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RD-R127 641 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF REMRINING CORPS OF ENGINEERS /PROJECT LANDS AT RB..(U) SCHOOL OF AMERICAN RESEARCHSANTA FE NM K J KLAGER 38 JAN 88 DACM47-79-C-8657

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF REMAINING CORPSOF ENGINEERS PROJECT LANDS AT ABIQUIU DAM,

NEW MEXICO

Karol J. Klager

WithAN ARCHEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE REMAINS OF

PALISADE RUIN (LA 3505)

DTIC-. %EECTEg!

.7t APR20 1983)

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT AB

Approved foc public releiscDistribution Unlimited

THE SCHOOL OF AMERICAN RESEARCH. Contract Archaeology Program

83 04 19 22o

* REPORT DOCUMENTATION L f£I3 1 AC*E0

4-ml .d ~t1t9Archaeological Survey of Remaming Corps of Engineers 1/3/8

Project Lands at Abiquiu Dam, New Mexico. With an ArcfO-ologiq iEvaluation of the Remains of Palisade Ruin (LA 3505) I_ _ _ _

* 1 Auh~t. Kager, Karol J. .uwmnOwIIofDtp 1.

2. rwsowbng Or~aRnAabl I4.-. and AddVvsb i.Pnn,.cX/T&*tiWol UNt No.

Contract Program IL Qwec( or. GrrG Nos.

School of Amrican ResearhcSanta Fe, NZ4 C)DACW47-79-C-0057

12 ~m~,stgorwnumvltto N.M. am~ Addiwt3.3 Type . ~of t A Pvvood Co-ed

U.S. Army COE f Final 1978Albu. , N'4

In all, 47 archeological sites and 130 isolated occurences were located anddescribed. It has been reccuuiended that the entire area of survey be protectedfrcan any adverse inp'acts. The survey area has been recarmended for nciinationto the National Register as part of the Abiquiu Reservoir Archeological District.Specific evaluations and reccamendations for each site area also have beenincluded in the report to assist in resource mianageme~nt.,

Doum~*~ Ai.Iy.5U ~scupea

Prehistoric Archeology, Cultural Resource Managerent

b Ii.. fi.S/OO-troded Tor-m

Northeast New Meico, paldeo-Indian, Middle Archaic, Early Anasazi, Hiistoric6 Pueblo, Early Navajo

Unretrited Approved I= public 1.1.0.4 ifi L.unetitdDiblutiora Unlimited 3.@.'t& Cl ~a hI P"M) oe

UnclssiiedCwfor'AL. room 272

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF REMAINING CORPSOF ENGINEERS PROJECT LANDS AT ABIQUIU DAM,

NEW MEXICO

ByKarol J. Klager

WithAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE REMAINS OF


Submitted to the U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers Under the

Stipulations ofContract #DACW47-79-C-0057

Submitted ByJohn D. Beal

Contract Program DirectorSchool of American Research

Santa Fe, New Mexico

January 30, 1980

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1

SURVEY METHOD ........................................ 2

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ............................... 4

CULTURAL OVERVIEW .................................... 7

Paleo-Indian Period ............................... 7Archaic ........................................... 7Anasazi Occupation ................................ 8Navajo ............................................ 11Other Historic Indian OccupationEuro-American Uccupation ........................ 12

SITE DESCRIPTIONS ................................... 14

INDIVIDUAL SITE EVALUATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..... 70

Palisade Ruin (LA 3505) ........................... 91

CULTURAL INTERPRETATION. SITE SUMMARY ANDSIGNIFICANCE ...................................... 96

Paleo-Indian ...................................... 96Archaic and Early Basketmaker ....................... 97Early Anasazi (Basketmaker III-Pueblo I) ........... 99Late Anasazi (Pueblo IV-Pueblo V) ................... 100Navaj o-Athabascan ................................. 102Euro-American i.....................................103Indeterminant ..................................... 103General ........................................... 103

RECOMMENDATIONS AND EVALUATION ........................ 104

APPENDIX A: ISOLATED OCCURRENCES ................... 118

APPENDIX B: CURATED COLLECTIONS FROM LA 3505 ....... 140

. -:"~-

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

Page

Map 1: General Survey Area ........................... 1A

Map 2: Provenience No. l, Site 920-10 ................ 24

Map 3: Provenience No. 2, Site 920-10 ................ 25

Map 4: Provenience No. 3, Site 920-10 ................ 26

Map 5: Ground Plan of Site 920-18 .................... 39

Map 6: Ground Plan of Site 920-39 .................... 61

Map 7: Ground Plan of Palisade Ruin .................. 92

FIGURES

Figure 1: Diagnostic Paleo-Indian Artifacts .......... 112

Figure 2: Diagnostic Archaic Projectile Points ....... 113

Figure 3: Basketmaker Projectile Points .............. 114

Figure 4: Diagnostic Pueblo IV-V Projectile Point 115

Figure 5: Navajo Projectile Points ................... 116

*Figure 6: Interior view of rock shelter exhibitingpictographs ............................ 117

0

ABSTRACT

This report presents the results of an archaeologicalsurvey of approximately 450 acres of land in the Abiquiu

. Reservoir District, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. The areasurveyed was contained within unsectioned grant land in thePiedra Lumbre Grant area, T.23N., R.5E. The survey was con-ducted by the School of American Research, Santa Fe, betweenSeptember 27 and October 4, 1979, for the U.S. Army Corps ofngineers. This project is referenced under the School of

American Research Proposal Number 920; Corps of EngineersContract Number DACW47-79-C-0057

In all, 47 archaeological sites (SAR 920-1 to SAR 920-47)and 130 isolated occurrences (1.0. Nos. 1 to 130) were locatedand described. With respect to mitigation, only the archaeolo-gical sites are considered to possess significant archaeologicalinformation beyond the level of survey documentation. In brief,these sites, which date from Paleo-Indian and Middle Archaicperiods through the Early Anasazi, Historic Pueblo, and EarlyNavajo to the present, could potentially contribute toward amore complete understanding of changes in human adaptation innorthern New Mexico. Although the isolated artifact occur-rences are largely surficial or eroded manifestations and donot require additional archaeological or ethnohistoric miti-gation, their location and survey documentation may be usefulto future investigations in the area. A number of proposedresearch questions are presented which may prove valuablein addressing site significance and mitigation requirements.

It has been recommended that the entire area of survey beprotected from any adverse impacts. Accordingly, the surveyarea has been recommended for nomination to the NationalRegister of Historic Places as a portion of the Abiquiu Reser-voir Archaeological District. Specific evaluations and recom-mendations for each site area also have been included in thereport to assist in resource management.

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INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results of an archaeological77"; survey of 450 acres in the vicinity of Abiquiu Dam, Rio Arriba

County, New Mexico conducted by the School of American Research.The survey was implemented at the request of the U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers in order to complete a cultural resource inventoryof the Abiquiu Dam area initiated in 1974. The specific area ofinvestigation is located in unsectioned grant lands of the PiedraLumbre Grant, T.23N., R.5E., U.S. Geological Survey Canones andGhost Ranch Quadrangles (Map 1).

This project, designated as No. SAR 920, was administeredby John D. Beal, Contract Program Administrator, School ofAmerican Research. Field work was conducted by Karol Klager,supervisory archaeologist, and Merrill R. Gilbert and RicardoP. Romero, archaeologists with the School of American Research,between September 27 and October 4, 1979. Dr. Cynthia Irwin-Williams, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, and Mr.Richard Lang of the School of American Research assisted inthe identification of diagnostic artifacts collected duringsurvey.

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SURVEY METHOD.°4

Survey procedure required subdivision of the survey areaon basis of physiographic and man-made features such as terraceremnants, colluvial slopes and roads. Each of these subdivisionswas then traversed by the survey crew at intervals judged toafford the best overview of the ground surface with regard tovegetational coverage, degree of slope, and consistency of theterrain (i.e., broken or level surface areas). In general, crewmembers were spaced from 20 to 50 meters apart and followedcontours of natural relief.

All locational information was recorded on 7.5-minuteseries U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps with the use ofnatural topographic and man-made features as relative locators.An attempt was made to sketch in recently constructed featuresrelating to the construction of Abiquiu Reservoir including theapproximate location of the dam itself, State High.vay 96 whichbisects the study area, a spillway or conveyor cut which runsto the east of this highway through the center of the surveyarea along a previously existing drainage, and two unpaved roadswhich parallel this spillway. The location of these features

4was.cross-checked to some degree with general area maps on fileat the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Resident Office at the dam.Mr. Lyman Reynolds, Facility Manager, provided this and otherservices during the course of the project. Although the mappedlocations recorded in the field are considered to be accuratefor the most part, absolute precision was precluded in severalareas for a number of reasons. A major factor is that thescale of the U.S. Geological Survey 7.7-minute series maps (1:24,000) and the designated contour interval of 20 ft. obscurethe sharpness of features which serve as relational locators,particularly in dealing with small site locations and isolatedoccurrences. This problem was accentuated in the present studyarea by the fact that the original maps, published in 1953, havenot been revised to include substantial changes including theconstruction of roads, buildings and recreational areas, power-lines, spillways and borrow areas, introduced with the con-struction of the dam. These new features tend to obscure orchange some aspect of the topography (i.e., drainage patterns).Despite these modifications of topography, the locations listedfor cultural resources noted in the present survey are consideredto be generally accurate.

Archaeological manifestations encountered in survey werebriefly examined in order to ascertain the nature of the occur-rence, the distribution and density of associated artifacts andfeatures, the character of the artifact assemblage and the extentof cultural remains. The manifestation was then evaluated inorder to determine its qualification as a "site" area or "isolated

I . -. .... .

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occurrence." Criteria for the designation of archaeologicalsites were based on the density and distribution of associatedculturpl remains. An isolated occurrence was defined simplyas one or two artifacts which appeared to be surfical and lackedcontextual integrity. Although no intermediate designation,such as "locality", was used in this survey, cultural occurrenceswhich exhibited a limited number of artifacts or which appearedto have been extensively disturbed with respect to either naturalprocesses or recent dam construction activity were also designatedas sites. In several instances the condition or nature of theseremains (i.e., recent dump areas such as SAR 920-24 and SAR 920-33;extremely dispersed and possibly unrelated single episode occur-rences such as SAR 920-4 and the recently disturbed areas of SAR920-2; or the possible natural occurrence of cobble alignments atSAR 920-2 may not imply an archaeological importance usuallyassociated with remains of a more conventional nature.

