilautd trnvd` rnmlus hnvd n pksltlvd nam slcaljlbnat lipnbt ka

rdclkan` crkwth pdrjkrinabd.

GD@ B`nssljlbntlka7 U>>, U>5, U48

Fdywkrms7 Dbkakilb crkwth, laakvntlka, U&M, fakw`dmcd, spl``kvdrs, laakvntlka

systdis, rdclkas, Durkpdna Talka



>

U&M, spl``kvdrs, laakvntlka systdis nam thd cdadsls kj

rdclkan` crkwth la Durkpd

Namrìs Ukmrécudz-_ksd & Ulbbnrmk Brdsbdazl

EDDU pnpdr a¿4

>. Latrkmubtlka

]hd bnpnblty tk laakvntd nam tk nsslil`ntd laakvntlka hnvd rdcu`nr`y edda bkaslmdrdmns twk kj thd fdy jnbtkrs edhlam thd dbkakilb myanilsi kj nay tdrrltkry (Jd`mina

nam J`krlmn, ><<=6 Numrdtsbh nam Jd`mina, ><<:6 Bnatwd`` nam Lniinrlak, ><<86

Jurina, _krtdr nam Rtdra, 5??5). \dt, mdspltd thls ncrddidat ka thd dssdatln`s,

mljjdrdat rdsdnrbhdrs hnvd trldm tk uatnac`d thd `laf edtwdda rdsdnrbh, laakvntlka, nam

dbkakilb crkwth la vdry mljjdrdat wnys. ]hrdd mljjdrdat npprknbhds tk thls

rd`ntlkashlp prdmkilantd. ]hd jlrst ls thd sk-bn``dm ‘`ladnr ikmd`“ (Eush, ><=46

Inb`nurla, ><42), whdrdey enslb rdsdnrbh `dnms tk npp`ldm rdsdnrbh nam tk lavdatlkas,

thnt nrd thda trnasjkridm latk laakvntlkas, whlbh, la tura, `dnm tk crdntdr crkwth.

Diplrlbn``y, thls typd kj nan`ysls jkbusds juamnidatn``y ka thd `laf edtwdda U&M

nam pntdats, la thd jlrst lastnabd, jk``kwdm ey thnt edtwdda pntdats nam crkwth. Rubh

nan`ysds nrd juamnidatn``y bkamubtdm ey ‘inlastrdni dbkakilsts“ nam, mdspltd

brltlblsis (d.c. Uksdaedrc, ><<=), thd npprknbh rdinlas pkpu`nr wlth nbnmdilbs nam

pk`lby infdrs. N sdbkam crkup bna ed b`nssljldm uamdr thd nppd``ntlkas kj ‘systdis kj

laakvntlka“ (@uamvn``, ><<5) kr ‘`dnralac rdclka“ (Ikrcna, ><<3) npprknbhds. ]hdsd

npprknbhds, nsskblntdm wlth dvk`utlkanry dbkakilbs (Mksl dt n`, ><886 Jrddina,

><<=), bkabdatrntd ka thd stumy kj tdrrltkrln``y-diedmmdm lastltutlkan` adtwkrfs thnt

jnvkur kr mdtdr thd cdadrntlka kj laakvntlka. ]hd bnpnblty kj thdsd adtwkrfs tk nbt ns

bntn`ysts jkr laakvntlka mdpdams, la tura, ka thd bkielantlka kj skbln` nam strubturn`

bkamltlkas la dvdry tdrrltkry, thd sk-bn``dm ‘skbln` jl`tdr“ (Ukmrécudz-_ksd, ><<<).

]hdsd npprknbhds tdam tk ed juamnidatn``y qun`ltntlvd nam inla`y bkamubtdm ey

cdkcrnphdrs, dvk`utlkanry dbkakilsts, nam skid dbkakilb skblk`kclsts. Jlan``y, thdrd

ls n `nrcd crkup kj sbhk`nrs whk hns inla`y bkabdatrntdm ka thd mljjuslka nam





5

nsslil`ntlka kj laakvntlka (Gnjjd, ><8:6 Numrdtsbh nam Jd`mina, ><<:6 Bnatwd`` nam

Lniinrlak 5??26 Rkaa nam Rtkrpdr 5??4). ]hls fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs npprknbh hns

edda cdadrn``y nmkptdm ey dbkakilsts nam cdkcrnphdrs, uslac ekth qunatltntlvd nam

qun`ltntlvd idthkms.

N`thkuch subh n wlmd vnrldty kj npprknbhds bkatrleutds slcaljlbnat`y tk liprkvd kur

uamdrstnamlac kj thd prkbdss kj laakvntlka nam kj thd `lafncds edtwdda laakvntlka

nam dbkakilb mdvd`kpidat, thd thdkrdtlbn` idbhnalsis dip`kydm ey thdsd mljjdrdat,

eut advdrthd`dss, bkip`didatnry strnams kj `ltdrnturd hnvd rnrd`y edda bkieladm.

]hdrd hns edda `ltt`d brkss-jdrtl`lsntlka. Ingkr kpdrntlkan` nam idthkmk`kclbn` enrrldrs

hnvd hlthdrtk fdpt nay pktdatln` latdrnbtlka tk n enrd ilaliui. ]hd inla rdnskas jkr

thls `nbf kj latdrnbtlka nrd rd`ntdm tk thd mljjdrdat mlsblp`lanry enbfcrkuams kj thd

rdsdnrbhdrs wkrflac ka laakvntlka, tk thd mljjdrdat idthkms usdm la thd vnrlkus

npprknbhds, nam tk thd mljjlbu`tlds la kpdrntlkan`lslac skid kj thd bkabdpts dip`kydm

ey thd mlvdrsd sbhk`nr`y strnams.

]hls pnpdr rdprdsdats na nttdipt tk try tk erlmcd thls cnp la thd `ltdrnturd ey

bkielalac la kad ikmd` `ladnr, laakvntlka systdis, nam spl``kvdr npprknbhds. ]hd

nli ls tk shkw hkw jnbtkrs whlbh hnvd edda nt thd bdatrd kj thdsd rdsdnrbh strnamslatdrnbt nam nbbkuat jkr n slcaljlbnat pnrt kj mljjdrdatln` rdclkan` crkwth pdrjkrinabd

kj thd rdclkas kj thd da`nrcdm DT njtdr ><<4. Na nmmltlkan` kegdbtlvd ls tk shdm adw

`lcht ka thd rk`d kj cdkcrnphlbn` mlstnabd la thd prkbdss kj laakvntlka, ey jkbuslac ka

thd ‐bkatlaulac tdaslka edtwdda twk kppkslac jkrbds’ (Rtkrpdr nam Zdane`ds 5??=

p.2:3)7 thd labrdnslac`y hkikcdadkus nvnl`nel`lty kj stnamnrm ‘bkmljldm“ fakw`dmcd

nam thd spntln` ekuamdmadss kj ‘tnblt“ fakw`dmcd nam bkatdxtun` jnbtkrs. Rubh tdaslka

ls na lipkrtnat mdtdrilanat kj thd prdsdat dbkakilb cdkcrnphy kj Durkpdna rdclkas,whlbh ls jurthdr nbbdatuntdm ey thd uamdr`ylac skblk-dbkakilb mljjdrdabds.

La krmdr tk nbhldvd thls nli, wd crkuam kur npprknbh ka n sdrlds kj juamnidatn`

thdkrdtlbn` idbhnalsis whlbh infd fakw`dmcd nam lts trnasilsslka na lipkrtnat

dxp`nantlka jkr mljjdrdatln` crkwth pdrjkrinabd. Jlrst, thnt, ns hlch`lchtdm ey thd

`ladnr ikmd` kj laakvntlka, `kbn` laakvntlvd nbtlvltlds nrd brubln` jkr thd ‘prkmubtlka“

kj adw fakw`dmcd nam thd dbkakilb dxp`kltntlka kj dxlstlac fakw`dmcd, clvda thd

prdsdabd kj n ilaliui thrdshk`m kj `kbn` laakvntlka bnpnel`ltlds (ns put jkrwnrm ey

dvk`utlkanry dbkakilbs nam adk-Rbhuipdtdrlna strnams). Rubh nbtlvltlds nrd akt





2

cdkcrnphlbn``y dvda`y mlstrleutdm nam thus edbkid n `kbn`lsdm skurbd kj bkipdtltlvd

nmvnatncd jkr skid nrdns rnthdr thna kthdrs. Rdbkam, thnt lajkrintlka ls akt

nutkintlbn``y dqulvn`dat tk dbkakilbn``y-usdju` fakw`dmcd (Rkaa nam Rtkrpdr, 5??4).

N subbdssju` prkbdss kj laakvntlka mdpdams ka ‐`kbn`lsdm strubturn` nam lastltutlkan`

jnbtkrs thnt shnpd thd laakvntlvd bnpnblty kj spdbljlb cdkcrnphlbn` bkatdxts’

(Lniinrlak 5??4, p.=<<), ns lamlbntdm ey thd systdis kj laakvntlka (@uamvn`` 5??>),

rdclkan` systdis kj laakvntlka (Bkkfd dt n`. ><<3) nam `dnralac rdclkas (Ikrcna

5??=6 Crdcdrsda nam Gkhaska ><<:) npprknbhds. Nam thlrm, thnt tdbhak`kclbn`

liprkvdidats la ‘bkiiualbntlka lajrnstrubturds“ hnvd akt njjdbtdm n`` flams kj

lajkrintlka la thd snid wny. Shl`d ‘bkmljldm lajkrintlka“ bna ed trnasilttdm kvdr

labrdnslac`y `nrcd mlstnabds, ‘tnblt“ fakw`dmcd ls cdkcrnphlbn``y ekuam thus

mdtdrilalac thd labrdnslac bkabdatrntlka kj laakvntlka nam thd cdkcrnphlbn`

ekuamdmadss kj fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs (Numrdtsbh nam Jd`mina 5??=6 Bnatwd`` nam

Lniinrlak 5??26 Rkaa nam Rtkrpdr 5??46 Bhnr`kt nam Murnatka, 5??:).

]hd pnpdr ls krcnalsdm latk jkur jurthdr sdbtlkas. La thd jlrst sdbtlka thd thdkrdtlbn`

jrnidwkrf kj thd nan`ysls ls kut`ladm. ]hd sdbkam pnrt latrkmubds thd diplrlbn` ikmd`

nam prkvlmds lts thdkrdtlbn` gustljlbntlka. La thd thlrm sdbtlka thd diplrlbn` rdsu`ts nrdmlsbussdm. ]hd jlan` sdbtlka bkab`umds wlth skid dbkakilb pk`lby lip`lbntlkas.

5. U&M, laakvntlka systdis nam fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs

Jrki n purd adkb`nsslbn` pdrspdbtlvd, jnbtkrs subh ns thd pdrbdatncd kj lavdstidat la

rdsdnrbh nam mdvd`kpidat (U&M) kr whdrd thd nbtun` rdsdnrbh ls bkamubtdm inttdr

`ltt`d. ]hd trnmltlkan` adkb`nsslbn` vldw kj fakw`dmcd ns n tru`y pue`lb ckkm (akarlvn`rkus nam aka dxb`umne`d) nvnl`ne`d dvdrywhdrd nam tk dvdryekmy sliu`tnadkus`y

lip`lds thnt laakvntlka j`kws jrlbtlka`dss jrki prkmubdrs tk n ju`` sdt kj latdamdm nam

ualatdamdm edadjlblnrlds (ns ‘inaan jrki hdnvda“), bkatrleutlac tk cdadrntd n `kac-

tdri prkbdss kj bkavdrcdabd edtwdda bkuatrlds nam rdclkas (Rk`kw ><43, Ekrts nam

Rtdla ><:=). Hkwdvdr, thls vldw kj laakvntlka ns n jnbtkr thnt bku`m ed kvdr`kkfdm la

thd cdadsls kj dbkakilb mdvd`kpidat ls akw jlri`y ka thd rdtrdnt. Lt ls akt gust thnt

laakvntlka ls bkaslmdrdm ns kad kj thd fdy skurbds kj prkcrdss (Jncdredrc ><<=), eutn`sk thnt tdbhak`kcy nam laakvntlka hnvd edbkid rdcnrmdm ns dssdatln` lastruidats la

nay mdvd`kpidat pk`lby (]rngtdaedrc ><<?). Mljjdrdabds la laakvntlka bnpnblty nam





=

pktdatln` edbkid thus, jrki na ‘damkcdakus crkwth“ pdrspdbtlvd (d.c. Crkssina nam

Hd`pina ><<>), kad kj thd enslb dxp`nantlkas jkr pdrslstdat mljjdrdabds la wdn`th nam

dbkakilb pdrjkrinabd. Ey erlaclac laakvntlka tk thd jkrd, lt ls kjtda nssuidm thnt

crdntdr lavdstidat la enslb U&M wl`` `dnm tk crdntdr npp`ldm rdsdnrbh nam tk na

labrdnsd la thd auiedr kj lavdatlkas, thnt whda latrkmubdm la thd prkmubtlka bhnla

edbkid crkwth-dahnablac laakvntlkas. ]hls `ladnr pdrbdptlka kj thd laakvntlka

prkbdss p`nbds `kbn`lsdm U&M lavdstidat ns thd fdy jnbtkr edhlam tdbhak`kclbn`

prkcrdss nam, dvdatun``y, dbkakilb crkwth. La dssdabd, thd lip`lbntlkas kj thls

npprknbh nrd thnt thd hlchdr thd lavdstidat la U&M, thd hlchdr thd laakvntlvd

bnpnblty, nam thd hlchdr thd dbkakilb crkwth. Mdspltd edlac iubh mdrlmdm (d.c.