Standardized forms of the Museum of New Mexico, Laboratoryof Anthropology, were used to record general locational, environ-mental, archaeological, and physiographic data on all archaeolo-gical sites. A photographic record was made of each site andsite provenience, and a sketch of the site area was mapped to scale.In addition, lithic tools which might better provide an assessmentof general site activity were drawn to size. At the request ofMs. Donna Roxey, archaeologist with the Corps of Engineers, diag-nostic artifacts were collected and mapped in place on the sitesketch map. In cases in which only one sherd of a specific typeoccurred, sherds were nipped in half with only a portion of thesherd collected as a field specimen for laboratory identification.The approximate boundaries of each site and provenience area wereflagged with red or orange surveyor's flagging, and a centerflag denoting the site field designation number was placed in thecenter of the area of concentration for future field reference.

Diagnostic isolated occurrences were also collected asfield specimens. However, no isolated occurrence was marked onthe ground with flagging since their limited information potentialdoes nt require any additional mitigative action. All field notes,site forms, maps, photographs, artifact sketches, and collectedfield specimens are on file with the School of American Research,Santa Fe. Access to site forms may also be obtained from theCorps of Engineers, Albuquerque District, and the Laboratory ofAnthropology. A total of 6 crew days (16 man days) was requiredfor survey. This amount of field time expended arises as adirect result of high site and isolated occurrence density re-quiring documentary proceedures.

Analytical proceedures relative to collected materials from* . individual sites have been confined to typological categorization.

Collected materials were initially retrieved in anticipation ofprobable contributions toward illuminating questions on culturalaffinity and temporal placement. Therefore, most materials col-lected and curated were ini.ti lly recognized as diagnostic in

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the field. Laboratory study entailed the examination of col-lected items by competent analysts under the auspieces ofexisting recognized typological frameworks

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The environmental setting for the Abiquiu Dam ReservoirDistrict has been described in detail in previous survey reportssubmitted by the School of American Research. The informationpresented below has been synopsized from the ArchaeologicalSurvey of Maximum Pool and Navajo Excavations at AbiquiuReservoir, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, written by Curtis F.Schaafsma and submitted to the National Park Service in 1976.

The present area of survey is located immediately to theeast of the Chama River and directly to the south of the LlanoPiedra Lumbre and the Arroyo de Comales in the Piedra LumbreValley. This general region is situated at the eastern edgeof the Colorado Plateau on the margin of the San Juan Basinwhich covers approximately 8,000 square miles in southernColorado and northwestern New Mexico. To the east is the RioGrande trough, an irregular belt 20 to 50 miles in width whichextends from the southern portion of Colorado to southern NewMexico. The Rio Chama forms a major tributary of the Rio Grandejoining the river approximately 15 linear miles (approximately30 river miles) to the southeast of the present survey area.

Geologically, the region is composed of massive upliftsof Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary formations which haveeroded to form the Piedra Lumbre Valley and its associated canyons,badlands, and eroded cliffs. The region is characterized by ex-tensive vulcanism which resulted in the formation of the JemezMountains to the south and the Cerros del Rio to the southeast.The geologic development of the area includes the formation ofPermian Age sandstone and shales followed by deposition of theTriassic Chinle formation. This deposition is a moderatelyerosion-resistant sandstone deposit forming the floor of much.of the central valley and has been a significant factor in deter-mining much of the local topography. The upper portion of thisformation consists of eroded, varicolored shales which formbadlands prominent in the vicinity of Ghost Ranch. These shalesappear to be absent in the present study area. Other formationsoccurring in this region include the Jurassic Entrada, Todilto,and Morrison and the Cretaceous Dakota formations which forma hard sandstone cap over most of the mesas on the western andnorthern arc of the valley. Mancos shale is also present inthe northern part of the Chama Valley.

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This sequence of deposition was followed by a period ofo .[[uplifting and folding in Miocene and Pliocene times associated

with the formation of the Rio Grande depression. Faulting

during the late Pliocene is also evident. The region was sub-sequently eroded and aggraded resulting in the formation ofseveral distinct physiographic features including the depositionof at least three separate terraces of river gravels, which havebeen dated to the Pleistocene and form much of the present sur-face in the area of current study.

Physiographically, land forms in the immediate survey areaL appear to have resulted from the formation of these river terraces

and from subsequent eroding by the Rio Chama and its tributarydrainages. The specific implications of the physiography ofthis area with relation to overall environment have been discussedby Schaafsma (1976).

Climate in the area of investigation is semiarid with anaverage annual rainfall of between 12 and 14 inches occurring ina summer-dominant (May to September) pattern. In addition, rain-fall appears to vary greatly from year to year. Temperature inthe Chama Valley averages 730 in the summer and 350 in the winterand ranges from 2 to 960. A more detailed discussion of theimplications of climate on site location can be found in Schaafsma(1976)

Vegetation in the survey area varies greatly with regard to

differences in elevation, slope, exposure, and soil. For thepurposes of this report, three major vegetational associationswere defined after classifications presented by Cattle, Carrolland Stuart (1977) , although this discussion is by no means de-finitive. The first major plant association is the grassland com-munity, referred to as "short-grass prairie" in the 1976 surveyreport. This community was noted primarily in open, exposedareas of shallow slope and is correlated with silty and/orsandy soils. The shrub-grassland association is largely composed

* of species similar to those present within the juniper grasslands.A notable exception is the absence of one-seeded juniper(Juniperus monosperma) or its reduced presence in widely scatteredstands. In addition, there may be an increase in various grasses

*such as ring muhly (Muhlenbergia torre i), galleta, (Hilariajamesii) and dropseed (Sporobolis spp.) depending on local con-

ditions (Public Service Company of New Mexico, 1977:37). Gramagrass (Bouteloua spp.) is generally common in this communitywith less frequently occurring small quantities of Indian ricegrass (Oryzopis hymenoides), western wheat grass (Agropyronsmithii), red top (Agrostis alba), three awns (Aristida spp),and fescues (Festuca spp.). The dominant shrubs include four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescans), greasewood (Sarcobatus ver-miculatus), snakeweed (Gutierrezia spp.) and rabbitbrush (Chr-sthamnus spp.). owing to a lack of botanical expertise, positivei.i ..fication of many of the above plant species (i.e., the

* grasses) was not made in the field by the archaeological survey

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crew. However, notation was made of recognized species in siteareas.

The Juniper-grassland community is most prevalent alongthe basal slopes of the gravel terraces at the juncture ofthe open grassland and pinon-woodland areas. The junipergrassland community is marked by the absence of scrub oak(Quercus spp.), and skunkbush (Rhus tribobata) and an increasein the percentage of ground cover provided by blue grama(Bouteloua gracilis), black grama (Bouteloua eripoda), galleta(Hilaria jamesii), and various dropseeds (Sporobolous spp.)(Cattle, Carroll and Stuart 1979). Snakeweed (Gutierreziaspp.), cane cholla (Opuntia imbricata) , prickly pear (Opuntiaphaecantha), and narrow-leaf yucca (Yucca galuca) also occurwithin this association. Species potentially significant tograzing which appear in this community include four-wingsaltbush (Atriplex canescans), shadescale (Atriplex confertifolia),winterfat (Eurotia lanata), and greasewood (Sarcobatus vermi-culatas). Several of these diagnostic species were identifiedduring the course of this survey.

Finally, the pinon-juniper woodland community appearswithin the middle and upper reaches of many of the gravel ter-races in this area. One-seeded juniper (Juniperus monosperma)and pinon (Pinus edulis) are the dominant plants although,scrub oak (Quercus spp.), big sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata),and skunkbush (Rhus trilobata) have been used as the indicativespecies (Cattle, Carroll and Stuart 1977). Cane cholla (Opuntiaimbricata), prickly pear (Opuntia phaecantha), wolfberry ( u

gallidum), snakeweed (Gutierrezia spp.), and narrowleaf yucca(Yucca lauca) may be found in this community. Grasses usuallyassociated with the pinon-juniper woodlands include side-oatsgrama (Bouteloua curtipendula), little bluestem (Andropogonscoparius), and bottlebrush squirreltail (Sitanion histrix). Inaddition, the grasses more commonly associated with the lower,drier juniper-grasslands may occur. Many of the areas whichhave been identified as pinon-juniper woodland in the present

*. report have been defined on the basis of substantial occurrencesof pinon and juniper. It should be noted, however, that concomi-tant diagnostic species including scrub oak, sagebrush, andskunkbush were not always noted in these areas.

The predominance of mixed pinon-juniper woodland and opengrassland prairies noted by the Corps of Engineers and in pre-vious surveys in the lower portion of the reservoir (Schaafsma

~1976) was also noted in the present study area.

A summary of fauna noted in the general Abiquiu Dam regionhas been referenced in the 1976 survey report. It may be notedthat pictographs located at site SAR 920-10 (Feature 2) appear

* to represent deer, possible antelope, and turkey, and also con-tain a single petroglyph figure of a fish. Further, many of the

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other sites located in this survey are suggested to relate tohunting activity in this area. More extensive ecological in-terpretations may be found in Schaafsma (1976).

CULTURAL OVERVIEW

A complete culture history of the Central Rio GrandeValley is not within the specific scope of this report and willnot be attempted here. A brief overview of prehistoric and his-toric activities in this area, however, is necessary to providea general framework for the assessment of cultural resourceslocated by the present survey. There has been a recent tendencyin the archaeological field to view manifestations of culturalactivities within broader regional, economic, technological,and social systems rather than as isolated phenomena. This ten-dency has grown from an increasing awareness or the need tounderstand the complex of variables in both the natural and cul-tural environment which contribute to the development of parti-cular forms of social organization and technological achievement.An outline of the cultural history of this area, therefore, ispresented below.

PALEO-INDIAN PERIOD

The first occupation of this region is characterized by thePaleo-Indian Period and has been correlated with the last of thepluvial periods (San Jon) of the Late Pleistocene. This periodrepresents a series of broad geographic complexes, generallycharacterized by the "big game hunting" of now extinct species.It is differentiated by a series of diagnostic tool complexesand projectile points types including the Clovis point type, apart of the broader Llano Complex dated roughly to 14,000 B.C.;the Folsom (Midland) point type dated to ca. 9000 to 8000 B.C.;and the points of the Portales Culture dated 8000 to 5000 B.C.,which was initially viewed as a single component but has recentlybeen subdivided into the Agate Basin (8490-8250 B.C.), the Cody(ca. 7000 B.C.) and the Angostura (date indeterminant) phases(Agogino and Rovner 1967). Prior to the present survey, fewdiagnostic materials had been identified for the Paleo-Indian

" Period in the Abiquiu Dam Reservoir area, although generalresearch of Paleo-Indian settlement in the Central Rio Grandehas been well documented by Judge (1973).

* ARCHAIC

The Paleo-Indian occupation was succeeded by a period whichhas been termed the Archaic (5000-100 B.C.). Kill sites whichheavily predominate in the Paleo-Indian archaeological record

*and tend to direct current viewpoint toward an interpretation

".

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of a primary hunting subsistence base, constitute a smallerproportion of the total of recorded Archaic sites. The Archaiccomplex is characterized by the development of small bands ofsemi-nomadic hunters and gatherers, an increased rate of populationgrowth and seasonal aggregation and terminates with the introduc-tion of maize agriculture into the region. Subsistence strategyshifts to a wider base of faunal and floral resources whichcorresponds with the onset of less equable (warmer, more arid)climatic conditions (Lent 1978). Site density, site size, andthe frequency of site reoccupation appear to increase duringthis period. As in the Paleo-Indian occupation, Archaic sitesare generally typified by lithic concentrations and hearthfeatures. Diagnostic artifacts include a series of projectilepoint types, features, and complexes defined by Irwin-Williams(1973), including the Jay (ca. 6000-5000 B.C.), the Bajada (5000-3000 B.C.), the San Jose (3000-1750 B.C.), the Armijo 1750-1000B.C.), and the En Medio (1000 B.C. to A.D. 500) phases. Thelatter part of this sequence has been correlated in part to theearly Basketmaker period. Sites in this period are frequentlylocated in dune and playa areas or along the edges of Pleistoceneterrace remnants. Locational data indicate that site densitymay increase as a function of vegetative deversity (Rehrer andWitter.1977). Detailed works on this period may be found inIrwin-Williams (1973), Reinhardt (1967) and Campbell and Ellis(1952).

In the Abiquiu Dam region, the largest number of siteslocated and mitigated during the period from 1974 to 1978 havebeen affiliated with the Archaic occupation, including severalbase camps and a range of specilized activity areas. The inves-tigation of Archaic settlement in this area is detailed in reportsby Schaafsma (1976 and 1978). A number of lithic scatters andisolated occurrences have been tentatively associated with theArchaic and Basketmaker II Periods during the present survey.

ANASAZI OCCUPATION

The Archaic is followed by a transitional period sometimesgrouped at the terminal end of the Archaic, but distinguishedby the designation of "Basketmaker". This is the first in aseries of cultural periods which has been placed in the classi-fication of the Puebloan Anasazi and marks the beginning ofspecific traditions of the social organization and technological

* development peculiar to the northwest and north-central areasof New Mexico, northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, andsouthwestern Colorado. This period ranges in age from 100 B.C.to A.D. 700 and represents a significant change in adaptivestrategy. This is manifest by a change from a hunting and gatheringeconomy to a more sedentary, agricultural subsistence, particu-larly in the Basketmaker III (A.D. 400-700) and Pueblo I (A.D.700-900) periods. During this time, subsistence systems shifted

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to a primary reliance on maize agriculture. Concurrently,social organization, site size and the structure of thepopulation changed strikingly. Habitation units evolvedfrom subterranean pithouse clusters, characteristic of thelate Basketmaker period, to early Pueblo I above-ground, slab-lined (jacal) structures, eventually developing into masonryapartment units. Ceramics were introduced into the technolo-gical complex during the Basketmaker III period, and thereappears to have been an increasing unification of economic andsocial networks which reached maximal regional development atdiffering times in the Anasazi southwest.

During the Pueblo I period tA.D. 700-900), the Anasazipopulation became increasingly sedentary with a stronger de-pendence-on agricultural subsistence activities. Structuralsites from this period are generally small, sometimes associatedwith older style pithouses. Other types of Pueblo I sitesusually consist of dispersed ceramic and lithic scatters with

* some associated hearths, indicating a continuing use of specialactivity (resource) areas. During the period from early to

* - late Pueblo I, material culture assemblages are characterizedby an increasing complexity of ceramic design and manufacturetechniques; a shift to wet-laid (adobe mortar) surface struc-tures of basalt, quartzite cobble, and/or sandstone masonry;an aggregation of small pueblo units; and a change in locationof habitation -sites. Small-scale methods of irrigation (checkdams, terrace walls, etc.) may also have been introduced in thelatter part of this period.

In the Pueblo II period (A.D. 900-1100), small, scatteredcommunities generally consisting of a single room block andoccasional kiva, developed into large unit aggregations, cul-minating during the late Pueblo II and early Pueblo III (A.D.1100-1300) periods in the formation of several large communityareas. Small isolated (family) Puebloan units continue in

. marginal areas, but there appears to have been an increasingcentralization both in settlement pattering and social andeconomic networks, stimulated in part by the development ofthe large towns and colonies of Chaco Canyon, 85 miles to thesouthwest of the present survey area.

" iWith the collapse of the Chacoan network shortly before-A.D. 1300, there appeared to be a general decrease in populationin the San Juan Basin (Lent 1978), a dispersion of settlementsin marginal areas with an increased influence and/or populationintrusion from the Mesa Verde area of southern Colorado and acorresponding rise in strong local development in several of

• "the surrounding areas (i.e., the Central Rio Grande). Nospecific cause has been defined for this population shift,

[. although a combination of factors including drought, warfare,and resource extinction has been proposed.

m* *

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During the Pueblo IV period (A.D. 1300-1600) populationconcentration at a few large pueblos in the Little Colorado andnorthern Rio Grande areas began.

In the Middle Rio Grande area, the temporal sequence hasbeen divided into three successive stages:

1. the Developmental Period (A.D. 600-1200),correlating to the general Basketmaker III(A.D. 400-700), Pueblo I (A.D. 700-900),Pueblo II (A.D. 900-1100) and early PuebloIII (A.D. 1100-1375) periods in the Pecosclassification sequence of the Anasazi region;

2. the Coalition Period (A.D. 1200-1325), cor-relating with the Pueblo III period;

3. and the Classic Period (A.D. 1325-1600)correlating to the Pueblo IV (A.D. 1325-1600, period (Wendorf 1954; and Wendorfand Reed 1955).

Following the development of sedentism and maize agricultureduring the Developmental Period, the Puebloan population appearedto aggregate into fewer and larger towns. This aggregationculminated during the Classic Period in a general "florescence"of social organization and technology (Wendorf 1954). Duringthis period, the population seemed to stabilize, and the pro-duction of locally made red-slipped and glazed pottery wasintroduced. Several distinctive features, including the con-struction of rectangular kivas, extended inhumations, andcranial deformation, appeared at this time (Betancourt 1978),although site location continued in open valleys along secondarydrainages.

In the area being investigated, past survey has indicatedthat Puebloan hunters and gatherers visited the Piedra Lumbre

* Valley from about A.D. 700 to A.D. 1300 (Schaafsma 1978) insearch of specific natural resources. There is, however, noindication of permanent habitation sites relating to this period.During the period from A.D.1300 to 1350, two Puebloan villageswere settled near the present dam site. The Riana Ruin andPalisade Ruin (Appendix B) sites were excavated prior to theconstruction of the dam by Hibben (1937) and Peckham (1959),respectively, and materials from these sites are reposited atthe Maxwell Museum and the Laboratory of Anthropology. Inves-tigation of this area by Hibben, Peckham, and Mera (1934, 1940)

* suggests that the Piedra Lumbre Valley represented the north-western frontier of Rio Grande Pueblo settlement. Occupationof the area by Pueblo Indian groups appears to have terminatedby A.D. 1350 (Schaafsma 1978).

Several, light sherd scatters and one possible structuralarea dating to Pueblo IV and V were noted in the course of thepresent survey. These occurrences appear to represent limitedresource extractive activities (i.e., hunting and/or gathering)which were probably seasonal in nature.

NAVAJO

Dates for Athabascan entry into the Anasazi region of thesouthwest are not well documented. It has been suggested thatsporadic intrusions by nomadic Desert Tradition (Ute, Paiute,Shoshone) and Athabascan (Navajo, Apache) groups have occurredthroughout the period of Puebloan development in this region.

.* However, the first real evidence of Athabascan occupation(forked-stick hogans) is recorded in the Gobernador Canyon andhas been dated to a period of approximately A.D. 1491 to 1541.Indications of Athabascan presence are also noted during theearly 16th century in the Chacra Mesa area of northern NewMexico.

The linguistic origins of the Athabascan group (the Navajoof northern Arizona and northern New Mexico; the western Apacheof central Arizona; the Chiricahua Apache of southeasternArizona and southwestern New Mexico; the Jicarilla of north-eastern New Mexico; and the Mescalero, Lipan and Kiowa tribesof eastern New Mexico) are found in Canada and western Alaska.Routes of entry into the southwest have been proposed bothfor the Great Basin and Plains areas, filtering of populationsthrough the northern and central areas of Colorado is indicatedby the occurrence of hogans dating A.D. 1100 (Willey 1966). Thedevelopment of the Navajo tradition in New Mexico has been dividedinto three phases. The first, Dinetah, a relatively pristineperiod was characterized by a slight Puebloan influence (i.e.maize and bean agriculture and minimal trade of Black-on-white

"- Puebloan ceramics) on the basically nomadic hunting and gathering" oriented Navajo groups. The second, Gobernador Phase, has been

dated from approximately A.D. 1696 to 1745, occurring slightlyearlier in the San Juan, Gobernador, and Largo regions. Thisphase was marked by an increase in Puebloan influence followingthe Pueblo Revolt of A.D. 1680 and was marked by larger quantitiesof Puebloan tradewares, and transition from forked-stick hogans*to stone wall masonry (pueblitos, stone hogans, masonry towers),cribbed log hogans and fortified sites, and the use of Europeanlivestock (horses, cattle, sheep). The Cabezon or Refugee PhaseA.D. 1745-1812 marked the decline of Puebloan influence witha return to the use of forked-stick hogans and an increaseeconomic dependence on livestock (sheep) herding. The continueduse of both indigenous pointed-bottom utility wares and Puebloan

*i (polychrome) tradewares is also indicated during this period.Throughout these phases, the Navajo maintained a tradition ofraiding and looting their more sedentary Hispanic and Puebloanneighbors. Studies of early Navajo occupation are best documentedin works by Hester and Shiner (1963) and Keur (1944). Well-definedceramic sequences have not been established in this area forhistoric Navajo wares.