Jncdredrc ><886 Zdrspncda ><<>6 Uksdaedrc, ><<=6 Ikrcna, ><<3), thd `ladnr ikmd`

rdinlas pkpu`nr wlth nbnmdilbs nam pk`lby infdrs edbnusd kj lts slip`lblty nam

pkwdrju` dxp`nantkry bnpnblty7 antlkas nam rdclkas thnt lavdst ikrd la U&M,

cdadrn``y tdam tk laakvntd ikrd, nam kjtda crkw jnstdr. Eut ey jkbuslac ka `kbn`

U&M, thd `ladnr ikmd` bkip`dtd`y kvdr`kkfs fdy jnbtkrs nekut hkw laakvntlka ls

nbtun``y cdadrntdm. ]hdsd jnbtkrs nrd rd`ntdm tk thd bkatdxt la whlbh laakvntlka tnfds

p`nbd nam tk thd pktdatln` jkr tdrrltkrlds tk nsslil`ntd laakvntlka edlac prkmubdm

d`sdwhdrd.

\dt lt ls akw wlmd`y edbkid nbbdptdm thnt thd laakvntlka pktdatln` kj nay tdrrltkry ls

diedmmdm la thd bkamltlkas kj thnt tdrrltkry. Laakvntlka ls bkaslmdrdm n tdrrltkrln``y-

diedmmdm prkbdss nam bnaakt ed ju``y uamdrstkkm lamdpdamdat`y kj thd skbln` nam

lastltutlkan` bkamltlkas kj dvdry spnbd (@uamvn``, ><<56 Nshdli, ><<<). ]hd

‘tdrrltkrln``y-diedmmdm“ jnbtkrs laj`udablac thd prkbdss kj laakvntlka hnvd thus

edbkid thd jkbus jkr mljjdrdatlntdm thdkrdtlbn` pdrspdbtlvds7 jrki laakvntlvd il`ldus(Bnincal, ><<4) nam lamustrln` mlstrlbts (Edbnttlal, ><83) tk `dnralac rdclkas

(Ikrcna, ><<3) nam systdis kj laakvntlka (Bkkfd dt n`., ><<36 Bkkfd, ><<8). ]hdsd

npprknbhds nrd bhnrnbtdrlsdm ey pkwdrju` laslchts thnt hd`p us liprkvd kur

uamdrstnamlac kj hkw nam uamdr whlbh bkamltlkas thd prkbdss kj laakvntlka tnfds

p`nbd. Rkid kj thd ikst rd`dvnat jlamlacs rd`ntdm tk thdsd npprknbhds nrd thd

rd`dvnabd kj prkxlilty, `kbn` syadrclds, nam latdrnbtlka (Bnincal, ><<4, p.2>3) nam

thd lipkrtnabd kj ‘latdr-krcnalzntlka adtwkrfs, jlanabln` nam `dcn` lastltutlkas,

tdbhalbn` ncdablds nam rdsdnrbh lajrnstrubturds, dmubntlka nam trnlalac systdis,

ckvdranabd strubturds, laakvntlka pk`lblds“ (Lniinrlak, 5??4, p.=<<) la shnplac





4

laakvntlka. ]hd dxp`nantkry bnpnblty kj subh npprknbhds ls, hkwdvdr, skidwhnt

bkastrnladm ey thd prke`dis kj kpdrntlkan`lslac la n rd`ntlvd`y hkikcdakus wny

nbrkss tdrrltkrlds thd tdrrltkrln``y-diedmmdm adtwkrfs, skbln` dbkakilb strubturds, nam

lastltutlkas thnt nrd nt thdlr hdnrt. Ey anturd, thd systdilb latdrnbtlkas nikac (`kbn`)

nbtkrs nrd latrlaslbn``y ualqud nam thus hnrm tk idnsurd nam bkipnrd nbrkss mljjdrdat

systdis. N pktdatln` sk`utlka tk thls prke`di ls thd ‘dvk`utlkanry latdcrntdm vldw kj

thd rdclkan` systdis kj laakvntlka“ (Lniinrlak, 5??4). Ey bkipnrlac antlkan`

(inbrk-`dvd`) nam rdclkan` (ilbrk-`dvd`) systdis kj laakvntlka, n idsk-`dvd` didrcds

bhnrnbtdrlsdm ey ‐`kbn` strubturn` rdcu`nrltlds jrki pnst fakw`dmcd nbbuiu`ntlka nam

`dnralac’ (Lniinrlak, 5??4, p. 4?2). ]hls lip`lds thd dxlstdabd kj n sdrlds kj

‐dxtdran` bkamltlkas la whlbh dxtdran`lsdm `dnralac nam laakvntlka kbbur’ (Bkkfd

><<3, p.=84) whlbh bna ed lmdatljldm nbrkss laakvntlka systdis nam ka whlbh

laakvntlka strntdclds bna ed ensdm. ]hdsd jnbtkrs nbt ns ‐bkamltlkas thnt rdamdr skid

bkursds kj nbtlka dnsldr thna kthdrs’ (Ikrcna 5??=) kr ns ‘skbln` jl`tdrs“, thnt ls, thd

ualqud bkielantlka ‐kj laakvntlvd nam bkasdrvntlvd V…Y d`didats thnt jnvkur kr mdtdr

thd mdvd`kpidat kj subbdssju` rdclkan` laakvntlka systdis’ (Ukmrécudz-_ksd, ><<<,

p. 85) la dvdry spnbd.

Jlan``y tdrrltkrlds rd`y akt gust ka thdlr latdran` bnpnblty tk prkmubd laakvntlka dlthdr

thrkuch mlrdbt laputs la thd rdsdnrbh prkbdss kr thrkuch thd brdntlka kj laakvntlka

prkad systdis la thd `kbn` davlrkaidat, eut n`sk ka thdlr bnpnblty tk nttrnbt nam

nsslil`ntd laakvntlka prkmubdm d`sdwhdrd. Nt thd ilbrk-`dvd`, laakvntlvd ualts (U&M

mdpnrtidats wlthla jlris, ualvdrsltlds, rdsdnrbh bdatrds dtb.), ns wd`` ns `kbn`

lastltutlkas nam lamlvlmun`s, latdrnbt wlth dnbh kthdr nam wlth thdlr dxtdran`

davlrkaidat thrkuch thd adtwkrfs mdsbrledm nekvd. Rubh latdrnbtlkas prkmubd thdtrnasilsslka kj fakw`dmcd la thd jkri kj ‘fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs“ (Gnjjd, ><8:6 Nbs,

Numrdtsbh nam Jd`mina ><<5) thnt nrd rdnpdm ey `kbn` nbtkrs. ]hd krlcla kj

fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs bna ed `kbn`, eut thdy bna n`sk ed cdadrntdm kutslmd thd ekrmdrs

kj thd `kbn`lty kr rdclka kegdbt kj thd nan`ysls, ns ‐thdrd ls ak rdnska thnt fakw`dmcd

shku`m stkp spl``lac kvdr gust edbnusd kj ekrmdrs, subh ns n blty `lilt, stntd `lad kr

antlkan` ekuamnry’ (Numrdtsbh nam Jd`mina, 5??2, p.:). Ns thdrd nrd latdran` nam

dxtdran` skurbds kj spl``kvdrs, lipkrtnat qudstlkas nrlsd. ]hd jlrst rd`ntd tk thd en`nabd

edtwdda latdran``y cdadrntdm laakvntlka nam dxtdran``y trnasilttdm fakw`dmcd nam thd

dxtdat tk whlbh n tdrrltkry bna rd`y ka dxtdran``y-cdadrntdm fakw`dmcd jkr laakvntlka.





:

]hd sdbkam crkup kj qudstlkas bkabdra thd `kbn` nam dxtdran` bkamltlkas thnt

inxlilsd thd mljjuslka kj fakw`dmcd. Shl`d thd jlan` crkup mdn`s wlth thd bnpnblty kj

fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs tk trnvd` nam thd pktdatln` jkr mlstnabd mdbny djjdbts. La krmdr tk

nmmrdss thdsd qudstlkas wd hnvd tk rdskrt tk thd thdkrdtlbn` mlstlabtlka edtwdda

bkmljlne`d lajkrintlka nam tnblt fakw`dmcd. Nbbkrmlac tk @dnidr nam Rtkrpdr (5??>,

p. :4?) bkmljlne`d lajkrintlka ‐ls bhdnp tk trnasjdr edbnusd lts uamdr`ylac syiek`

systdis bna ed wlmd`y mlssdilantdm thrkuch lajkrintlka lajrnstrubturd’. Hdabd

bkmljlne`d lajkrintlka bna ed mlssdilantdm rd`ntlvd`y bkst`dss`y kvdr `nrcd mlstnabds

nam mkds akt sujjdr jrki strkac mlstnabd mdbny djjdbts. Hkwdvdr, n`` lajkrintlka ls

akt bkip`dtd`y bkmljlne`d. ]hd prdsdabd kj skid spdbljlb jdnturds infd, la skid

bnsds, bkmljlbntlka lipkssle`d kr tkk dxpdaslvd. ‐Lj thd lajkrintlka ls akt bkmljlne`d,

idrd`y nbqulrlac thd syiek` systdi kr hnvlac thd physlbn` lajrnstrubturd ls akt

dakuch jkr thd subbdssju` trnasilsslka kj n idssncd’ (Rtkrpdr nam Zdane`ds, 5??=,

p.24=). ]hus, la thls `nttdr bnsd thdrd ls n addm tk mlssdilantd thls tnblt fakw`dmcd ey

na latrlaslbn``y ‘spntln`“ bkiiualbntlka tdbhak`kcy, nikac whlbh jnbd-tk-jnbd

latdrnbtlka ls fdy. Jnbd-tk-jnbd bkatnbts, ns mlsbussdm la Rtkrpdr nam Zdane`ds (5??=)

kr la Bhnr`kt nam Murnatka (5??:), mk akt ka`y nbt ns n bkiiualbntlka tdbhak`kcy

eut n`sk pursud kthdr juabtlkas (subh ns cdadrntlac crdntdr trust nam labdatlvds lard`ntlkashlp, sbrddalac nam skbln`lslac, rush nam iktlvntlka) whlbh infd

bkiiualbntlka akt ka`y pkssle`d eut n`sk ikrd djjdbtlvd, nam u`tlintd`y dnsd thd

laakvntlka prkbdss.

Hkwdvdr, nam la bkatrnst wlth bkmljlne`d lajkrintlka, thd prkbdss kj trnasilsslka kj

tnblt fakw`dmcd ls bkst`y nam sujjdrs jrki strkac mlstnabd mdbny djjdbts. Jnbd-tk-jnbd

bkatnbts nrd inxlilsdm wlthla rd`ntlvd`y sin`` tdrrltkrlds, mud tk n bkielantlka kj prkxlilty nam thd prdsdabd kj bkiika skblk-lastltutlkan` lajrnstrubturds nam

adtwkrfs. ]hd pktdatln` tk rdnp fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs wl`` thus ed inxlilsdm wlthla

thd rdclka. Rkid kj thls fakw`dmcd wl`` advdrthd`dss spl`` kvdr edykam thd ekrmdrs kj

thd rdclka kr `kbn`lty j`kwlac latk adlchekurlac nrdns, ns n bkasdqudabd kj thd

dxlstdabd kj mljjdrdat jkris kj latdr-rdclkan` bkatnbts. J`kws kj latdrrdclkan`

fakw`dmcd nrd thus lipkrtnat ns ncdats kj laakvntlka, eut thdlr laj`udabd ls `lfd`y tk

wnad wlth mlstnabd (Nasd`la dt n`. ><<36 Nmnis nam Gnjjd 5??56 Nmnis 5??5), ns thd

pktdatln` jkr jnbd-tk-jnbd nam kthdr jkris kj latdrnbtlka mdbny.





3

2. ]hd Ikmd`7 puttlac mljjdrdat strnams tkcdthdr

]hd thrdd strnams kj `ltdrnturd prdsdatdm nekvd rd`y ka thrdd brubln` jnbtkrs7 latdran`

laakvntlvd djjkrts, skbln``y nam tdrrltkrln``y diedmmdm jnbtkrs, nam ikrd kr `dssspntln``y-ekuam fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs. N`thkuch thdsd thrdd jnbtkrs nrd

bkip`didatnry, mlsblp`lanry nam idthkmk`kclbn` enrrldrs hnvd jrdqudat`y prdvdatdm

rdsdnrbhdrs wkrflac ka thdsd jld`ms jrki latdrnbtlac wlth kad nakthdr. ]hd mljjlbu`tlds

kj kpdrntlkan`lslac skid kj thd jnbtkrs la systdilb nam fakw`dmcd spl``kvdr

npprknbhds, clvda dxlstlac stntlstlbn` lajkrintlka, prkvlmds na nmmltlkan` enrrldr jkr

brkss-jdrtl`lsntlka. La thls sdbtlka wd prkpksd n slip`d ikmd` whlbh trlds tk bkielad

thd fdy jnbtkrs jrki thdsd thrdd npprknbhds la krmdr tk stumy hkw thdy njjdbt

laakvntlka nam hkw laakvntlka laj`udabds dbkakilb crkwth. ]hd ikmd` ls nlidm nt

uamdrstnamlac ‒ nam, tk n bdrtnla dxtdat, mlsbrlilantlac nikac ‒ thd rk`d kj thd

mljjdrdat laakvntlka jnbtkrs prkpksdm ey mljjdrdat strnams la krmdr tk cdadrntd

dbkakilb myanilsi la thd rdclkas kj thd DT-54 njtdr ><<4. Ns prdsdatdm la ]ne`d >,

thd ikmd` bkielads laputs la thd laakvntlka prkbdss (U&M dxpdamlturd) wlth thd

skblk-dbkakilb `kbn` jnbtkrs thnt infd thd prdsdabd kj jnvkurne`d rdclkan` systdis kj

laakvntlka ikrd `lfd`y nam bkatrk`s jkr thd wdn`th kj Durkpdna rdclkas. ]hdsd jnbtkrs

nrd bkaslmdrdm `kbn``y, l.d. thd U&M nam thd `kbn` bkamltlkas la thd rdclka edlac

bkaslmdrdm, nam dxtdran``y, l.d. thd bkamltlkas la adlchekurlac rdclkas. Jlan``y wd

bkatrk` jkr thd laj`udabd kj antlkan` jnbtkrs, subh ns thd prdsdabd kj antlkan` systdis

kj laakvntlka, ey thd latrkmubtlka kj n sdt kj antlkan` muiilds.

]ne`d > ‒ Rtrubturd kj thd diplrlbn` ikmd`

Latdran` jnbtkrs Dxtdran` jnbtkrs (Rpl``kvdrs)

U&MLavdstidat la U&Mla thd rdclka

Lavdstidat la U&Mla adlchekurlac rdclkas

Udclkan` systdis

kj laakvntlka

Bkamltlkas bkamublvd tkthd dstne`lshidat kj n rdclkan`systdi kj laakvntlka

Bkamltlkas bkamublvd tkthd dstne`lshidat kj n rdclkan`systdi kj laakvntlkala adlchekurlac rdclkas

CM_ pdr bnpltnNs n prkxy jkr laltln`bkamltlkas nam pktdatln`

Laltln` bkamltlkas la adlchekurlacrdclkas

Antlkan` djjdbt Bkatrk``dm jkr ey n sdt kj antlkan` muiilds

Ey mdvd`kplac thd jrnidwkrf nekvd, wd ketnla thd jk``kwlac ikmd`7





8

,

> , 5 , 2 , = , 4 ,

,

: , 3

>à à( )l t

l t G l t g l t G l t g l t G

l t G

l t G

\ y UM RkbJl`tdr Rpl``kv DxtRkbJl`tdr

G \

DxtCM_bnp M

∕ ∕ ∕ ∕ ∕∕

∕

9 ξ + ε + ε + ε + ε + ε

+ε + ε + δ

whdrd7

∕ G t l

t l

\

\

G ,

,à>

ls thd usun` `kcnrlthilb trnasjkrintlka kj thd rntlk kj rdclkan` pdrbnpltn CM_ la rdclka l nt thd twk dxtrdids kj thd pdrlkm kjnan`ysls (t-G,t)6

ξ ls n bkastnat6

)à( , G t l y ∕ ls thd `kc kj thd CM_ pdr bnpltn kj rdclka l nt thd edclaalac kjthd pdrlkm kj nan`ysls (t-G)6

gt UM ∕ ls dxpdamlturd la U&M ns n % kj CM_ la rdclka l nt tlid (t-G)6

G t lRkbJl`tdr ∕, ls n prkxy jkr thd skblk-dbkakilb bkamltlkas kj rdclka l rdprdsdatlac lts ‘skbln` jl`tdr“6

gt lRpl``kv ∕, ls n idnsurd kj nbbdsslel`lty tk dxtrn-rdclkan` skurbds kjlaakvntlka6

G t ldr DxtRkbJl`t ∕,

G t l DxtCM_bnp ∕,

ls n idnsurd kj thd ‘skbln` jl`tdr“ kj adlchekurlac rdclkas6ls n idnsurd kj thd CM_ pdr bnpltn la adlchekurlac rdclkas

M ls n sdt kj antlkan` muiiy vnrlne`ds6

δ ls thd drrkr tdri.

Laltln` `dvd` kj CM_ pdr bnpltn ‒ Ns bustkinry la thd `ltdrnturd ka thd rd`ntlkashlp

edtwdda laakvntlka nam crkwth, thd laltln` `dvd` kj thd CM_ pdr bnpltn ls latrkmubdm la

thd ikmd` la krmdr tk nbbkuat jkr thd rdclka“s stkbf kj dxlstlac fakw`dmcd nam kj lts

mlstnabd tk thd tdbhak`kclbn` jrkatldr (Jncdredrc ><88).

U&M dxpdamlturd ‒ Ns hlch`lchtdm dnr`ldr, thd pdrbdatncd kj rdclkan` CM_ mdvktdm tk

U&M ls thd inla idnsurd kj thd dbkakilb laput la krmdr tk cdadrntd laakvntlka la

dnbh rdclka usdm ey prkpkadats kj thd `ladnr ikmd` kj laakvntlka. @kbn` U&M

dxpdamlturd ls n`sk jrdqudat`y usdm ns n prkxy jkr thd `kbn` bnpnel`lty tk nmnpt tk

laakvntlka prkmubdm d`sdwhdrd (Bkhda nam @dvlathn`, ><<?6 Inursdth nam

Zdrspncda, ><<<). ]hdrd nrd, hkwdvdr, idnsurdidat prke`dis nsskblntdm tk thls

vnrlne`d thnt iust ed ekrad la ilam, ns thdy iny pnrtln``y hlmd thd bkatrleutlka kj





<

U&M tkwnrms dbkakilb pdrjkrinabd. Jlrst, thd rd`dvnat tlid `nc strubturd jkr thd

djjdbt kj U&M nbtlvltlds ka prkmubtlvlty nam crkwth ls uafakwa nam iny vnry

slcaljlbnat`y nbrkss sdbtkrs (Crl`lbhds ><3<). Rdbkam, ns pklatdm kut ey Elènk-Kskrlk

nam Ukmrécudz-_ksd (5??=) la thd bnsd kj Durkpdna rdclkas, thd rdturas jrki pue`lb

nam prlvntd U&M lavdstidats iny vnry slcaljlbnat`y. Jurthdrikrd, thd jnbt thnt akt

n`` laakvntlvd nbtlvltlds pursudm nt thd jlri `dvd` nrd b`nssljldm ns jkrin` ‘Udsdnrbh

nam Mdvd`kpidat“ iny ed n skurbd kj jurthdr elns la thd dstlintlkas. Hnvlac

nbfakw`dmcdm thdsd pklats, wd nssuid U&M dxpdamlturd ls n prkxy jkr ‐thd

n``kbntlka kj rdskurbds tk rdsdnrbh nam kthdr lajkrintlka-cdadrntlac nbtlvltlds la

rdspkasd tk pdrbdlvdm prkjlt kppkrtualtlds’ (Crkssina nam Hd`pina ><<>, p.:) la

krmdr tk bnpturd thd dxlstdabd kj n systdi kj labdatlvds (la thd pue`lb nam thd prlvntd

sdbtkr) tkwnrms latdatlkan` laakvntlvd nbtlvltlds.

Rkbln` Jl`tdr ‒ ]hd iu`tljnbdtdm bkabdpt kj ‘skbln` jl`tdr“ ls latrkmubdm la thd nan`ysls

ey idnas kj n bkipksltd lamdx, whlbh bkielads n sdt kj vnrlne`ds mdsbrlelac thd

skblk-dbkakilb rdnì kj thd rdclka. La pnrtlbu`nr, thd vnrlne`ds whlbh sddi tk ed

ikrd rd`dvnat jkr shnplac thd skbln` jl`tdr kj n rdclkan` spnbd nrd thksd rd`ntdm tk thrdd

inla mkinlas7 dmubntlkan` nbhldvdidats (@uamvn``, ><<56 In`dbfl ><<3), prkmubtlvddip`kyidat kj huina rdskurbds nam mdikcrnphlb strubturd (Jncdredrc dt n`. ><<36

Ukmrécudz-_ksd, ><<<). Jkr thd jlrst mkinla, thd dmubntlkan` nttnlaidat (idnsurdm ey

thd pdrbdatncd kj thd pkpu`ntlka nam kj thd `nekur jkrbd hnvlac bkip`dtdm hlchdr

dmubntlka) nam pnrtlblpntlka la `ljd`kac `dnralac prkcrniids nrd usdm ns n idnsurd

jkr thd nbbuiu`ntlka kj sfl``s nt thd `kbn` `dvd`. Jkr thd sdbkam nrdn, thd pdrbdatncd kj

`nekur jkrbd dip`kydm la ncrlbu`turd nam `kac-tdri uadip`kyidat nrd labùmdm la thd

nan`ysls. ]hd rdnskas jkr bhkkslac thdsd twk vnrlne`ds nrd rd`ntdm tk thd trnmltlkan``y`kw prkmubtlvlty kj ncrlbu`turn` dip`kyidat la rd`ntlkashlp tk thnt kj kthdr sdbtkrs

nam tk thd usd kj ncrlbu`turn` dip`kyidat, la pnrtlbu`nr la thd adw idiedrs kj thd

DT, ns vlrtun``y syakayikus tk ‘hlmmda uadip`kyidat“. ]hd rk`d kj `kac tdri

uadip`kyidat ns na lamlbntkr kj ekth thd rlclmlty kj thd `nekur inrfdt nam kj thd

prdsdabd kj lamlvlmun`s whksd pksslel`ltlds kj edlac lavk`vdm la prkmubtlvd wkrf nrd

pdrslstdat`y hnipdrdm ey lanmdquntd sfl``s (Ckrmka, 5??>) ls thd rdnska edhlam thd

labùslka kj thls vnrlne`d. ]hd pdrbdatncd kj pkpu`ntlka ncdm edtwdda >4 nam 5= wns

usdm ns kur idnsurd kj thd mdikcrnphlb strubturd. Lt rdprdsdats n prkxy jkr thd j`kw kj





>?

adw rdskurbds datdrlac thd `nekur jkrbd nam thus kj thd rdadwn` kj thd dxlstlac stkbf

kj fakw`dmcd nam sfl``s.

_rke`dis kj iu`tlbk``ladnrlty prdvdat thd sliu`tnadkus labùslka kj n`` thdsd vnrlne`ds

la kur ikmd`. _rlablpn` Bkipkadat Nan`ysls ls thdrdjkrd npp`ldm tk thd sdt kj

vnrlne`ds mlsbussdm nekvd, la krmdr tk idrcd thdi latk na lamlvlmun` lamlbntkr ne`d tk

prdsdrvd ns iubh ns pkssle`d kj thd vnrlnel`lty kj thd laltln` lajkrintlka. ]hd kutput kj

thd _rlablpn` Bkipkadat Nan`ysls ls shkwa la ]ne`d 5n.

]hd dlcdanan`ysls kj thd bkrrd`ntlka intrlx shkws thnt thd jlrst prlablpn` bkipkadatn`kad ls ne`d tk nbbkuat jkr nrkuam =2% kj thd tktn` vnrlnabd wlth na dlcdavnùd

slcaljlbnat`y `nrcdr thna >.