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In the 1930's survey of the Chama River Valley and in the1974-1978 surveys of the Abiquiu Reservoir area by Schaafsmaand the School of American Research, a "distinctive and here-tofore unrecognized archaeological complex" (Schaafsma 1978:54)of Ute and/or Navajo sites was noted. The materials locatedat these sites and Spanish records of the 17th and early 18thcenturies, indicate that occupation of the Chama Valley byNavajo groups may have existed in the period from A.D. 1620 to1710. Navajo use of the Piedra Lumbre area is more fullydiscussed in a report of work conducted in the Abiquiu Damregion by Schaafsma (1978). In addition, a detailed manuscriptconcerning the excavation of AR-4, a large Navajo settlementlocated directly to the northwest of the present survey area,and general cultural history of Athabascan occupation in theregion is now in press.

Several possible early Navajo sites, including two structuralareas, were recorded in the present field survey.

OTHER HISTORIC INDIAN OCCUPATION

The presence of mounted Indian groups (i.e., the Ute, Comanche,and Jicarilla Apache) has been documented for the Piedra LumbreValley in the period between 1720 and the late 19th century A.D.Resident bands of these historic Indian groups, however, did notsettle in the area until approximately A.D. 1800, based on thedating of tipi rings at sites such as AR-9, (Abiquiu Reservoirsurvey, School of American Research) and historical records ofthe region (Schaafsma 1978). Although no diagnostic materialsspecifically relating to these groups were noted in the presentsurvey, it is possible that several of the lithic sites recordedin this study area are affiliated with this occupation.

EURO-AMERICAN OCCUPATION

Seven phases have been defined for the historic occupationof the Middle Rio Grande Valley. These consist of:

1. The Spanish Exploration Phase A.D. 1540-1598,including expeditions into the area by Coronado(ca. A.D. 1540), Chamuscado-Rodriguez (A.D. 1581),and Espejo (A.D. 1582);

2. The Colonization Phase (A.D. 1598-1696), characterizedby a labor-exploitative system existing almost exclu-sively in Santa Fe;

3. The Pueblo Revolt and Reconquest Phase (A.D. 1680-1696), a short-lived period of coalition betweenthe Pueblos and Apaches and attempted restorationof pre-contact ways of life;

- . ". o °". . . , - .Vo ' ~ . 2. -- - -.

-13-

4. The Colonial Phase (1696-1821), which introduced anew land-tenure system displacing the encomiendaand mission-lands utilization system with settle-ment by Hispanic colonists;

5. The Mexican Phase (A.D. 1821-1846), characterizedby an increasing autonomy in governmental, economic,and religious control and deteriorating centralizedbureaucracy;

6. The United States Territorial Phase (A.D. 1846-1912);and

7. The New Mexico Statehood Phase (A.D. 1912 to present)(Abbink and Stein 19.77).

More detailed information on these Historic Euro-American Phasesmay be found in Archaeological Investigations in Cochiti Reservoir,New Mexico, a report of work conducted immediately in the southof Santa Fe by the Office Contract Archaeology, Albuquerque andby Swadesh (1974).

In the Abiquiu Reservoir District, five Historic Anglo sitesincluding two log cabins have been recorded in previous years ofsurvey (Schaafsma 1978). Spanish occupation of the Chama RiverValley was apparently unsuccessful until approximately 1806 withthe establishment of farming along its tributary drainages suchas the Puerco Valley. Several Spanish homesteads have beenlocated during past years of survey by the School of AmericanResearch in this area and were probably once integrated into asystem of community irrigation ditches centered at Youngsville,Canones, and Coyote (Schaafsma 1978). The descendents of theseearly Spanish settlers form the dominant cultural group in thevalley at the present time. Historic records from this periodand an ethnohistoric work on the settlement of the northwesternfrontier of Spanish New Mexico based on a study of Rio ArribaCounty by Swadesh (1974) provide a more detailed account of the

-[ Spanish population in the Abiquiu Dam region.

Two recent historic scatters and several isolated occurrenceswere noted during the course of the present survey. An interpre-tion of these remains may be found in Section VI; CulturalInterpretation.

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SITE DESCRIPTIONS

SAR 920-1

Field Designation: SAR 9-20-79:1

Elevation: 6,400 feet, 1,951 meters.

Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted includeda moderately dense coverage of pinon and juniper(juniper predominant) with sparse to moderategrasses (including needle and thread grass),narrowleaf yucca, rubber rabbitbrush, snakeweed,and mustards.

Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.

Description: Site SAR 9207 9 :1 consists of d light to extremelylight lithic scatter located on the steep northernslope of a gravel terrace remnant along a smallnorth-south running drainage cut. The area isbasically exposed on all sides with some protec-tion by the terrace remnant top to the immediatesouth, slight shelter is afforded by the rise inslope to the east and west. The area is washedand eroded with a moderate to steep slope on thenorth. Soils in the site area are sandy with ahigh clay content. A natural scatter of quartzitegravels and cobbles and small nodules of patinatedand unpatinated chalcedonies and cherts are present.The area has a good overlook of major drainagesto the north and northeast.

The scatter noted in this area included over 30chalcedony flakes of secondary and tertiary reduc-tion, 20 to 30 primarily tertiary with somesecondary chert flakes, and more than five chertand chalcedony cores. Materials were concentratedin an area approximately 40 meters in diametertowards the southwestern edge of the site. Anextremely light scatter of materials continuesdownslope for approximately 50 meters. Totaldimensions of the site have been defined at approxi-mately 100 meters northeast-southwest by 55 metersnorthwest-southeast.

A possible chipping station is located on the eastside of the area of concentration, In addition,several axe-cut junipers at the southwestern edgeof the site indicate recent visitation.

i* .

t'.-*

[[i[] -15 -

owing to an absence of datable materials ordiagnostic artifacts at this site, no tem-poral affiliation could be assigned. Basedon the artifact assemblage, a functionalinterpretation of probable lithic manufacturearea was assigned this location. However,although no hearths were located in survey,the eroded (washed) condition of this site mayhave obscured any indication of a more inten-sive use. In addition, several of the flakesnoted in survey showed evidence of retouch.

SAR 920-2



Vegetation: Transitional pinon-juniper woodland, junipergrassland. Species noted include a moderatecoverage of pinon and juniper with sparse tomoderate grasses (including Sporobolus grasses),paper flowers, rabbitbrush, scrub oak, cholla,and snakeweed.

* Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.

Description: Site SAR 920-79:2 consists of a light lithicscatter located on a stepped bench droppingsteeply into a major drainage to the east andnorth. The immediate area slopes slightly tothe east and south with large areas of exposedsandstone bedrock along its eastern edge. Anunpaved road forms the western boundary of thesite area. The site is eroded and exposed onall sides with slight shelter afforded byterrace remnants to the north and south. Alight scatter of small natural gravels andlarge sandstone boulders is present.

The scatter noted at SAR 920-2 included approxi-mately 40-50 secondary and tertiary chalcedony

*flakes and a few Polvadera Peak obsidian flakes.Most of the materials noted in this scatterappear to have been moved from their originaldepositional location. The area of the sitehas been defined at approximately 140 metersnorth-south by 50 meters east-west, the densityof the scatter appears to remain consistentthroughout the site. It should be noted thatthe construction of the unpaved road at the west-ern edge of the site forms a somewhat artificial

*boundary which may not reflect the naturalboundary of the scatter. A similar lithic scatter,defined as SAR 920:3 was located approximately

-.... .

-16-

20 meters from the western edge of this roadand may, in fact, represent a continuanceof materials noted at SAR 920-2.

No temporal or functional interpretationscould be suggested for this site due to theabsence of diagnostic materials.

SAR 920-3



Vegetation: Juniper grassland. Species noted included sparseto moderate grasses, scrub oak, cholla, juniper,prickly pear, and narrowleaf yucca.


Description: Site 920-79:3 consisted of a light to extremelylight lithic scatter located in an area ofshallow colluvial wash at the base of a highgravel terrace remnant. The site area isbordered on the south by the base of the terracetalus slope, on the east by an unpaved road,and on the north by a low rise characterizedby a moderate stand of juniper. The areaslopes gently to the northeast with outcrops ofexposed bedrock toward its southern edge.

Materials noted at SAR 920-3 included approxi-mately 40 chalcedony flakes of predominatelyprimary and tertiary with some secondary reduc-tion. A few pieces of chalcedony debitage anda single chalcedony core were also noted. Thedensity of concentration appears to be consis-tent throughout the site area and may be dis-persed by natural erosional processes (i.e. wash).

The site area has been defined at approximately100 meters northeast-southwest by 45 metersnorthwest-southeast. However, it should be notedthat the natural area of this scatter may haveoriginally extended to the east toward siteSAR 920-2. The scatter area has been interruptedby a north-south running unpaved road, and sinceno cultural materials were located within 20meters of this road, the area was separated intotwo distinct sites.

K No temporal or functional interpretation could..- be made for this scatter, although the presence

of the single chalcedony core and the quantityof unretouched flakes indicates that lithicmanufacture occurred here.

!. . .

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-17-

SAR 920-4


u Elevation: 6,370 feet, 1,942 meters.

Vegetation: Shrub grassland. Species noted included moderategrasses (including wheat, pepper, bottlebrush)sparse to moderate juniper, and dogweed.

Temporal Affiliation: Pueblo IV (based on ceramic typology(Harlow 1973).

Description: This site consists of extremely light sherdand lithic scatter located on a shallow colluvialslope at the base of a high gravel terrace remnant.The site area drains gently to the north andnortheast and is exposed on all sides. The sitearea is slightly sheltered on the south by theslope of the terrace remnant. A light scatterof small natural gravels covers the site area,and small areas of sandstone bedrock are exposednear its western edge.

Cultural materials noted at the site consist ofthree secondary and tertiary flakes and onechalcedony core-flake. Ceramics noted at thesite include four sherds from a single potbreak located near the western boundary of thescatter (field specimen No. 1) and two sherdslocated approximately 40 meters to the south-east (field specimen No. 2). These ceramicoccurrences have been identified as BandelierBlack-on-gray, dating to A.D. 1425-1475.The site area is estimated to be approximately30 x 50 meters.

Due to the dispersed nature of the artifactsassociated with this site and the small quantityof cultural materials noted in the area, nofunctional interpretation could be determined.Although the materials located in this areahave been grouped, it is possible that thisscatter represents several temporal episodesand does not relate to an intensive use of thesite area with respect to specialized activity.One temporal component relating to the depositionof one or two vessels in the immediate area isdated at Pueblo IV based on ceramic typology.