Bkasdqudat`y, thd jlrst prlablpn` bkipkadat“s sbkrds nrd bkiputdm jrki thd

stnamnrmlsdm> vnùd kj thd krlclan` vnrlne`ds ey uslac thd bkdjjlbldats `lstdm uamdr _B>

la ]ne`d 5e. ]hdsd bkdjjlbldats diphnslzd thd dmubntlkan` mlidaslka kj thd skbln`

jl`tdr ey nsslcalac n `nrcd wdlcht tk thd dmubntlkan` nbhldvdidats kj thd pkpu`ntlka

> Rtnamnrmlsdm la krmdr tk rnacd jrki zdrk tk >

_B> _B5 _B2 _B= _B4 _B:Dlcdavnùd 5.488: >.5352 ?.<?82 ?.:=>8 ?.4::> ?.?55<_rkpkrtlka ?.=2> ?.5>5 ?.>4> ?.>?3 ?.?<= ?.??=Buiu`ntlvd ?.=2> ?.:=2 ?.3<4 ?.<?5 ?.<<: >

Znrlne`d _B> _B5

Dmubntlka _kpu`ntlka ?.43:

-

?.55=

Dmubntlka @nekur Jkrbd ?.44=-

?.2>2@ljd-@kac @dnralac ?.2<4 ?.5:

Ncrlbu`turn` @nekur Jkrbd -?.=2-

?.584

@kac ]dri Tadip`kyidat -?.>=-

?.=4<\kuac _dkp`d ?.?>< ?.3?>

]ne`d 5n - _rlablpn` Bkipkadat Nan`ysls7 Dlcdanan`ysls kj thd Bkrrd`ntlka Intrlx

]ne`d 5e - _rlabl n` Bki kadat Nan` sls7 _rlabl n` Bki kadats' Bkdjjlbldats





>>

(?.43:) nam kj thd `nekur jkrbd (?.44=) nam tk thd pnrtlblpntlka la `ljd `kac `dnralac

prkcrniids (?.2<4). N adcntlvd wdlcht ls, ns dxpdbtdm, nsslcadm tk thd ncrlbu`turn`

`nekur jkrbd (-?.=2?) nam, wlth n sin``dr bkdjjlbldat, tk `kac tdri uadip`kyidat (-

?.>=?). ]hd wdlcht kj thd pkpu`ntlka edtwdda >4 nam 5= ls iubh sin``dr (?.?><) la

thls jlrst prlablpn` bkipkadat. ]hls prkbdmurd prkvlmds us wlth n ‘gklat idnsurd“ jkr

dnbh rdclka“s skbln` jl`tdr.

Rpl``kvdrs ‒ La ikmd`s ensdm ka fakw`dmcd prkmubtlka juabtlkas, spl``kvdrs nrd

nssdssdm la tdris kj thdlr bkatrleutlka tkwnrms thd brdntlka kj adw `kbn` fakw`dmcd.

La kur jrnidwkrf, thd spl``kvdrs“ bnpnel`lty tk laj`udabd rdclkan` dbkakilb

pdrjkrinabd, ka tkp kj latdran``y-cdadrntdm laakvntlka, ls n`sk bkaslmdrdm. Jkr thls

purpksd wd mdvd`kp n idnsurd kj thd ‘nbbdsslel`lty“ tk dxtrn-rdclkan` laakvntlvd

nbtlvltlds whlbh wd latrkmubd la thd nan`ysls ey idnas kj n stnamnrmlsdm ‘lamdx kj

nbbdsslel`lty tk laakvntlka“. ]hd lamdx ls n pktdatln` idnsurd kj thd ‘laakvntlvd

nbtlvltlds“ (la tdris kj antlkan``y wdlchtdm il``lkas kj Durks lavdstdm la U&M

nbtlvltlds) thnt bna ed ‘rdnbhdm“ jrki dnbh rdclka nt n ‘bkst“ whlbh labrdnsds wlth

mlstnabd.

Kur lamdx ls ensdm ka thd bustkinry jkriu`n jkr nbbdsslel`lty lamlbds7

)()( lg

g

gl b j r c N ∞9

Shdrd Nl ls thd nbbdsslel`lty kj rdclka l, r g ls thd nbtlvlty U tk ed rdnbhdm la rdclka g,

blg ls thd cdadrn`lsdm bkst kj rdnbhlac rdclka g jrki rdclka L nam c() nam j() nrd thd

‘nbtlvlty“ juabtlka (l.d. thd nbtlvltlds/rdskurbds tk ed rdnbhdm) nam thd ‘lipdmnabd“

juabtlka (l.d thd djjkrt, bkst/kppkrtualty tk rdnbh thd spdbljlb nbtlvlty) rdspdbtlvd`y. La

kur lamdx thd ‘nbtlvlty“ tk ed rdnbhdm ls U&M dxpdamlturd nam thd ‘lipdmnabd“ ls thd

el`ntdrn` trlp-tlid mlstnabd edtwdda rdclka l nam rdclka g7

∞99

g lg

lg

lglg

m

m wb j

>

>

)(

whdrd m lg ls thd nvdrncd trlp-`dacth (la ilautds) edtwdda rdclka l nam g.

Sd ensd kur nan`ysls ka thd trnvd` tlid bn`bu`ntdm ey thd LU_TM (5???) jkr thdbkiputntlka kj pdrlphdrn`lty lamlbntkrs nam inmd nvnl`ne`d ey thd Durkpdna





>5

Bkiilsslka5. Sd bhksd rknm mlstnabd, rnthdr thna strnlcht `lad mlstnabd, ns (la

pnrtlbu`nr ka n sin``dr sbn`d) lt clvds n ikrd rdn`lstlb rdprdsdatntlka kj thd rdn` ‘bkst“

kj latdrnbtlka nam bkatnbts nbrkss spnbd. La nmmltlka thd usd kj trlp-`dacth rnthdr thna

fl`kidtrds n``kws us tk tnfd nbbkuat kj ‐mljjdrdat rknm typds, antlkan` spddm `lilts,

spddm bkastrnlats la urena nam ikuatnlakus nrdns, sdn gkuradys, ekrmdr md`nys (…) ns

n`sk bkacdstlka la urena nrdns’ (LU_TM 5???, p.55), whlbh slcaljlbnat`y njjdbt rdn`-

wkr`m latdrnbtlkas.

]hd nikuat kj fakw`dmcd j`kwlac jrki kutslmd thd rdclka ls thus prkxldm ey thd

nvdrncd incaltumd kj n`` kthdr rdclkas“ U&M dxpdamlturd wdlchtdm ey thd lavdrsd kj

thd el`ntdrn` tlid-mlstnabd. ]hd rdsu`tlac vnrlne`d ls thda stnamnrmlsdm ey inflac lt

rnacd jrki zdrk tk kad, la krmdr tk infd lt pdrjdbt`y bkipnrne`d wlth thd skbln` jl`tdr

lamdx.

Dxtrn rdclkan` skbln` jl`tdr ‒ Jk``kwlac n slil`nr prkbdmurd wd bn`bu`ntd, jkr dnbh

rdclka, thd mlstnabd-wdlchdm nvdrncd kj thd skbln` jl`tdr lamdx kj n`` thd kthdr rdclkas

la thd DT. ]hd nli kj lab`umlac thls vnrlne`d ls tk nssdss whdthdr prkxlilty tk rdclkas

wlth jnvkurne`d skbln` bkamltlkas nam myanilb laakvntlka systdis inttdrs, l.d.

whdthdr skblk-dbkakilb nam lastltutlkan` spl``kvdrs hnvd n slil`nr rk`d tk fakw`dmcd

spl``kvdrs.

CM_ la adlchekurlac rdclkas ‒ Ncnla thd snid wdlchlac prkbdmurd ls pursudm la

krmdr tk latrkmubd thd laltln` dbkakilb bkamltlkas (CM_ pdr bnpltn) kj adlchekurlac

rdclkas. ]hls vnrlne`d nbbkuats jkr thd nmvnatncd kj prkxlilty tk rd`ntlvd`y wd``-kjj

rdclkas.

5 Ns thd tlid mlstnabd-intrlx ls bn`bu`ntdm dlthdr nt thd AT]R> kr nt thd AT]R5 `dvd`, la krmdr tk infd

lt bkhdrdat wlth kur mntn whlbh bkielad mljjdrdat Auts `dvd`s wd rd`ldm ka thd AT]R mlstnabd intrlx

uslac thd AT]R 5 rdclkas wlth thd hlchdst pkpu`ntlka mdaslty la krmdr tk rdprdsdat thd bkrrdspkamlac AT]R> `dvd` jkr Ed`clui, Cdrinay, nam thd TF.





>2

=. Udsu`ts kj thd nan`ysls

=.> Dstlintlka lssuds nam mntn nvnl`nel`lty

La thls sdbtlka wd dstlintd thd ikmd` kut`ladm nekvd ey idna kj hdtdrksfdmnstlblty-

bkaslstdat K@R (Krmlanry @dnst Rqunrd). La krmdr tk ilalilzd thd djjdbt kj spntln`

nutkbkrrd`ntlka (l.d thd `nbf kj lamdpdamdabd nikac thd drrkr tdris kj adlchekurlac

kesdrvntlkas) wd labùmd la thd nan`ysls n sdt antlkan` muiiy vnrlne`ds, nbbkuatlac

jkr thd ‘antlkan` jlxdm djjdbt“ whlbh, la tura, tnfds latk bkaslmdrntlka n bkaslstdat pnrt

kj thd slil`nrltlds edtwdda adlchekurlac rdclkas. Jurthdrikrd, ey latrkmublac

spntln``y `nccdm vnrlne`ds la kur nan`ysls, wd dxp`lblt`y nli nt ikmd``lac thd

latdrnbtlkas edtwdda adlchekurlac rdclkas nam thus ilalilzd thdlr djjdbt ka thdrdslmun`s. Nakthdr ingkr prke`di bkabdras damkcdadlty, whlbh wd nmmrdss ey

labùmlac2 la thd ikmd` thd vnùd kj thd dxp`nantkry vnrlne`ds ns n idna kvdr thd

pdrlkm (t-G-4) ‒ (t-G), whl`d thd nvdrncd crkwth rntd wns bn`bu`ntdm kvdr thd pdrlkm

jrki t-G tk t. La nmmltlka, la krmdr tk rdsk`vd thd prke`di kj mljjdrdat nbbkuatlac ualts,

dxp`nantkry vnrlne`ds nrd dxprdssdm, jkr dnbh rdclka, ns n pdrbdatncd kj thd rdspdbtlvd

CM_ kr pkpu`ntlka.

]hd diplrlbn` ikmd` wns dstlintdm jkr thd pdrlkm ><<4-5??2, n``kwlac us tk labùmd

n`` thd DT-54 idiedrs jkr whlbh rdclkan` mntn nrd nvnl`ne`d. Edbnusd kj mntn

bkastrnlats, eut n`sk jkr rdnskas kj hkikcdadlty nam bkhdrdabd la tdris kj rd`dvnat

lastltutlkan` `dvd`, thd nan`ysls usds AT]R> rdclkas jkr Cdrinay, Ed`clui, nam thd

TF nam AT]R5 jkr n`` kthdr bkuatrlds (Rpnla, Jrnabd, Ltn`y, thd Adthdr`nams, Crddbd,

Nustrln, _krtucn`, Jla`nam, Bzdbh Udpue`lb, Huacnry, _k`nam, nam R`kvnfln).

Bkuatrlds wlthkut n rd`dvnat rdclkan` nrtlbu`ntlka (Mdainrf, Lrd`nam, @uxdieurc,

Dstkaln, @ntvln, @lthunaln, R`kvdaln, In`tn, nam Byprus) wdrd adbdssnrl`y dxbùmdm

jrki thd nan`ysls=. La nmmltlka, rdclkan` mntn ka U&M dxpdamlturd nrd akt nvnl`ne`d la

thd Durkstnt mntnenaf jkr Rwdmda.

2 La thd bnsd kj thd Adw Idiedr Rtntds mntn nvnl`nel`lty hns prdvdatdm us jrki bn`bu`ntlac thd idna kjthd dxp`nantkry vnrlne`ds kvdr thd jlvd ydnr pdrlkm (t-]-4) jkrblac us tk usd n shkrtdr tlid spna. Jkrskid DT >4 bkuatrlds s`lcht`y mljjdrdat tlid spnas hnvd edda usdm, ns n bkasdqudabd kj mljjdrdabds lamntn nvnl`nel`lty jkr dnbh vnrlne`d.

= Ns jnr ns spdbljlb rdclkas nrd bkabdradm, ak mntn nrd nvnl`ne`d jkr thd Jrdabh Mìpnrtidats m“Kutrd-Idr (Jr<). Tuslinn (Jl>:) nam Dtd`n-Rukil (Jl>3) wdrd dxbùmdm jrki thd nan`ysls mud tk thd `nbf kjmntn ka skblk-dbkakilb vnrlne`ds. ]rdatlak-N`tk Nmlcd (L]2>) wns n`sk dxbùmdm ns lt hns akbkrrdspkamdat la thd AT]R5??2 b`nssljlbntlka. Mud tk thd anturd kj thd nan`ysls, thd ls`nams (_]5





>=

La kur nan`ysls DTUKR]N] Udclk mntn hnvd edda bkip`didatdm wlth Bnierlmcd

Dbkakidtrlbs (BNIDBKA) mntn jkr CM_. ]ne`d N-> la thd nppdamlx prkvlmds n

mdtnl`dm mdjlaltlka kj thd vnrlne`ds labùmdm la thd nan`ysls.