SAR 920-5

. Field Designation: SAR 9-21-79:5


-18-

Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted includedmoderately dense pinon and juniper with extremelysparse grasses (including wheat and Sporobolusgrass), cholla, prickly pear, barrel cactus,rubber rabbitbrush, salt-bush, snakeweed, anddogweed.

Temporal Affiliation: Possible Basketmaker III (based onprojectile point typology).

Description: Site SAR 920-5 consists of a light to extremelylight scatter located on an eroded gravel slopenear the northern base of a high gravel terraceremnant. The area is extremely eroded withlarge areas of bedrock exposure. The generalarea is cut by numerous small and large drainagestrending to the north and northwest. The sitearea is sheltered to the south by the terraceremnant and slightly to the east and west bypromontory rises extending from the base of theterrace slope. The area is washed and exposedand shallow subsurface deposits are indicated.The location of this site affords a limitedoverlook to a major colluvial drainage on thenorth. The slope in the immediate site area ismoderate and to the northeast.

Cultural materials noted at this site werelight with two areas of relative concentration.Provenience No. 1 contains approximately 20secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes with5 percent retouch; 10 secondary and tertiaryobsidian flakes and debitage; 1 tertiarychert flake and 1 tertiary agate flake and oneobsidian projectile point base (field specimenNo. 4), dated possible Basketmaker III. Thescatter in this provenience was located in anapproximate 35 x 40 meter area surrounding aslight basin at the northern edge of the site.

Materials at Provenience No. 2 included approxi-mately 15 secondary chalcedony flakes, two ofwhich exhibit retouch; from 5 to 6 tertiary

* Polvedera Peak obsidian flakes, one of whichis retouched; one secondary quartzite flakeand one chalcedony core in an 8 by 10 meter

L-_ area. The intervening distance of approximately100 meters is extremely light and consistsprimarily of secondary and tertiary chalcedonies.

A temporal component of Basketmaker III has beententatively identified for Provenience No. 1 ofthis scatter. No functional interpretation couldbe made on the basis of the present survey data.

h .°.

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SAR 920-6



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted includeda moderate stand of pinon and juniper with sparsegrasses (including wild wheat), rabbitbrush,snakeweed, dogweed and narrowleaf yucca.


Description: Site SAR 920-6 consists of a moderate to moderatelydense lithic scatter located on the northwesternslope of a high gravel terrace remnant. The siteis exposed on all sides with slight shelter tothe west offered by a low ridge and to the southand southeast by the talus slope of the terraceremnant. The area slopes gently to the northand is heavily washed and eroded. The area hasbeen cut by several small drainage gullies.A former road running generally north-south hasits origin at the Riana Campground to the southextending from the top of a promontory of the

terrace remnant borders the site on the west.

The scatter associated with SAR 920-6 includesover 200 Polvedera Peak-Obsidian Ridge obsidianflakes of predominantly tertiary reduction, withapproximately 2 flakes exhibiting retouch; over50 primary, secondary and tertiary chalcedonyflakes, with approximately a 10 percent retouch;over 20 chert flakes of primary and secondaryreduction; five secondary agate flakes, two ofwhich are retouched; one Obsidian Ridge obsidiandrill; one large chalcedony core; and two unifacialchalcedony scrapers. These artifacts are concen-trated in an area measuring approximately 45 metersnorthwest and southeast and 30 meters wide. Anextremely light scatter associated with thesite continues approximately 100 meters to theeast-northeast.

No temporal affiliation could be assigned to thissite owing to the absence of any diagnosticartifacts or features located during survey.The presence of a single chalcedony core indicateslithic manufacture activity at this location.Additional functional interpretation could notbe made on the basis of the present survey data.It should be noted that this is one of few siteslocated during the course of this survey whichexhibited a higher percentage of obsidian flakesand debitage as compared with chalcedony materialtypes.

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SAR 920-7



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted in theimmediate site area included pinon, juniper andsparse coverage of grasses (including Sporobolusgrass) and snakeweed.

Temporal Affiliation: Late Archaic: Late Armijo - EarlyEn Medio (based on projectile pointtypology).

Description: Site SAR 920-7 consists of a light to extremelylight lithic scatter located along a moderateslope extending from the north base of a highgravel terrace remnant. The site area is erodedand exposed with large areas of bedrock outcrop.The site area slopes moderately to the north-northwest and is bordered on the northwest by amoderate dropoff. The slope is stepped alongsmall bedrock ledges approximately 1/2 meterin height.

The materials noted at site SAR 920-7 includeover 50 secondary and tertiary flakes, approxi-mately 10 percent of which exhibit retouch; andthree exhibit possible utilization patterns;50 Polvadera Peak and some obsidian ridge andGrants obsidian flakes of tertiary reduction,approximately 5 percent of which exhibit retouch;five secondary jasper flakes; and five tertiaryfine-grained quartzite flakes. One projectilepoint (field specimen No. 5), typed as EarlyEn Medio-Late Armijo, was collected. The sitecovers an area approximately 30 meters indiameter.

The site has been tentatively dated as LateArchaic, based on the collection of a singleprojectile point. The presence of retouchedflakes indicates use of the site as a temporarysubsistence gathering locci, although firmfunctional interpretation could not be made onthe basis of the present survey data.

SAR 920-8

* Field Designation:


-21-

Vegetation: Grassland. Species noted included sparse grasses(bottlebrush, wild wheat, and wild rye grass) andsnakeweed.


Description: Site SAR 920-8 consists of a light to extremelylight lithic scatter located on the flat topof a high gravel terrace remnant. The site areais eroded, deflated, and exposed on all sides.A light natural sactter of small gravels occursat this site. A large trench running northeast-southwest borders the site to the south and south-east.

The scatter noted at SAR 920-8 includes over70 tertiary chalcedony flakes, two with retouch;five tertiary agate flakes; five secondary andtertiary dendritic jasper flakes extending overan area 100 meters in length (northwest-southeast)by 50 meters in width. A relatively dense con-centration of materials occurs in an area 45meters in diameter toward the southwestern endof the site.

No temporal or functional interpretations couldbe made at this site on the basis of presentsurvey data, although its presence on thishigh terrace remnant with' good overlook to allsides suggests association with a hunting sub-sistence strategy.

SAR 920-9

°* Field Designation: SAR 9-21-79:9


Vegetation: Shrub grassland. Species noted included amoderate to dense coverage of grasses (i.e.,wheat and bottlebrush grass) with some rubberrabbitbrush, prickly pear, and juniper.

*Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.I

Description: This site consists of an extremely light lithicscatter located on the relatively flat top ofa high gravel terrace remnant. The site issituated on a promontory of the terrace withsteep dropoffs immediately to the north and

* south and 100 meters to the west. The area is

7.

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extremely eroded and deflated with a lightscatter of natural small gravels. The sitearea slopes gently to the southwest. Anortheast-southwest trending fencelineborders the site to the east.

Artifacts noted at SAR 920-9 include approximately20 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes and15 tertiary flakes with some retouch, extendingover an area approximately 80 meters in diameter.The scatter is extremely dispersed and exhibitsno areas of concentration.

No temporal or functional interpretation couldbe made at this site on the basis of the presentsurvey data. The location of the site on ahigh terrace remnant promontory overlookingdrainages to the south, east and west, however,suggests its possible use in hunting activities.

SAR 920-10



Vegetation: Juniper grassland, pinon-juniper woodland. Speciesnoted included a moderate stand of pinon andjuniper with a sparse to moderate coverage ofgrasses (including Sporobolus and wheat grass),cholla, broadleaf yucca at Provenience No. 1; amoderate stand of pinon and juniper with sparseto moderate grasses (including white wheat grass),scrub oak, mountain mahogany, rabbitbrush, snake-weed, wolfberry and dogweed at Provenience No. 2;and sparse pinon, juniper, rubber rabbitbrush,snakeweed, saltbush and grasses at Provenience No. 3.

Temporal Affiliation: Multi-component: Early Historic Navajo(ca. A.D. 1650 based on ceramic typology(Schaafsma 1979) and structural type;Late Archaic: Armijo and general LateArchaic/proto-Basketmaker (based onprojectile point typology).

Description: This site consists of an extremely large structuraland scatter area located along the edge of aterrace dropoff overlooking major drainages to theeast and south. At Provenience No. 1, materialsare concentrated at the foot of a colluvial slopewhich extends southward into an approximate 30-meter wide ledge. This area is eroded (washed)with numerous small drainage gullies and slopes

Z.

4777-:070. .7

-23-

basically to the west. The provenience areais generally exposed to the north, west, andsouth with some shelter afforded by the upwardslope to the east. Provenience No. 2 issituated at the southern end of this ledge inan area broken by a relatively steep dropoffto the south and west. The area is characterizedby large sandstone boulders in a series of smallcliff edge envoironments. This area is erodedand exposed basically to the south, east, andwest. General slope is to the southwest.Provenience No. 3 is located toward the centerof the site above the bench dropoff on the easternedge of the site which forms the boundary of theprimary area of scatter. This area is washedand eroded with several small areas of exposedsandstone bedrock. The area slopes gentlyto the northeast, and is slightly shelteredto the east by a rise in slope. This proven-ience is cut by a north-south running jeeptrail and has been disturbed by several setsof vehicle tracks.

Site SAR 920-10 is comprised of a continuousarea of scatter which extends approximately250 meters to the north-northwest and south-southeast, and ranges from 50 to 120 metersin width. General scatter at the site variesfrom a light density in the area below thebench dropoff between Provenience No. 1 and 2,to extremely light in the area above the benchdropoff to the north and south of ProvenienceNo. 3, and upslope and to the east of ProvenienceNo. 1. Artifacts in these areas consist primarilyof chalcedony and obsidian tertiary and secondaryflakes with some indication of retouch (maps 2, 3and 4).

Provenience No. 1 covers an area of approximately160 meters north-south by 60 meters east-west.Materials noted in this provenience appear to beconcentrated in three areas of moderate to moderatelydense scatter. Artifacts noted in survey includeover 300 chalcedony flakes with approximately10 percent retouch. These flakes are predominantlytertiary with some secondary and a few primaryreductions noted. Over six chalcedony cores,four chalcedony scrapers, and several other tools(bifaces, fleshers, etc.) were recorded at thisprovenience. In addition, over 90 secondary andpredominantly tertiary chert flakes; one bificalchert knife; over 150 Polvadera Peak and ObsidianRidge tertiary obsidian flakes (10 percent of

Quartzite CobbleAlignment(possible feature) ~Gentle

H00rth AriatVFJ/\,

Q7 ArDefCocetdtoSandtos

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400-4Srucur AriatsF7L/7

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bedrock

outcrop i

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II provenience boundary

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" sandstone boulder

/ direction of downslope

SAR: 9-22-79:I0 vehicle tracks.: Provenience 3*rc/79

-27-

which exhibited retouch); over 15 fine-grainedquartizite flakes; 10 jasper tertiary flakes withsome retouch; and one Armijo projectile point,(field specimen No. 7) were located. A smallconcentration of tools was noted in an area ofless than 1 1/2 meters in diameter along a gully[[ii cut at the center of the provenience. Severalof these tools were sketched. A possible hearth

area is located at the southeastern edge of theprovenience just above the ledge dropoff. Asecond anomalous alignment of quartzite cobbleswas also noted at the extreme western edge ofthe site.

Provenience No. 1 appears to represent a rangeof activities which may extend over a broadperiod of time. Although only one possiblehearth was noted in the area, such areas mayhave been obscured by natural erosional pro-cesses. The artifact assemblage in this areaof the site suggests its usage as a hunting/butchering camp and area of lithic manufacture.The camp also may have been utilized in thegathering of plant resources, although thephysiographic location (overlooking the con-fluence of two major drainages) and absence ofground stone implements implies a primarilyhunting-related function. The quantity ofartifacts associated with this provenience andthe large area of dense scatter suggest itsreoccupation through several periods.

Provenience No. 2 is located at the southernend of the site and encompasses an area ofapproximately 75 meters (northeast-southwest)by 60 meters (northwest-southeast). Thisprovenience was defined on the basis of thepresence of three habitation structures, twostorage features, and a single rock shelterwith associated petroglyphs, pictographs, andash midden. A light lithic scatter entendsthroughout the provenience and may be associatedwith earlier occupations of the area (seeProvenience No. 1 above).

The three structures and two storage featuresappear to relate to early Navajo occupation ofthe area. Structure A, located at the easternedge of the provenience is approximately 3 metersin diameter and 20 to 80 centimeters tall, con-taining a doorway to the east-northeast. Thecircular structure was formed of natural sandstoneboulders and walls of dry-laid sandstone blocksand boulders. The absence of any substantial

-28-

rubble in association with this structuremay indicate the use of a perishable upperstructure or may be the result of erosionalfactors. A one-handed mano and Archaicprojectile point (field specimen No. 8)are located on the bedrock ledge immediatelyabove this structure.

Structure B is located approximately 20 metersto the west of Structure A at approximatelythe same level along the talus slope. This4 x 5 meter, roughly rectangular structure isformed against natural bedrock boulders alonqits northern and western walls with dry-laidmasonry on its eastern and southern sides. Thewalls of this structure contained an averageof five courses of sandstone blocks and standfrom 1.2 to 1 meter in height. Some wall fallwas noted on the interior of the structuresuggesting that the ,.alls of the structure wereoriginally greater in height. The entrywayto this structure faces the east-northeast.

Structure C is a small 1 x 2 x 1 meter tallenclosure located under an overhang approximately10 meters to the west of Structure B. A smallwall, 30 centimeters high and from three tofive courses tall, forms the southwestern wallof this structure. The small size of thiswalled enclosure indicates its use for storage.

Structure D consists of a 2 x 4 meter enclosureformed by natural sandstone boulders and dry-laid sandstone blocks. The structure is partiallyprotected by a 1 1/2 meter tall overhang on itsnorthern edge. This area is located on a steeptalus and small cliff-edge dropoff approximately25 meters to the south of Structure A. The wallsof this structure consist of small areas of dry-laid sandstone block approximately 50 centimetersand from three to six courses tall. Masonry hasbeen used to fill between natural boulders whichform the southern and northern walls of thestructure. A light lithic scatter was noted inan area of approximately 10 meters in diameterimmediately to the south and southeast of thestructure. This scatter included a singlechalcedony core; approximately 35 chalcedonyflakes (mainly of primary and secondary reduction);one fine-grained quartzite flake; five tertiarychert flakes, and a fire-cracked, one-handed(possible Archaic) mano. A chert preform (fieldspecimen No. 11), dating to the early or proto-Basketmaker period was collected approximately15 meters to the southwest of the structure.

K.: -29-

Feature No. 1, a slab-lined storage cist locatedat a break in slope between Structures B and C,has also been related to the Navajo occupationof this area. This feature consisted of onevertical (in situ) and one displaced slab oftabular sandstone abutting a shallow bedrockoverhang. This feature measured approximately1 meter in length, 1/2 meter in depth, and80 centimeters in height. The cist appears tobe sterile.

No temporal affiliation was established forFeature No. 2, a rock shelter on the extremesouthwestern edge of the site. This shelteris located on the southern face of a relativelysteep talus slope approximately 35 meters to thewest of Structure D and from 50 to 60 meters tothe south of Structure C. The shelter extendsapproximately 10 meters in length and rangesfrom 2 to 6 meters in width. An extensivepack rat midden is located in a large creviceat the western edge of the shelter and severalpictographs and one petroglyph (that of a fish)are situated along its northern wall, ceiling,and a large boulder in the center of the shelter.The pictographs contain anthropomorphic andanimal representations (i.e., deer, turkey, anda man on horseback) as well as geometricalfigures and writings. These pictographs appearto represent several distinct episodes ofdeposition since several of the pictographs overlayparts of another and are executed in two colors(black and red). The roof of the shelter isextremely smoke-blackened, and a large ash middenis located at the eastern edge of the shelter,extending approximately 8 meters downslope tothe base of the talus. Several chalcedony flakeswere noted in the vicinity of the ash midden.In addition, several burned and unburned largeand small animal bones, including large scapulafragments, skull fragments, and a deer longbone,were noted on the floor of the shelter, primarilyconcentrated toward its western side in thevicinity of the pack rat midden. This shelterappears to have had a long period of reuse.

A small area of scatter, approximately 8 metersin diameter, is located in a shallow wash areain the center of the provenience directlybetween Structures A and D. Five sherds ofTewa Red (A.D. 1600-1750) and three of PenascoMicaceous (A.D. 1600-1900's) pottery were locatedin this area (field specimen No. 9 and 10).Other artifacts included a light lithic scatterof 30 chalcedony flakes of predominantly primary

-30-

reduction. An isolated quartzite cobblehammerstone was noted immediately to thewest of the scatter area. The materials inthis sactter appear to relate to the Navajooccupation of this provenience and date itsuse at approximately A.D. 1650, which mayrelate to the general Archaic lithicscatter associated with SAR 920-10.

The predominant temporal component of thisprovenience is early Navajo, based on the datingof ceramics noted in the area. This provenienceappears to have served as a habitational siteof probable temporary (seasonal) duration. Thepresence of two one-handed manos an earlyBasketmaker preform and Archaic projectile point,also indicate probable Archaic processing andlithic manufacture activity in the general vicinity,although the artifacts may have been redepositedin the specific location by the Navajo. Thepictographs noted at Feature 2 could not beprecisely dated, although the figure of a manon a horse and script writing indicate anhistoric component. In addition, the predominanceof game animals (several deer and one turkey)and the presence of burned deer bone in theshelter suggest a hunting orientation.

Provenience No. 3 consists of a light to extremelylight lithic scatter concentrated in an area of50 meters to the north and south by 35 metersto the east and west just above a small dropoffand moderately steep slope to the west. Scatterin this area consisted of approximately 30predominantly tertiary chalcedony flakes and 10obsidian flakes, a small number of whichexhibited retouch. No temporal or functionalinterpretation could be made for this proveniencebased on the present survey data. This areaof lithic materials within the board scatter

of SAR 920-10.

SAR 920-11

-- Field Designation: SAR 9-22-79:11

Elevation 6,370 feet, 1,942 meters.

Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted includedO1! moderate stands of pinon and juniper, grasses

(including wheat and Sporobolus grass), dogweed,desert rhue, paper flower, and snakeweed.


-31-

Description: Site SAR 920-11 consists of a light to moderatelithic scatter located on the southeasternfoot of a low terrace remnant at the westernedge of a major drainage channel. The site areais eroded and deflated with some areas of bed-rock outcrop. The immediate area slopes moderatelyto the west and south, whereas the general slopeis to the south and east. The site is exposed onall sides with slight shelter to the northeastby the slope of the terrace remnant and to thesouth by a large area of (man-made) rubble piling.Several small drainages dissect this area.

The scatter associated with SAR 920-11 includesover 50 tertiary and predominantly secondarychalcedony flakes; over 30 Polvadera Peak tertiaryobsidian flakes; over 15 secondary and tertiarychert flakes, five of which exhibit retouch; andover 10 fine-grained quartzite flakes. The areaof scatter extends 130 meters to the northeastand southwest and 80 meters to the northwest andsoutheast, with an area of concentration approxi-mately 50 meters in diameter at the southern endof the site.

As no diagnostic features or artifacts werenoted in the preliminary survey of this scatter,

temporal affiliation could not be assigned toSAR 920-11. In addition, the absence of toolsand retouched flakes precludes the interpretationof function with the exception of possible lithicmanufacture. The materials toward the northernedge of the site appear to have been washed anddispersed from areas upslope on the site.

SAR 920-12



-Vegetation: Pinion-juniper woodland, shrub grassland. Speciesnoted included sparse juniper, pinon, grasses(including Sporobolus and grama grass) and snake-weed.


Description: SAR 920-12 consists of an extremely light lithicscatter and storage cist located at the north-eastern base of a low terrace remnant at thewestern edge of a major drainage channel trendingto the south. The site area is located along abedrock ledge dropoff of approximately 1/2 meteralong a shallow colluvial slope to the east-south-east. The area is eroded with some areas of

"" :t' .'' '

"- " - -' ." ." " ' " " " u ' "

-32-

r bedrock outcrop. It is exposed to the north,r. -* east, and west with slight shelter from the

.talus slope of the terrace remnant immediatelyto the south. The slope is gentle to moderateand broken to the east.

SAR 920-12 covers an area of approximately 50by 20 meters. Scatter noted at the site includesapproximately 50 secondary and tertiary chalcedonyflakes, 10 of which exhibit retouch; 20 tertiaryPolvadera Peak obsidian flakes; and one chalcedonybifacial knife. A small, walled storage cist(Feature No. 1) is located at the northern cornerof the scatter area and abuts a low sandstonebench dropoff forming the western edge of thefeature. The walls of the storage cist areapproximately 30 centimeters in height and consistof three courses of dry-laid sandstone blocksand chunks. The feature measures approximately1 1/2 meters in diameter and is roughly rectangularin shape.