=.5 Laakvntlka, spl``kvdrs nam skbln` jl`tdr

]hd dstlintlka rdsu`ts jkr thd diplrlbn` ikmd` kut`ladm la thd prdvlkus sdbtlka nrd

prdsdatdm la ]ne`d 2. ]hd rdsu`ts kj mljjdrdat rdcrdsslkas nrd rdpkrtdm. La Udcrdsslkas

>-2 thd vnrlne`ds jkr ‘skbln` jl`tdr“ nam ‘nbbdsslel`lty tk dxtdran` skurbds kj laakvntlka“

nrd prkcrdsslvd`y latrkmubdm. La Udcrdsslkas =-< thd lamlvlmun` bkipkadats kj thd

skbln` jl`tdr nrd latrkmubdm sdpnrntd`y la krmdr tk mlsbrlilantd nikac thdi. La

Udcrdsslkas >?->5 thd djjdbt kj thd damkwidat kj adlchekurlac rdclkas la tdris kj

skbln` jl`tdr nam dbkakilb wdn`th ls nssdssdm.

]hd U 5 bkajlris thd kvdrn`` ckkmadss-kj-jlt kj n`` thd rdcrdsslkas prdsdatdm nam la n``

bnsds thd prkenel`lty kj thd J-stntlstlbs `dts us rdgdbt thd au`` hypkthdsls thnt n`` kj thd

rdcrdsslka bkdjjlbldats nrd zdrk. Z.L.J tdsts hns edda bkamubtdm jkr thd vnrlne`ds

labùmdm la n`` thd spdbljlbntlkas kj thd ikmd` dxbùmlac thd prdsdabd kj

iu`tlbk``ladnrlty. ]hdrd wns ak spntln` nutkbkrrd`ntlka la thd rdslmun`s mdtdbtdm uslac

Ikrna“s L stntlstlb.

Nãkrds, _]2 Inmdlrn, JU< Mdpnrtidats m“Kutrd-Idr, DR3 Bnanrlns) nam Bdutn y Id`l``n (DR :2) wdrdakt bkaslmdrdm, ns tlid-mlstnabd lajkrintlka, adbdssnry jkr thd bkiputntlka kj spntln``y `nccdmvnrlne`ds, ls akt nvnl`ne`d.





>:

Rdvdrn` lip`lbntlkas bna ed dxtrnbtdm jrki thd rdsu`ts kj thd diplrlbn` nan`ysls. Jlrst

ls thnt thd laltln` `dvd` kj CM_ pdr bnpltn ls slcaljlbnat la n jdw bnsds ka`y, thus

succdstlac thnt jkr thd pdrlkm uamdr nan`ysls, adlthdr rdclkan` bkavdrcdabd, akr

mlvdrcdabd bna ed rdbkrmdm. Ka`y whda skbln` bkamltlkas nrd dxp`lblt`y bkatrk``dm jkr

(rdcrdsslkas 2, >?, >> nam >5) thdrd ls dvlmdabd kj n wdnf mdcrdd kj rdclkan`

bkavdrcdabd.

Rdbkam, `kbn` U&M dxpdamlturd cdadrn``y shkws n pksltlvd nam slcaljlbnat

rd`ntlkashlp wlth dbkakilb crkwth la n`` rdcrdsslkas, la `lad wlth dnr`ldr rdsdnrbh

(Jncdredrc dt n`. ><<36 Ukmrécudz-_ksd, ><<<, 5??>6 Bhdshlrd nam Incrlal, 5???6

El`enk-Kskrlk nam Ukmrécudz-_ksd, 5??=6 Brdsbdazl, 5??4). Jkr thd Durkpdna rdclkas

bkaslmdrdm, lavdstlac la U&M sddis tk ed n ikrd lipkrtnat skurbd kj dbkakilb

crkwth thna rd`ylac kj fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs jrki adlchekurlac rdclkas. Shda

bkaslmdrlac ekth jnbtkrs tkcdthdr (Udcrdsslka >) thd bkdjjlbldat kj `kbn` U&M

dxpdamlturd ls pksltlvd nam slcaljlbnat, whl`d nbbdss tk laakvntlka cdadrntdm kutslmd

thd rdclka ls laslcaljlbnat. Ud`ylac dxb`uslvd`y ka `kbn` U&M laputs ls, hkwdvdr, akt n

cunrnatdd jkr nbhldvlac crdntdr crkwth, ns subh rd`ntlkashlp prkvds tk ed akt n`wnys

rkeust whda bkatrk``lac jkr skbln` bkamltlkas (thd ‘skbln` jl`tdr“ vnrlne`d). Ns

hlch`lchtdm la Udcrdsslka 5, thd `kbn` skblk-dbkakilb bkamltlkas nrd n edttdr prdmlbtkrkj dbkakilb crkwth thna lavdstidat la U&M. ]hd skbln` jl`tdr vnrlne`d ls n`wnys

pksltlvd`y nsskblntdm wlth dbkakilb crkwth nam stntlstlbn``y slcaljlbnat. ]hd

rd`dvnabd kj thd ‘skbln` jl`tdr“ ls dahnabdm whda U&M lavdstidat nam nbbdss tk

fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs nrd bkaslmdrdm la bkaguabtlka wlth `kbn` bkamltlkas (Udcrdsslka

2). ]hd rdsu`ts pklat kut thnt hnvlac n ckkm skbln` jl`tdr labrdnsds thd pktdatln` kj

Durkpdna rdclkas tk nsslil`ntd spl``kvdrs, inflac `kbn` U&M dxpdamlturd lrrd`dvnat.

]hdsd rdsu`ts hlch`lcht thnt whl`d lavdstlac la U&M `kbn``y dahnabds dbkakilbcrkwth, rd`ylac kj fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs ls n vlne`d n`tdrantlvd jkr rdclkas wlth

nmdquntd skblk-dbkakilb strubturds thnt wku`m cunrnatdd thd rdbdptlka nam

nsslil`ntlka kj thksd spl``kvdrs. ]hls mkds akt idna thnt `kbn` laakvntlvd djjkrts nrd

ualipkrtnat jkr rdclkan` dbkakilb pdrjkrinabd. Hkwdvdr, ns jnr ns fakw`dmcd iny

j`kw n`sk jrki kutslmd thd rdclka (ekth la thd jkri kj bkmljldm fakw`dmcd nam

spl``kvdrs), `kbn` skblk-dbkakilb bkamltlkas iny prkvd tk ed thd trud mljjdrdatln`

bkipdtltlvd jnbtkr ey dane`lac thd trnas`ntlka kj n`` skurbds kj fakw`dmcd latk

subbdssju` laakvntlka nam dbkakilb crkwth.





>3

Latrkmublac thd lamlvlmun` sue-bkipkadats kj thd skbln` jl`tdr uabkvdrs thd spdbljlb

lipkrtnabd kj thd dmubntlkan` damkwidat kj ekth thd pkpu`ntlka nam thd `nekur jkrbd

jkr dbkakilb crkwth (rdcrdsslkas = nam 4). ]hd rk`d kj `ljd-`kac `dnralac, thd

pdrbdatncd kj thd `nekur jkrbd wkrflac la ncrlbu`turd, thd `dvd` kj `kac tdri

uadip`kyidat, nam thd mdikcrnphlb strubturd kj thd pkpu`ntlka, ls, la bkatrnst, akt

slcaljlbnat. Ncrlbu`turn` dip`kyidat nam `kac-tdri uadip`kyidat, la nmmltlka, `lilt

thd bnpnblty kj rdclkas tk nsslil`ntd fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs (Udcrdsslkas : nam 3). La

thdsd bnsds, rd`ylac ka fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs ls ak suestltutd kj `kbn` lavdstidat la

U&M.

]hd rdsu`ts uamdrsbkrd thnt nbbdsslel`lty tk dxtrn-rdclkan` laakvntlka, kur prkxy jkr

fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs, ls rd`ntdm la n pksltlvd nam stntlstlbn``y slcaljlbnat wny tk

rdclkan` crkwth pdrjkrinabd, la pnrtlbu`nr whda nsskblntdm tk na npprkprlntd idnsurd

jkr skblk-dbkakilb bkamltlkas. ]hls bkajlris thnt fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs, ey labrdnslac

thd ‘nikuat kj fakw`dmcd“ nvnl`ne`d la thd rdclka, rdlajkrbd thd djjdbt kj `kbn`

laakvntlvd nbtlvltlds, nam, tk n bdrtnla dxtdat, iny dvda bkipdasntd jkr n wdnf

bkatrleutlka kj thd laakvntlvd nbtlvltlds pursudm `kbn``y. ]hus, kthdr thlacs edlac

dqun`, n rdclka wlthla na laakvntlvd adlchekurhkkm ls ikrd nmvnatncdm thna kad lathd vlblalty kj `dss laakvntlvd nrdns. La bkatrnst, ekth thd skblk-dbkakilb damkwidat

(Udcrdsslka >>) nam thd `dvd` kj wdn`th (Udcrdsslka >5) kj adlchekurlac rdclkas hnvd

ak slcaljlbnat djjdbt ka `kbn` dbkakilb pdrjkrinabd. ]hd dxtrn-rdclkan` skbln` jl`tdr ls

slcaljlbnat ka`y whda bkaslmdrdm gklat`y wlth latdran` jdnturds, ns la Udcrdsslka >?

whdrd thd tktn` nbbdsslel`lty tk laakvntlka prkad spnbd ls bkaslmdrdm ey lab`umlac la n

slac`d vnrlne`d ekth thd rdclka“s jdnturds nam thnt kj lts adlchekurhkkm.

Ka thd ensls kj thdsd rdsu`ts, thd pktdatln` kj n rdclka la tdris kj dbkakilb

pdrjkrinabd ls inxlilzdm whda na npprkprlntd sdt kj skbln` bkamltlkas ls bkieladm

wlth `kbn` lavdstidat la U&M. ]hd rdbdptlka kj U&M spl``kvdrs jrki adlchekurlac

rdclkas ls na lipkrtnat nmmltlkan` skurbd kj nmvnatncd whlbh, la nay bnsd, rdqulrds na

npprkprlntd skbln` lajrnstrubturd la krmdr tk ed prkmubtlvd`y trnas`ntdm latk laakvntlka

nam dbkakilb crkwth. La thls jrnidwkrf thd nan`ysls kj thd spntln` sbkpd kj subh

spl``kvdrs, whlbh wd wl`` mlsbuss la thd adxt suesdbtlka, edbkids pnrtlbu`nr`y

lipkrtnat jkr thd uamdrstnamlac kj thd rk`d kj cdkcrnphy la n fakw`dmcd-ensdm

dbkakiy.





>8

=.2 ]hd spntln` dxtdat kj laakvntlvd spl``kvdrs

]hd uamdrstnamlac kj thd spntln` sbkpd kj fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs ls dxtrdid`y rd`dvnat

jrki ekth n thdkrdtlbn` nam n pk`ltlbn` pklat kj vldw. Dvda lj, ns mlsbussdm la sdbtlka 5,

n vnrldty kj bkatrleutlkas prkvlmds slcaljlbnat dvlmdabd la suppkrt kj thd rk`d kj

prkxlilty ns n rd`dvnat jnbtkr jkr thd trnasilsslka kj fakw`dmcd, la n rdbdat rdvldw kj

thd rdsdnrbh ka cdkcrnphlbn` fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs, Múrlac nam Rbhad``daenbh (5??:)

hlch`lcht thnt ‐ak bkasdasus ls rdnbhdm nekut thd spntln` rnacd thnt bna ed nttrleutdm tk

fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs, nam la jnbt thd ingkrlty kj stumlds rdjusd tk qunatljy thd rnacd

nt n``’ (p.28=). Rlabd thd sdilan` wkrf ey Nasd`la dt n`. (><<3) ka thd lajùdabd kj thd

`kbntlka kj ualvdrsltlds nam prlvntd U&M jnbl`ltlds ka `kbn` laakvntlvd prkmubtlvlty,

thd spntln` dxtdat kj fakw`dmcd j`kws la thd TR hns edda dxtdaslvd`y nan`ysdm. Nbs

(5??5 bh.2) bkipnrds thd rdsu`ts kj n auiedr kj dnr`ldr stumlds ensdm ka mljjdrdat

dstlintlka tdbhalquds nam bkabùmds thnt ualvdrslty rdsdnrbh spl``s kvdr n rnacd kj 4?

il`ds jrki thd laakvntlvd Idtrkpk`ltna Rtntlstlbn` Nrdns (IRNs), whl`d thd spl``kvdrs

jrki prlvntd U&M tdam tk ed bkatnladm wlthla thd IRN ltsd`j. Dvda lj subh rdsu`ts

nmgust mkwawnrm thd 34 il`d rnmlus prdvlkus`y idnsurdm ey Znrcn (5???), thd rnacd

4?-34 il`ds prkvlmds n ‘bkask`lmntdm“ idnsurd jkr thd cdkcrnphlbn` dxtdat kjfakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs la thd TR bnsd. Nt thd DT `dvd`, thd sbnrblty (nam hdtdrkcdadlty)

kj rdsdnrbh djjkrts la thls mlrdbtlka hnvd prdvdatdm thd jkrintlka kj nay bkasdasus.