No temporal affiliation could be assigned to thesite in view of the absence of diagnostic artifacts.In addition, because the storage feature islocated at the extreme northeastern margin of theextremely light scatter area, no positive associa-tion of this feature with the scatter can beinferred.

SAR 920-13

Field Designation:


Vegetation: Juniper grassland. Species noted includedmoderate juniper with sparse to moderategrasses, snakeweed, dogweed, and sparse pinon.

Temporal Affiliation: Multi-occupational Late Archaic/Proto-

Basketmaker, 500-100 B.C. (based on pro-jectile point typology), Pueblo V(A.D. 1600-1750) based on ceramic typology(Schaafsma 1979).

Description: SAR 920-13 consists of a light scatter locatedat the edge of a broad, shallow colluvial slopedraining to the south on a slight-to-moderateslope at the foot of a low terrace remnant.

__i Soils in the site area are sandy and appear tobe shallow owing to the occasional outcrop ofsandstone bedrock. The site is exposed on allsides with slight shelter afforded by the slopeof the terrace remnant to the northeast and east.The site has been eroded (washed) and disturbed

. . ... .. .. .. . .- , , ... F . . . .. -- P .. .

-33-

by off-road traffic.

The materials from this scatter include approxi-mately 50 secondary and tertiary chalcedonyflakes (with 10 percent retouch); two PolvaderaPeak tertiary obsidian flakes; a chalcedonycore, two Tewa Red (A.D. 1600-1750) potsherdsfrom a single vessel (field specimen No. 14);and one Late Archaic/Proto-Basketmaker (500-100 B.C.) projectile point. (Field SpecimenNo. 15) A possible hearth, defined on thebasis of a 1/2 meter diameter circular alignmentof burned quartzite cobbles, was noted at thecenter of the site near a north-south ruaningjeep trail. No ash or charcoal was noted inassociation with this feature. The area ofscatter at the site extended approximately20 meters (east-west) by 30 meters (north-south).

Based on the diagnostic ceramics and projectilepoint located at this site, this manifestationappears to have both a Late Archaic and EarlyHistoric Pueblo component. The presence of ahearth and the variety in remaining artifacttypes suggest its use as a temporary campsitewith associated lithic manufacture and huntingactivity.

SAR 920-14



Vegetation: Transitional pinon-juniper woodland, junipergrassland. Species noted included sparse tomoderate pinon and juniper with sparse grasses(including Sporobolus and grama grass), snake-weed, rubber rabbitbrush, salt-bush, anddogweed.

-Temporal Affiliation: Basketmaker III - Pueblo I (based onprojectile point typology).

Description: Site SAR 920-14 consists of a light lithicscatter located on the western edge of a majornorth-south trending drainage at the south-eastern foot of a small, high, isolated gravelterrace remnant. Slope in the site area isgentle to moderate draining to the south andsoutheast. The site is bordered on the south-east by a relatively steep dropoff into a narrowarroyo bottom. The area is washed and erodedwith areas of sandstone bedrock exposure andshallow topsoils.

I

-34-

The scatter at SAR 920-14 includes over 80tertiary Polvadera Peak obsidian flakes,10 percent of which exhibit retouch; over 30secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes withone flake exhibiting retouch; approximately10 secondary and tertiary chert flakes; andone chert projectile point dated to theBasketmaker III - Pueblo I (ca 900-800 B.C.)period. The scatter is concentrated in anarea of 55 meters in length (to the east andwest) and approximately 35 meters in width.

The site has tentatively been assigned anaffiliation with the Basketmaker III-Pueblo Iperiod on the basis of the single chert pro-jectile point (field specimen No. 16) recordedat the northern edge of the scatter area. Nofunctional interpretation could be made on thebasis of the present survey data, although theabsence of tools and unretouched flakes indicateslithic manufacture activity. This site isunusual in the ratio of obsidian to chalcedonyflakes noted in preliminary survey as comparedto the predominance of chalcedony noted atmost of the other sites located in the studyarea.

SAR 920-15



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted includedmoderate stands of pinon and juniper with sparseto moderate grasses (including wheat grass),dogweed, wolfberry, and prickly pear.

Temporal Affiliation: Possible multi-occupational: Late Archaicand possible Navajo ("Chiricahua-Cochise"type point; see Cultural Interpretation,below).

Description: This site consists of a light lithic scatterlocated at the western edge of a major inter-mittent north-south running drainage at theeastern foot of an isolated high gravel terraceremnant. The area is eroded and exposed on allsides with slight shelter afforded by a lowridge to the north and terrace remnants to thewest and southeast. The slope at this site isslight to moderate to the south. The site areais bordered on the west by a shallow drainagegully and to the southeast by a slight dropoffinto the arroyo bottom.

-35-

The materials noted at this site includeover 30 tertiary chalcedony flakes, five ofwhich exhibit retouch; over 30 flakes of ter-tiary, predominantly Polvadera Peak with someObsidian Ridge obsidian flakes of which fiveflakes exhibit retouch; approximately 10secondary and tertiary chert flakes; and twoobsidian projectile points (field specimen No.17 and 18). A possible hearth, defined on thebasis of 1/2 meter diameter circular alignmentsof quartzite cobbles, was also located at thesoutheastern edge of the site. Materials areconfined primarily to an area of approximately18 meters in diameter, although an extremelylight scatter continues for approximately 45meters to the northeast. General dimensions ofthe site are 60 meters northeast-southwest by20 meters northwest-southeast.

The temporal affiliation of this site has beendefined as possible multi-occupational Archaicand possible Navajo (Athabascan), on the basisof the two projectile points located in survey(see Cultural Interpretation, for discus-sion). The site has been defined as a temporarycampsite on the basis of the presence of thehearth, although its temporal affiliation witheither the Archaic or historic Navajo could notbe ascertained. The area may have been reoccupiedfor multi-functional purposes over time. Nospecific function could be defined for this siteon the basis of the present survey data.

SAR 920-16



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted in surveyincluded sparse to moderate pinon and juniperwith sparse grasses (including Sporobolus andbottlebrush), prickly pear, rubber rabbitbrush,salt-bush, and broadleaf yucca.

Temporal Affiliation: Probable multi-occupational with possibleLate Plains Paleo-Indian (Eden) component.

Description: Site SAR 920-16 consists of a light to moderatelydense lithic scatter located northern edge of amajor intermittent drainage at the southern footof a high, isolated gravel terrace remnant. Thesite area is sheltered slightly to the north andnortheast by terrace slope and is open to thesouth. The area contains large areas of bedrockexposure.

-36-

Artifacts noted in the survey of this siteinclude approximately 300 predominantly tertiaryand secondary obsidian flakes with 10 percentretouch. These flakes are primarily from thePolvadera Peak area although some ObsidianRidge obsidian is represented at the site. Othermaterials include over 150 chalcedony flakeswith 10 percent retouch; 25 secondary andtertiary chert flakes, one or two of which exhibitretouch; one jasper flake; several agate chips;three unifacial chalcedony scrapers; three chal-cedony blades and one chert multi-functional tool(field specimen No. 19). The site area isextimated at 40 meters north-south by 20 meterseast west with an area of relative concentrationapproximately 10 meters in diameter towardits center.

The temporal affiliation of this site is unclear;however, one component has been tentativelyidentified as possible Paleo-Indian (Eden)on the basis of field speciman No. 9 (CynthiaIrwin-Williams 1979, personal communication).The presence of numerous retouched flakes, scrapers,and blades indicates its use in processing acti-vities, although specific determination of fun-tion could not be made on the basis of the presentsurvey data. Although no cores were noted in thesite area, lithic manufacturing is also suggestedby the large quantity of lithic flakes and debitage.This site may represent multi-occupational usage.

SAR 920-17



Vegetation: Transitional pinon-juniper woodland, juniper grass-land. Species noted in survey included a moderatelydense stand of pinon and juniper with extremelysparse grasses.

Temporal Affiliation: Pueblo IV (based on ceramic typology;* Harlow, 1973).

Description: Site SAR 920-17 consists of an extremely lightlithic and sherd scatter located on a shallowslope at the base of a high, isolated gravelterrace remnant. The site area has been washed,

__ eroded, and disturbed by both the constructionof a powerline which cuts the site on its north-ern edge and recent vehicle traffic. The areais cut by numerous small drainage gulliesranging to approximately 20 centimeters in depth.

,• -

-37-

Slope in the area is gentle and to the south.The site area is exposed on all sides with someshelter afforded by the terrace remnant to thenorth-northeast. Soils in this area include

1some aeolian sand.

The scatter at this site is relatively concentratedin an area 30 meters in diameter at the westernedge of the defined site area. An extremelylight scatter extends approximately 35 metersto the east of this area of concentration.General dimensions of the site are 75 meterseast-west by 30 meters north-south. Artifactsnoted in the area of concentration include approxi-mately 15 chalcedony flakes with 5 percent retouch;10 Polvadera Peak and two Obsidian Ridge obsidianflakes with approximately 50 percent retouch;a small concentration (10) of ceramic sherds(field specimen No. 20) apparently of a singlepotbreak at the northwestern edge of the site;and a concentration of 25 ceramic sherds fromtwo probable vessels (field specimen No. 19)toward the southwestern edge of the site. Twosmall vandals' piles were also noted within thesite area, one containing approximately 30 lithicartifacts.

Based on the Bandelier Black-on-gray (A.D. 1425-1475) and Potsuwi' Incised (A.D. 1450-1550)ceramics located in survey, this site has beendated to the Pueblo IV period. The specificfunction of this site could not be determinedfrom the present survey data.

SAR 920-18



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted at Proven-ience No. 1 included a moderate cover of pinonand juniper with sparse grasses (including Sporo-bolus grass), wolfberry, snakeweed, and scru oak.9pecies recorded at Provenience No. 2 includedmoderate stands of pinon and juniper with sparsegrasses, snakeweed, wolfberry, scrub oak, anddesert rhue.

Temporal Affiliation: Probable Early Navajo (based on pro-jectile point typology and ceramictypology; Dick, 1965).