Crduaz (5??2) jlams n pksltlvd nam slcaljlbnat djjdbt ka `kbn` pntdatlac nbtlvlty kj

laakvntlvd djjkrts pursudm la thd jlrst nam thd sdbkam krmdr adlchekurlac rdclkas (><?

il`ds kr 2?: Fi ka nvdrncd). ]hd incaltumd kj thls djjdbt shnrp`y mdbrdnsds nt thd

thlrm krmdr adlchekurhkkm (53= il`ds kr ==> Fi ka nvdrncd) nam ls ak `kacdr

slcaljlbnat thdrdnjtdr. Ekttnzzl nam _drl (5??2) jlam dvlmdabd kj spl``kvdr djjdbts, wlthn pksltlvd lipnbt kj adlchekurlac rdclkas“ U&M djjkrts ka `kbn` prkmubtlvlty, ka`y

wlthla n 5??-2?? fi `lilt. La thd snid vdla, Ikrdak dt n`. (5??4) dstlintd n slil`nr

spntln` sbkpd kj rdclkan` spl``kvdrs7 ‐laakvntlvd nbtlvlty la n rdclka ls pksltlvd`y

rd`ntdm tk thd `dvd` kj laakvntlvd nbtlvlty la rdclkas `kbntdm wlthla 54? fl`kidtrds kj

mlstnabd, eut ak jurthdr’ (p.3). Kur nan`ysls hd`ps jl``lac thd dxlstlac cnp la thd

diplrlbn` `ltdrnturd ka thd idnsurd kj thd spntln` dxtdat kj rdclkan` spl``kvdrs la thd

DT ey labùmlac thd rdclkas kj thd datlrd DT54. La nmmltlka, kur diplrlbn` nan`ysls,

whl`d md`lvdrlac bkipnrne`d rdsu`ts, mljjdrs jrki prdvlkus stumlds la thnt7





><

n) lt ls akt ensdm ka n Fakw`dmcd _rkmubtlka Juabtlka eut ka n rdclkan` crkwth ikmd`

thus bnpturlac thd djjdbts kj adlchekurlac rdclkas“ laakvntlvd djjkrts ka thd kvdrn``

prkmubtlvlty kj thd rdclkan` dbkakiy rnthdr thna ka thd prkmubtlka kj laakvntlvd

kutput ka`y6

e) mlstnabd ls latrkmubdm latk thd ikmd` ey idnas kj n (tlid-ensdm) trlp-`dacth

idnsurd whlbh bnpturd ikrd nbburntd`y thd mljjdrdatln` qun`lty kj bkaadbtlkas

edtwdda rdclkas6

b) thd ikmd` dxp`lblt`y nbbkuats jkr thd uamdr`ylac skblk-dbkakilb bkamltlkas.

La whnt jk``kws, wd jkbus la ikrd mdtnl`s upka thd rd`dvnat ‘spntln` sbn`d“ jkr thd

trnasilsslka kj crkwth-dahnablac fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs, ey nttdiptlac tk qunatljy

thd bkabdpt kj ‘prkxlilty“ jkr thd rdclkas kj thd DT-54.



]ne`d = - H-B K@R dstlintlka kj thd diplrlbn` ikmd`7 nbbdsslel`lty tk laakvntlka

> 5 2 = 4 : 3 8

Bkastnat ?.>5>85*** ?.>2=*** ?.>52>3*** ?.>544>*** ?.>5>?3*** ?.>5>3:*** ?.>5>:*** ?.>5>>:*** ?.?<

(?.?53<:) (?.?5828) (?.?5855) (?.?58==) (?.?58) (?.?53<<) (?.?53<<) (?.?58) (?.

@kc CM_ <4 -?.??::2 -?.??3:24** -?.??:?>:* -?.??48>2 -?.??444= -?.??4::> -?.??4:=5 -?.??4435 -?.?

(?.??24=2) (?.??2:>5) (?.??243>) (?.??2423) (?.??24?:) (?.??24?:) (?.??24?4) (?.??24?:) (?.?

U&M dxpdamlturd ?.>3<> ?.>=8: ?.>=48 ?.>=34

(?.>5>8) (?.>><=) (?.>5>>) (?.>5>>)

Rkbln` Jl̀ tdr Lamdx ?.?>?383** ?.?>?3=** ?.?>>?>** ?.?>?23<** ?.?>?8>** ?.?>?:4:** ?.?>?:84** ?.?>?385**

(?.??=4<8) (?.??=43<) (?.??=35=) (?.??=:28) (?.??=44) (?.??=428) (?.??=428) (?.??=44)

Nbbdsslel`lty tk DxtrnUdclkan` Laakvntlka

Bkatlaukus Rpnbd ?.?>283*

(?.??8?2>)

>8? ilautds butkjj ?.??<82**

(?.??=8>)

2?? ilautds butkjj ?.??544:

(?.??=3>5)

:?? ilautds butkjj -?.??4>4=

(?.??35:2)

]ktn` nbbdsslel`lty tk Laakvntlka (Dxtrn+Latrn rdclkan`)

Bkatlaukus Rpnbd ?.??42=< ?.??

(?.??=4?4) (?.?

>8? ilautds butkjj ?.??:><>

(?.??=:><)

2?? ilautds butkjj ?.??:>?2

(?.??=:58)

:?? ilautds butkjj ?.??4==3

(?.??=4?:)

Antlkan` Muiilds x x x x x x x x U-Rq ?.:35 ?.:3= ?.::: ?.::: ?.::4 ?.::: ?.::: ?.::4 ?

U-Rq (nmg) ?.:2> ?.:2= ?.:54 ?.:54 ?.:5: ?.:53 ?.:53 ?.:53 ?

J >:.3 >:.8< >:.54 >:.58 >3.53 >3.2= >3.22 >3.58 >

Ikrna's L -?.?>8<?=> -?.?><:58: -?.?>8:>52 -?.?><?44 -?.?>8<<?< -?.?><52<3 -?.?><><?> -?.?>8<<2> -?.?*, ** nam *** mdaktd slcaljlbnabd nt n >?%,4% nam >% `dvd` rdspdbtlvd`y. RD la pnrdathdsds





5>

La ]ne`d = wd prdsdat vnrlkus dstlintlkas kj kur diplrlbn` ikmd` la whlbh rdclkan`

spl``kvdrs“ prkxlds nrd bn`bu`ntdm ey idnas kj mljjdrdat ‘spntln` wdlchts“. Ns la thd

bnsd kj thd rdcrdsslkas prdsdatdm la ]ne`d 2 n`` usun` mlncakstlb stntlstlbs bkajlri thd

rkeustadss kj kur rdsu`ts.

Udcrdsslka >, whlbh wd usd ns n edabhinrf, shkws kur dstlintlka rdsu`ts whda

rdclkan` spl``kvdrs nrd prkxldm ey thd lamdx kj nbbdsslel`lty tk dxtrn-rdclkan`

laakvntlka ns la n`` rdcrdsslkas la thd prdvlkus tne`d. ]hd rdcrdsslka akt ka`y bkajlris

thnt fakw`dmcd j`kwlac jrki adlchekurlac rdclkas liprkvds rdclkan` crkwth

pdrjkrinabd, ns wns uamdr`ladm edjkrd, eut n`sk shkws thnt spl``kvdrs nrd

cdkcrnphlbn``y ekuamdm nam thnt thdy mdbny wlth mlstnabd. ]hd wdlchlac idbhnalsi

ka whlbh thd vnrlne`d ls ensdm infds thd lipkrtnabd kj kthdr rdclkas“ laakvntlvd

nbtlvltlds mdbrdnsd wlth mlstnabd thus diphnslzlac thd djjdbt kj laakvntlvd nbtlvltlds

pursudm la adlchekurlac rdclkas. Ikrd prdblsd`y, rdclkas bna rd`y upka thd rdsdnrbh

strdacth kj rdclkas wlthla n thrdd hkur mrlvd (bn 5?? fis) ns shkwa ey thd labrdnsd la

slcaljlbnabd kj thd spl``kvdr vnrlne`d kabd n >8? ilautd but kjj ls latrkmubdm la thd

wdlchlac intrlx (Udcrdsslka 5). Shda ikrd rdiktd rdclkas nrd tnfda latkbkaslmdrntlka, ey jlxlac thd but kjj trlp `dacth nt 2?? nam :?? ilautds (Udcrdsslkas 2

nam = rdspdbtlvd`y), thd vnrlne`d ls ak `kacdr slcaljlbnat thus shkwlac thnt edykam n

>8? ilautd trlp-tlid thd rdturas tk dxtrn-rdclkan` laakvntlvd nbtlvltlds nrd ladxlstdat.

Rubh idnsurd jkr thd spntln` dxtdat kj rdclkan` spl``kvdrs ls, ns mlsbussdm nekvd, la

`lad wlth thd diplrlbn` dvlmdabd prkmubdm sk jnr. Hkwdvdr, trlp-`dacth mlstnabd hns

n``kwdm n ikrd nbburntd idnsurd kj mlstnabd ns n enrrldr tk huina latdrnbtlkas nbrkss

cdkcrnphlbn` spnbd. ]hdsd rdsu`ts nrd bkajlridm n`sk whda tktn` nbbdsslel`lty tklaakvntlvd nbtlvltlds ls bkaslmdrdm ey latrkmublac n vnrlne`d bnpturlac ekth latdran`

nam mlstnabd-wdlchdm U&M dxpdamlturd (Udcrdsslkas 4->5). La thls sdbkam bnsd thd

‘lastltutlkan`“ ekrmdrs kj thd rdclka nrd kvdrbkid ey jkbuslac upka n ‘bkatlaukus“

spnbd whlbh rdsu`ts jrki thd nccrdcntlka, la na lamlvlmun` vnrlne`d, kj thd tktn` U&M

dxpdamlturd thnt bna ed rdnbhdm jrki n bdrtnla `kbntlka rdcnrm`dss kj rdclkan` ekrmdrs.

La mklac thls, wd nli tk idnsurd thd tktn` lipnbt kj U&M ncc`kidrntlka ka

dbkakilb pdrjkrinabd.





55

Kur rdsu`ts shkw kabd ncnla thnt ka`y thd vnrlne`ds bkielalac thd strdacth kj latdran`

djjkrts wlth thksd pursudm la ikrd prkxlintd (wlthla thd >8? ilautds `lilt) nrdns

prkmubd n pksltlvd nam slcaljlbnat djjdbt ka rdclkan` crkwth pdrjkrinabd. ]hd >8?

ilautds `lilt jkr latdrrdclkan` fakw`dmcd j`kws bkids tk rdlajkrbd thd lmdn kj n

‘huina-diekmldm“ trnasilsslka tdbhak`kcy slabd lt n``kws thd inxlilzntlka kj jnbd-

tk-jnbd bkatnbts edtwdda ncdats. Ncdats wlthla mrlvlac mlstnabd kad jrki nakthdr bna

dxbhnacd thdlr lajkrintlka jnbd-tk-jnbd pktdatln``y ka n mnl`y ensls, nt n iubh `kwdr

inrclan` bkst la bkipnrlska tk thksd whdrd na kvdralcht stny ls adbdssnry (Rkaa nam

Rtkrpdr 5??4).

4. Bkab`uslkas

]hd kegdbtlvd kj thls pnpdr hns edda tk nan`ysd, jkr DT rdclkas, thd rk`d p`nydm ey thd

mljjdrdat bkielantlkas kj jnbtkrs lmdatljldm ey mljjdrdat npprknbhds tk thd stumy kj

laakvntlka, nam tk mlsbrlilantd nikac thdi. ]hd rdsu`ts kj thd diplrlbn` nan`ysls

uabkvdr thd lipkrtnabd akt ka`y kj thd trnmltlkan` `ladnr ikmd` `kbn` U&M laakvntlvd

djjkrts, eut n`sk kj thd `kbn` skblk-dbkakilb bkamltlkas jkr thd cdadsls nam

nsslil`ntlka kj laakvntlka nam lts trnasjkrintlka latk dbkakilb crkwth nbrkss

Durkpdna rdclkas. La nmmltlka, lt shkws thd lipkrtnabd kj prkxlilty jkr thd

trnasilsslka kj dbkakilbn``y prkmubtlvd fakw`dmcd. ]hd rdsu`ts hlch`lcht thnt akt

ka`y fakw`dmcd j`kwlac jrki adlchekurlac rdclkas liprkvds rdclkan` crkwth

pdrjkrinabd, eut n`sk thnt spl``kvdrs nrd cdkcrnphlbn``y ekuamdm nam thnt thdrd ls n

strkac mlstnabd mdbny djjdbt, whlbh la thd Durkpdna bnsd dxpnams tk ikrd kr `dss n

5?? fi rnmlus. ]hdsd kutbkids shdm nmmltlkan` `lcht ka thd rk`d kj cdkcrnphy la thd

prkbdss kj laakvntlka, ey suppkrtlac thd lmdn kj na dxlstlac tdaslka edtwdda twkjkrbds7 thd labrdnslac`y hkikcdadkus nvnl`nel`lty kj stnamnrm ‘bkmljldm“ fakw`dmcd

nam thd spntln` ekuamdmadss kj ‘tnblt“ fakw`dmcd nam bkatdxtun` jnbtkrs. Rubh tdaslka

ls na lipkrtnat jkrbd edhlam thd prdsdat dbkakilb cdkcrnphy kj Durkpdna rdclkas nam

lts rk`d ls jurthdr nbbdatuntdm ey thd uamdr`ylac skblk-dbkakilb mljjdrdabds.

]hd nan`ysls n`sk hns lipkrtnat rdclkan` pk`lby lip`lbntlkas. Shda laakvntlka ls

rdbkcalzdm ns thd fdy skurbd kj sustnladm dbkakilb crkwth, thd idbhnalbs kj ltsbkatrleutlka tk dbkakilb pdrjkrinabd edbkids brubln` jkr na djjdbtlvd pk`lby





52

tnrcdtlac. La thls rdspdbt kur nan`ysls hns shkwdm thnt, la tdris kj laakvntlka, n rdclka

bna rd`y upka ekth latdran` nam dxtdran` skurbds kj laakvntlka, eut thnt thd skblk-

dbkakilb bkamltlkas la krmdr tk inxlilzd thd laakvntlka pktdatln` kj dnbh rdclka nrd

adbdssnrl`y latdran`, ns skblk-dbkakilb bkamltlkas la adlchekurlac rdclkas mk akt

hnvd nay suestnatln` lipnbt ka `kbn` dbkakilb pdrjkrinabd.

Bkasdqudat`y, pk`lblds ensdm ka laakvntlka iny md`lvdr, nt n rdclkan` `dvd` la Durkpd,

vdry mljjdrdat rdsu`ts, nbbkrmlac tk thd pksslel`lty kj dvdry rdclka kj edadjltlac jrki

fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs (`kbntlka nmvnatncd) nam jnvkurne`d uamdr`ylac skblkdbkakilb

bkamltlkas (latdran` bkamltlkas). U&M lavdstidat la bkrd rdclkas, whlbh edadjlts jrki

ekth n `kbntlka nam skbln` jl`tdr nmvnatncd, ls kvdrn`` ikrd bkamublvd tk dbkakilb

crkwth mud tk lts lipnbt ka ekth `kbn` nam adlchekurlac rdclkas“ pdrjkrinabd.

Bkavdrsd`y, la pdrlphdrn` rdclkas lavdstidat la U&M iny akt yld`m thd dxpdbtdm

rdturas. ]hd `liltdm U&M lavdstidat bnpnblty kj rdclkas la thd pdrlphdry, thdlr

lanmdquntd skbln` jl`tdrs, nam thdlr `kwdr dxpksurd, edbnusd kj thdlr `kbntlka, tk U&M

spl``kvdrs nrd `lfd`y tk uamdrilad thd U&M djjkrt bkamubtdm wlthla thd ekrmdrs kj

thdsd rdclkas. Mkds thls idna thnt lt ls akt wkrth lavdstlac la laakvntlka la thd

pdrlphdry; Kur rdsu`ts lamlbntd thnt vdry mljjdrdat pk`lblds tk thksd kj thd bkrd iny edaddmdm la krmdr tk rdamdr pdrlphdrn` skbldtlds la Durkpd ikrd laakvntlvd. ]hdsd

pk`lblds wl`` addm tk rd`y ̀ dss kj U&M lavdstidat nam iubh ikrd ka tnbf`lac thd `kbn`

skbln` nam dbkakilb enrrldrs thnt prdvdat thd rdbdptlka nam nsslil`ntlka kj dxtdran`

laakvntlka. Nay labdatlvd jkr `kbn` laakvntlvd nbtlvltlds wku`m hnvd tk ed

bkip`didatdm ey thd rdlajkrbdidat kj thd `kbn` damkwidat la tdris kj dmubntlka nam

sfl``s la krmdr tk cunrnatdd thd crdntdst rdturas jrki laakvntlka pk`lblds. ]hd diphnsls

ka sfl``s ls n`sk `lfd`y tk sdt thd jkuamntlkas jkr n juturd trnasjkrintlka kj thdsdrdclkas latk laakvntlka prkad skbldtlds, la whlbh thd rdturas kj nay lavdstidat la

U&M wl`` yld`m suestnatln``y hlchdr rdsu`ts thna nt prdsdat.

Kvdrn``, kur nan`ysls suppkrts thd lmdn thnt whl`d thd adk-Rbhuipdtdrlna thrdshk`m kj

dxpdamlturd ls na lipkrtnat jnbtkr la mdtdrilalac thd rdturas kj lavdstidat la U&M,

jkr ikst rdclkas la thd DT thd bnpnblty kj thd `kbn` pkpu`ntlka tk nsslil`ntd whntdvdr

rdsdnrbh ls edlac cdadrntdm `kbn``y kr la adlchekurlac rdclkas nam tk trnasjkri lt latk

laakvntlka nam dbkakilb nbtlvlty iny ed n edttdr shkrt tdri sk`utlka la krmdr tk

cdadrntd crdntdr dbkakilb crkwth.





5=

Nppdamlx

]ne`d N-> ‒ Mdsbrlptlka kj thd vnrlne`ds

Znrlne`d Mdjlaltlka

Laakvntlka U&M Dxpdamlturd ka U&M (n`` sdbtkrs) ns n % kj CM_

Rkbln` Jl`tdr @ljd-@kac@dnralac

Untd kj lavk`vdidat la @ljd-`kac `dnralac - % kj Nmu`ts (54-:= ydnrs)lavk`vdm la dmubntlka nam trnlalac

Dmubntlka@nekur Jkrbd

% kj dip`kydm pdrskas wlth tdrtlnry dmubntlka (`dvd`s 4-: LRBDM ><<3).

Dmubntlka_kpu`ntlka % kj tktn` pkpu`ntlka wlth tdrtlnry dmubntlka (`dvd`s 4-: LRBDM ><<3).

Ncrlbu`turn`@nekur Jkrbd

Ncrlbu`turn` dip`kyidat ns % kj tktn` dip`kyidat

@kac ]driTadip`kyidat

_dkp`d ncdm >4-5= ns % kj tktn` pkpu`ntlka

\kuac _dkp`d @kac tdri uadip`kydm ns % kj tktn` uadip`kyidat.





54

Udjdrdabds

Nbs W.G., Numrdtsbh M.E. nam Jd`mina, I._. (><<5) Udn` djjdbts kj nbnmdilbrdsdnrbh7 bkiidat, Nidrlbna Dbkakilb Udvldw 85, 2:2-2:3.

Nbs W.G. (5??5) Laakvntlka nam crkwth la bltlds. Dmwnrm D`cnr, Akrthniptka, IN

Nmnis G.M. (5??5) Bkipnrntlvd `kbn`lzntlka kj nbnmdilb nam lamustrln` spl``kvdrs, Gkuran` kj Dbkakilb Cdkcrnphy 5, 542-538.

Nmnis G.M. nam Gnjjd N.E. (5??5) Ekuamlac thd djjdbts kj U&M7 na lavdstlcntlkauslac intbhdm jlri nam dstne`lshidat mntn, Unam Gkuran` kj Dbkakilbs 53, 3??-35>.

Nasd`la @., Znrcn N. nam Nbs W. (><<3) @kbn` Cdkcrnphlb Rpl``kvdrs edtwddaTalvdrslty Udsdnrbh nam Hlch ]dbhak`kcy Laakvntlkas, Gkuran` kj Trena Dbkakilbs,=5, =55-==8.

Nshdli, E.]. (><<<) Latdrnbtlvd `dnralac nam `kbn`lsdm fakw`dmcd la c`ken`lslac`dnralac dbkakilds, CdkGkuran` =<, 2=4‒245.

Numrdtsbh M.E. nam Jd`mina I._. (><<:) U&M spl``kvdrs nam thd cdkcrnphy kjlaakvntlka nam prkmubtlka, Nidrlbna Dbkakilb Udvldw 8:, :2?-:=?.

Numrdtsbh M.E. nam Jd`mina I. (5??=) Fakw`dmcd Rpl``kvdrs nam thd Cdkcrnphy kjLaakvntlka, la Hdamdrska G.Z. nam G.J. ]hlssd (dms.) Hnamekkf kj Trena nam

Udclkan` Dbkakilbs, Zk`.=, pp.53>2-532<. D`sdvldr, Nistdrmni

Edbnttlal C. (><83) Idrbntk d jkrzd `kbn`l. L` mlstrdttk lamustrln`d. L` Iu`lak, Ek`kcan.

Elènk-Kskrlk E. nam Ukmrécudz-_ksd N. (5??=) Jrki U&M tk laakvntlka namdbkakilb crkwth la thd DT, Crkwth nam Bhnacd 24, =2=-44.

Ekrts C.H. nam Rtdla G.@. (><:=) Dbkakilb crkwth la n jrdd inrfdt. BkùielnTalvdrslty _rdss, Adw \krf.

Ekttnzzl @. nam _drl C. (5??2) Laakvntlka nam spl``kvdrs la rdclkas7 dvlmdabd jrkiDurkpdna pntdat mntn, Durkpdna Dbkakilb Udvldw =3, :83-3>?.

Eush Z. (><=4) Rbldabd7 ]hd dam`dss jrkatldr . Nydr, Akrth Rtnajkrm.

Bnincal U. (><<4) ]hd bkabdpt kj laakvntlvd il`ldu nam lts rd`dvnabd jkr pue`lb pk`lblds la Durkpdna `ncclac rdclkas, _npdrs la Udclkan` Rbldabd, 3=, 2>3-2=?.

Bnatwd`` G. nam Lniinrlak R. (><<8) IABs, ]dbhak`kclbn` Laakvntlka nam Udclkan`

Rystdis la thd DT7 Rkid Dvlmdabd la thd Ltn`lna Bnsd, Latdrantlkan` Gkuran` kj thd Dbkakilbs kj Eusladss, 4, 282-=?8.

Bnatwd`` G. nam Lniinrlak R. (5??2) Iu`tlantlkan` bkrpkrntlkas nam Durkpdna

rdclkan` systdis kj laakvntlka. Ukut`dmcd, @kamka.

Bhnr`kt, R. nam Murnatka, C. (5??:) Bltlds nam wkrfp`nbd bkiiualbntlka7 Rkidqunatltntlvd Jrdabh dvlmdabd, Trena Rtumlds =2, >2:4->2<=.

Bhdshlrd _. nam Incrlal R. (5???) Damkcdakus prkbdssds la Durkpdna rdclkan`crkwth7 Bkavdrcdabd nam pk`lby, Crkwth nam Bhnacd 2>, =44-=3<.

Bkhda S. nam @dvlathn` M. (><<?) Neskrptlvd bnpnblty7 N adw pdrspdbtlvd ka

`dnralac nam laakvntlka. Nmilalstrntlka Rbldabd ûnrtdr`y 24, >58->45.





5:

Bkkfd _. (><<3) Udclkas la n c`ken` inrfdt7 ]hd dxpdrldabds kj Sn`ds nam Enmda-Surttdiedrc, Udvldw kj Latdrantlkan` _k`ltlbn` Dbkakiy =, 2=8-23<.

Bkkfd _., Ckidz Trnacn I., Dtxdedrrln C. (><<3) Udclkan` laakvntlka systdis7Lastltutlkan` nam krcnalzntlkan` mlidaslkas, Udsdnrbh _k`lby, 5:, =34-<>.

Bkkfd _. (><<8) Krlclas kj thd bkabdpt la Ernbzyf, H., Bkkfd, _., nam Hdlmdardlbh,I. (dms), Udclkan` Laakvntlka Rystdis. TB@ _rdss, @kamka.

Brdsbdazl U. (5??4) Laakvntlka nam rdclkan` crkwth la thd da`nrcdm Durkpd7 thd rk`dkj `kbn` laakvntlvd bnpnel`ltlds, pdrlphdrn`lty nam dmubntlka, Crkwth nam Bhnacd, 2:,=3>-4?3

Múrlac ]. nam Rbhad``daenbh G. (5??:) Shnt mk wd fakw nekut cdkcrnphlbn`fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs nam rdclkan` crkwth;7 n survdy kj thd `ltdrnturd, Udclkan`

Rtumlds, =?.2, 234-2<4.

Mksl C., Jrdddina B., Ad`ska U., Rl`vdredrc C. nam Rkdtd @. (Dms) (><88) ]dbhalbn`

Bhnacd nam Dbkakilb ]hdkry. _latdr, @kamka.

Jncdedrc G. (><88) Shy crkwth rntds mljjdr, la Mksl, C., Jrddina, B., Ad`ska, U.,Rl`vdedrc, C., nam Rkdtd, @. (dms), ]dbhak`kclbn` bhnacd nam dbkakilb thdkry. _latdr,@kamka.

Jncdredrc G. (><<=) ]dbhak`kcy nam latdrantlkan` mljjdrdabds la crkwth rntds, Gkuran`

kj Dbkakilb @ltdrnturd, 25,>>=3->>34.

Jncdredrc G., Zdrspncda, E., nam Bnald`s, I. (><<3) ]dbhak`kcy, crkwth namuadip`kyidat nbrkss Durkpdna Udclkas, Udclkan` Rtumlds, 2>, 4, =43-=::.

Jd`mina I._. nam J`krlmn U. (><<=) ]hd cdkcrnphlb skurbds kj laakvntlka -tdbhak`kclbn` lajrnstrubturd nam prkmubt laakvntlka la thd TR. Naan`s kj thdNsskblntlka kj Nidrlbna Cdkcrnphdrs 8= (5), 5>?-55<.

Jrddina B. (><<=) Brltlbn` survdy7 thd dbkakilbs kj tdbhalbn` bhnacd, Bnie. G.

Dbka. >8, =:2- 4>5.

Jurina G.@., _krtdr I.D. nam Rtdra R. (5??5) ]hd mdtdrilanats kj antlkan` laakvntlvdbnpnblty, Udsdnrbh _k`lby, 2> (:), 8<<-<22.

Ckrmka L.U. (5??>) Tadip`kyidat nam spntln` `nekur inrfdts7 strkac nmgustidat nam pdrslstdat bkabdatrntlka la U. Inrtla nam _. Ikrrlska (dms.) Cdkcrnphlds kj @nekur

Inrfdt Ladqun`lty, Ukut`dmcd, @kamka.

Crdcdrsda E nam Gkhaska E. (><<:) @dnralac dbkakilds, laakvntlka systdis namDurkpdna latdcrntlka, Udclkan` Rtumlds, 2>, =3<-=<?.

Crduaz, @. (5??2) Cdkcrnphlbn``y nam tdbhak`kclbn``y idmlntdm fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs edtwdda Durkpdna rdclkas, Naan`s kj Udclkan` Rbldabd, 23, :43-8?.

Crl`lbhds W. (><3<) Lssuds la Nssdsslac thd Bkatrleutlka kj Udsdnrbh nam

Crkssina C. I. nam Hd`pina D. (><<>) Laakvntlka nam Crkwth la thd C`ken`

Dbkakiy. IL] _rdss, Bnierlmcd (IN).

Lniinrlak R. (5??4). ‐Na dvk`utlkanry Latdcrntdm Zldw kj Udclkan` Rystdis kjlaakvntlka7 bkabdpts, idnsurds nam hlstkrlbn` pdrspdbtlvds’ Durkpdna _`naalac

Rtumlds7 >2, =, =<3-4><.





53

LU_TM (5???). Durkpdna _drlphdrn`lty Lamlbntkrs (D._.L.). LU_TM CLR mntnensd.Mkrtiuam7 Lastltutd kj Rpntln` _`naalac.

Gnjjd N.E. (><8:) ]dbhak`kclbn` kppkrtualty nam spl``kvdrs kj U&M7 Dvlmdabd jrkijlris“ pntdats, prkjlts nam inrfdt shnrd, Nidrlbna Dbkakilb Udvldw 3:, <8=->??>.

@uamvn`` E.Ä. (><<5) Antlkan` systdis kj laakvntlka7 ]kwnrms n thdkry kj laakvntlka

nam latdrnbtlvd `dnralac. _latdr, @kamka.

@uamvn`` E.Ä. (5??>) Laakvntlka pk`lby la thd c`ken`lslac `dnralac dbkakiy laNrbhleucl, M., nam @uamvn`` E.Ä. (dms.). ]hd c`ken`lslac `dnralac dbkakiy. KxjkrmTalvdrslty _rdss.

Inb`nurla S. U. (><42) ]hd sdqudabd jrki lavdatlka tk laakvntlka nam lts rd`ntlka tkdbkakilb crkwth, ^unrtdr`y Gkuran` kj Dbkakilbs, :3, >, <3->>>.

In`dbfl D. (><<3), ]dbhak`kcy nam Dbkakilb Mdvd`kpidat7 ]hd Myanilbs kj @kbn`,

Udclkan` nam Antlkan` Bkipdtltlvdadss, 5am dmltlka Nmmlska Sds`dy @kacina,@kamka.

Inursdth _.E., nam E. Zdrspncda. (><<<) Durkpd7 Kad kr sdvdrn` systdis kjlaakvntlka; Na nan`ysls ensdm ka pntdat bltntlkas la Jncdredrc, G., _. Cudrrldrl, nam E.Zdrspncada (dms). ]hd dbkakilb bhn``dacd jkr Durkpd. Bhd`tdahni7 Dmwnrm D`cnr.

Ikrdak U., U. _nbl, R. Tsnl, (5??4) Rpntln` spl``kvdrs nam laakvntlka nbtlvlty laDurkpdna rdclkas, Davlrkaidat nam _`naalac N 23, >3<2->8>5.

Ikrcna F. (><<3) ]hd `dnralac rdclka7 Lastltutlkas, laakvntlka nam rdclkan` rdadwn`. Udclkan` Rtumlds, 2>, =<>-4?2.

Ikrcna F. (5??=) ]hd dxnccdrntdm mdnth kj cdkcrnphy7 `dnralac, prkxlilty namtdrrltkrln` laakvntlka systdis, Gkuran` kj Dbkakilb Cdkcrnphy, =, 2-5>

Ukmrécudz-_ksd N. (5??>) Ls U&M lavdstidat la `ncclac nrdns kj Durkpd wkrthwhl`d;]hdkry nam Diplrlbn` dvlmdabd. _npdrs la Udclkan` Rbldabds 8?, 534-5<4.

Ukmrécudz-_ksd N. (><<<) Laakvntlka prkad nam laakvntlka nvdrsd skbldtlds.Dbkakilb pdrjkrinabd la Durkpd, Crkwth nam Bhnacd 2?, 34->?4.

Uksdaedrc A. (><<=). Dxp`krlac thd e`nbf ekx7 ]dbhak`kcy, dbkakilbs, nam hlstkry.Bnierlmcd Talvdrslty _rdss, Adw \krf.

Rk`kw U. (><43) ]dbhalbn` Bhnacd nam thd nccrdcntd prkmubtlka juabtlka, Udvldw kj

Dbkakilbs nam Rtntlstlbs, 2<, 2>5-25?.

Rkaa G.S. nam Rtkrpdr I. (5??4) ]hd labrdnslac lipkrtnabd kj cdkcrnphlbn` prkxlilty

la tdbhak`kclbn` laakvntlka7 na nan`ysls kj T.R. pntdat bltntlkas, ><34-><<3. Ilidk.

Rtkrpdr I. (><<4) Udclkan` tdbhak`kcy bkn`ltlkas. Na dssdatln` mlidaslka kj antlkan`tdbhak`kcy pk`lby, Udsdnrbh _k`lby 5=, 8<4-<>>.

Rtkrpdr I. (><<3), ]hd Udclkan` Skr`m7 ]drrltkrln` Mdvd`kpidat la n C`ken`

Dbkakiy, Cul`jkrm _rdss, Adw \krf.

Rtkrpdr I. nam Zdane`ds N.G. (5??=) Euzz7 jnbd-tk-jnbd bkatnbt nam thd urenadbkakiy, Gkuran` kj Dbkakilb Cdkcrnphy =, 24>-23?.

]rngtdaedrc I. (><<?) Dbkakilb nan`ysls kj prkmubt laakvntlka. BnierlmcdTalvdrslty _rdss, Bnierlmcd.





58

Znrcn N. (5???) @kbn` nbnmdilb fakw`dmcd spl``kvdrs nam thd bkabdatrntlka kjdbkakilb nbtlvlty, Gkuran` kj Udclkan` Rbldabd =?, 58<‒2?<.

Zdrspncda E. (><<>) N adw diplrlbn` npprknbh tk Bntbhlac up nam jn``lac edhlam,Rtrubturn` Bhnacd nam Dbkakilb Myanilbs, >5, 23=-<3



@lst kj ‘Erucds Durkpdna Dbkakilb _k`lby erldjlacs“ (EDD_)

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ > (Kbtkedr 5??5)

Dbkakilb Lip`lbntlkas kj Da`nrcdidat, ey Gnbquds _d`finas.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ 5 (Mdbdiedr 5??5)

Iutun` Udbkcaltlka la Ckkms nam Rdrvlbds7 na Dbkakilb _drspdbtlvd, ey Gnbquds

_d`finas.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ 2 (Inrbh 5??2)

Iutun` Udbkcaltlka, Tadip`kyidat nam ]hd Sd`jnrd Rtntd, ey Jlkrd``n Fkstkrls

_nmkn Rbhlkppn.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ = (Nprl` 5??2)

DT Da`nrcdidat7 Dxtdran` Dbkakilb Lip`lbntlkas, ey Gnbquds _d`finas & Gdna-

_ldrrd Bnsdy.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ 4 (Nprl` 5??2)

Djjlbldat ]nxntlka kj Iu`tl-Antlkan` Datdrprlsds la thd Durkpdna Talka, ey Rtdjnak

Ilbkssl, _nk`n _nrnsbnamk`n & Enrenrn ]rledrtl.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ : (Gnaunry 5??=)

Bna Durkpd Md`lvdr Crkwth; ]hd Rnplr Udpkrt Nam Edykam , ey Gnbquds _d`finas &

Gdna-_ldrrd Bnsdy.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ 3 (Guad 5??=)

Rustnlane`d Mdvd`kpidat nam Bk``dbtlvd @dnralac7 ]hdkry nam n Durkpdna Bnsd

Rtumy, ey Unliuam E`dlsbhwltz, Ilbhnd` @ntsbh nam Frlstlna Rakrrd Namdrsda

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ 8 (Kbtkedr 5??=)

]hd Dbkakilbs kj DT Unl`wny Udjkri, ey Gnbquds _d`finas nam @krls ml

_ldtrnatlkak.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ < (Mdbdiedr 5??=)

]hd ]urflsh Enaflac Rdbtkr, Bhn``dacds nam Kut`kkf la ]rnasltlka tk DT

Idiedrshlp, ey N`jrdm Rtdlahdrr, N`l ]ufd` nam Iurnt Tbdr.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ >? (Gnaunry 5??4)

N ‘]rlp`d-L“ Rtrntdcy jkr thd Juturd kj Durkpd, ey Unliuam E`dlsbhwltz.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ >> (Rdptdiedr 5??4)

Mkds thd Durkpdna Talka brdntd thd jkuamntlkas kj na lajkrintlka skbldty jkr n``; Ey

Ckmdjrky Mnac Acuyda nam Inrld Gk``ès.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿>5 (Akvdiedr 5??4)

@n cdstlka md `n trnasltlka vdrs `n ikaanld ualqud dt `“ìtne`lssdidat md `n brìmlel`ltì

md `“durk, ey Gdna-B`numd ]rlbhdt.

./..

http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP1.pdf
































EDD_ erldjlac a¿>2 (Jderunry 5??:)

]dstlac jkr Rueslmlnrlty ey Gnbquds _d`finas.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ >= (Inrbh 5??:)

Hns thd Durkpdna LB] sdbtkr n bhnabd tk ed bkipdtltlvd; Ey Ckmdjrky Mnac Acuyda& Bhrlstlna Cdathka.

EDD_ erldjlac a¿ >4 (Gu`y 5??:)

Durkpdna Lamustrln` _k`lby ey Gnbquds _d`finas.

@lst kj ‘Erucds Durkpdna Dbkakilb Udsdnrbh _npdrs“ (EDDU)

EDDU pnpdr a¿ > (Akvdiedr 5??=)Dmubntlka, Ilcrntlka, Nam Gke Rntlsjnbtlka7 ]hd Udclkan` Udturas Kj Huina Bnpltn`

La ]hd DT, ey Namrìs Ukmrécudz-_ksd & Ikatsdrrnt Zl`n`tn-Eujé

EDDU pnpdr a¿5 (Iny 5??4)

Dmubntlka, Ilcrntlka, Nam Gke Rntlsjnbtlka7 ]hd Udclkan` Udturas Kj Huina Bnpltn`

La ]hd DT ey _nk`k Cudrrldrl , Edranrmk Inccl , Zn`datlan Id`lblnal & _ldr Bnr`k

_nmkna.

EDDU pnpdr a¿ 2 (Akvdiedr 5??4)

Udclkan` Sncd Nam Dip`kyidat Udspkasds ]k Inrfdt _ktdatln` La ]hd DT,

ey Fdlth Hdnm & ]hldrry Inydr.

EDDU pnpdr a¿ = (Gu`y 5??:)

Ilxdm _ue`lb-_rlvntd Datdrprlsds la Durkpd7 Dbkakilb ]hdkry nam na Diplrlbn`

Nan`ysls kj Ltn`lna Sntdr Ttl`ltlds ey N`dssnamrk Inrrn.

EDDU pnpdr a¿ 4 (Kbtkedr 5??:)

U&M, Rpl``kvdrs, Laakvntlka Rystdis nam thd Cdadsls kj Udclkan` Crkwth la Durkpd

ey Namrìs Ukmrécudz-_ksd nam Ulbbnrmk Brdsbdazl.




http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER1.pdf







http://www.coleurop.eu/file/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER5.pdf

http://www.coleurop.eu/file/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER5.pdf











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