-38-

Description: Site SAR 920-18 consists of a large light lithicand ceramic scatter located at the northeasternbase of the talus slope of a high, isolated gravelterrace remnant (Map 5). The site is borderedon the east and southeast by a wide arroyo cut,and to the north by a barbed wire fencelinewhich parallels Highway 84. Provenience No. 1is located at the southern end of this scatterand consists of a washed and eroded, moderateslope to the east. The provenience is borderedto the east by a steep 2-3 meter dropoff. Thearea is exposed on all sides with slight shelterto the northwest by the talus slope of theterrace remnant. Provenience No. 2 is locatedto the north (upslope) of Provenience No. 1at the base of the talus slope of the terraceremnant. This slope is broken by a series ofsandstone benches and washes primarily to thesoutheast. The area is sheltered by the terraceremnant to the west and open to the south andeast.

Scatter at Provenience No. 1 consists of over100 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes,with 10 percent retouch; over 30 secondary andpredominantly tertiary chert flakes of whichone or two exhibit retouch; over 40 PolvaderaPeak obsidian flakes with 25 percent retouch;two tertiary quartzite flakes; one ObsidianRidge obsidian drill, Vadito Micaceous Ceramics(A.D. 1600-1900); (field specimen No. 21). Thisarea of concentration is approximately 50 metersnorth-south by 45 meters east-west. Temporal affi-liation based on the ceramic sherd located at thisarea of the site cannot be determined although the

* provenience probably relates to Early Navajo (seeProvenience No. 2, below). No specific functionalinterpertation of this scatter can be made on thebasis of present survey data.

Materials noted at Porvenience No. 2 includea moderate lithic and ceramic scatter consistingof over 200 secondary and tertiary chalcedonyflakes with 10 percent retouch; over 100 PolvaderaPeak tertiary flakes and one of primary reduction,of which 10 percent exhibit retouch; over 10secondary and tertiary chert flakes; four unificialchalcedony scrapers; one obsidian biface; twobifacial obsidian knife bases; one possiblehematite round concretion "musketball" (fieldspecimen No. 28A); and two projectile pointfragments (field specimen No. 22 and 23) (Navajo,second reworked Archaic). Four to five black-smudged and glazed (A.D. 1650+) sherds from a

FS#28aN FS427 1960*T /F'iIS022

C) ~ / s 1,.1 N #__

Provenience No. 2/

I ~Provenience///

* (,~sit* area

Sprovenience area 0 20bedrock exposure meer

* (sandstone)

* /~ .. drainage cut

I ~ direction of slope

*~ -es-encellne SAR: 9-25-79:18rc /79

-4O-

.. single vessel were located at the eastern edge

of this provenience (field specimen No. 26).A Vadito Micaceous sherd (A.D. 1600C waslocated at the western edge of the provenience.Total provenience area is 40 x 60 meters.

' Temporal affiliation of components at thisprovenience appears to date to the Early Navajobased on the identification of diagnostic ceramicand lithic materials. Specific function couldnot be ascertained for this site although theprecessing of foodstuffs is indicated in theartifact assemblage.

The general scatter of this 125 x 130 meter siteranges from light to extremely light lithicswith the same approximate lithic categoriesrepresented at Proveniences No. 1 and 2. Anabandoned television set was noted approximately10 meters to the north of Provenience No. 2.

Site SAR 920-18 appears to represent an EarlyNavajo multi-functional site.

SAR 920-19

Field Designation: 9-25-79:19


-.'. Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted includedpinon, juniper with sparse to extremely sparsegrasses.

Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic; possible Late Archaic(based on presence of one one-handedmano).

Description: Site SAR 920-19 consists of a light lithicscatter extending from the base of a high,isolated gravel terrace remnant to the westernedge of a major arroyo cut. The site is situatedat the head of a broad colluvial slope. Thesite area is generally exposed with slightshelter from the terrace remnant to the northeast.In the area of concentration, slope is slightto moderate to the southeast and south, termin-ating in a small dropoff into the drainage cutto the southeast.

bScatter at site SAR 920-19 consists of approximately200 mainly secondary and tertiary with some primarychalcedony flakes (5 percent of which exhibitretouch); over 150 Polvadera Peak tertiary obsidianflakes with 20 percent retouched; two or three

-41-

tertiary Grants Obsidian flakes; over 10 secondaryand tertiary chert falkes; three secondary andtertiary quartzite flakes; one one-handed (probableArchaic) mano; four chalcedony knife bases; andtwo bifical and two unficial chalcedony scrapers.These materials are predominantly concentratedin an area 75 meters in diameter at the south-eastern edge of the site in a light-to-moderatescatter. A light to extremely light lithicscatter continues approximately 150 meters to thenorthwest to the base of the talus slope and 150meters to the north, giving the site a totalarea of 200 meters (north-south) by 125 meters(east-west). A recent campfire, defined by aconcentration of charred wood, charcoal, andash, is located at the northern boundary of thearea of concentration. An anomalous pile oftabular sandstone was also noted toward thecenter of the primary scatter area.

No positive temporal aifiliation could be assignedto this site on the basis of the present surveydata, although the presence of the one-handedmano suggests a possible Archaic component.The specific function of the site has not beendetermined although the artifact assemblagesuggests a food processing station and possiblelithic manufacturing locci.

SAR 920-20



Vegetation: Transitional: Pinon-juniper woodland, junipergrassland. Species noted in the area of con-centration included a moderate stand of pinon-juniper with sparse grasses. Species in thegeneral site area included sparse to moderatepinon and juniper with sparse to moderatelydense grasses, snakeweed, desert rhue.


Description: Site SAR 920-20 consists of a light to extremelylight lithic scatter extending to the south ofthe base of a talus slope of a high, isolatedgravel terrace remnant. The site is situated atthe head of a broad, shallow colluvial slopedraining to the south. The area is washed anderoded with several small drainage gulliesdissecting the site. Slope in the area is moderate

-42-

and to the southeast. The site has been dis-turbed by the construction of a powerline whichcuts the site along its southern boundary, andby blade cuts on its western edge. Scatter inthe area of concentration includes over 100primary, secondary, and tertiary chalcedonyflakes with 10 percent retouch; 20 primaryand secondary chert flakes with 10 percentretouched; 10 Polvadera Peak tertiary obsidianflakes; and four unificial chalcedony blades.This scatter covers an area of 60 meters north-south by 45 meters east-west. The general scatteroutside the area of concentration includes over20 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes(five with retouch); 20 Polvadera Peak tertiaryobsidian flakes (50 percent with retouch) andone tertiary agate flake. The general sitearea extends 80 meters to the northwest andsoutheast and 50 meters to the northeast andsouthwest.

No determination of temporal or functional usageof the site could be made on the basis of presentsurvey data, although the percentage of retouchedflakes and the presence of blades indicates itsutilization in food processing activity and thepresence of flakes exhibiting all stages of re-duction suggest lithic manufacture activity.

SAR 92C--21



Vegetation: Transitional shrub grassland, juniper-grassland.Species noted in survey included moderatecoverage of grasses (including Sporobolus),tumbleweed, snakeweed, dogweed, and juniper.

Temporal Affiliation: Possible unknown Pueblo

Description: SAR 920-21 consists of a possibly natural seriesof cobble alignments located on a low, north-south oriented rise at the western edge of a broad,

-7 shallow colluvial slope. The area is locatedapproximately 80 meters to the north of an east-

!. west running spillway and is exposed on all sides.The area is deflated and eroded with an extremely

light scatter of small natural gravels. ThisV location is exposed on all sides with an extremely"slight slope to the southeast.

This occurrence consists of a number of cobblealignments which may represent the remnants of

-43-

a structural area. The alignments are approxi-mately 3 to 4 meters in length and adjoin atright angles in several locations. They areconfined within an area 14 meters east andwest and 11 meters north and south. Althoughseveral such alignments occur naturallyapproximately 80 meters upslope (to the north)of this location, this feature appears to beanomalous within this area of the colluvial slope.No artifacts were found in association with thisS feature.

This alignment may represent either a naturaloccurrence, the remnants of a Puebloanstructure, or a possible water control device.The definition of this occurrence as a culturalmanifestation is tenuous.

SAR 920-22



Vegetation: Shrub grassland. Species noted in survey includedsparse juniper, with moderate coverage of grasses,snakeweed, and prickly pear.

Temporal Affiliation: Pueblo IV (A.D. 1425-1475, based onceramic identification; Harlow 1973).

Description: This site consists of an extremely light lithicand ceramic scatter. The area is located atthe head of a shallow colluvial slope to thesouth near the base of a high, isolated gravelterrace remnant. The slope in this area isslight to moderate and to the southwest. Thesite area has been disturbed by the constructionof a powerline which runs northwest-southeastthrough its center.

Materials noted at this site included 3 BandelierBlack-on-gray (A.D. 1425-1475) ceramic sherdsfrom a probable single potbreak located in a1/2 meter diameter area at the base of a power-line pole. Other materials in this area includetwo secondary Polvadera Peak retouched obsidianflakes. The area of this scatter is estimatedto be 25 meters in diameter. Due to the obviousdisturbance of this site, it seems unlikely thatthese artifacts remain in their original de-positional locations, and the designation of thissite area is accordingly extremely marginal.

-44-

No functional interpretation could be determinedfor this manifestation. The association of theceramic and lithic materials is uncertain owingto the probability of their movement during theconstruction of the powerline.

SAR 920-23

Field Designation: 9-26-79:23


Vegetation: Transitional shrub grassland, pinon-juniper wood-land. Species noted in survey at Provenience No.1 included sparse to moderate pinon and juniper(i.e. along the dropoff edges) with moderatelydense grasses (including Sporobolus, and gramabottlebrush grass), dogweed, and narrowleafyucca. Species recorded for Provenience No. 2consists of sparse pinon and juniper withmoderately dense grasses (including wheat grass)and wolfberry.


Description: Site SAR 920-23 consists of a light lithicscatter located on the top of a high terraceridge immediately to the south of Highway84. The site area is exposed on all sideswith dropoffs of approximately 3 meters to thenorth, and 4 to 5 meters to the south. The sitearea is relatively flat with slight slope towardthe dropoffs. A light natural scatter of smallgravels and medium-sized cobbles extends alongthe northern and southern edges of the site.The bedrock exposure also extends along theedges of the site.

SAR 920-23 consists of two areas of concentrationat its northern and southern edges. The northern-most concentration, Provenience No. 1, includesover 15 tertiary and one secondary chalcedonyflakes; 15 tertiary Polvadera Peak obsidian flakes,five of which exhibit retouch; and five tertiarychert flakes. Provenience No. 2 consists ofapproximately 30 secondary and tertiary chalcedonyflakes with 10 percent retouch; 40 secondary andtertiary Polvadera Peak and some Obsidian Ridgeobsidian flakes, of which five flakes exhibitretouch. The area of scatter between these two

*2 proveniences is essentially sterile with fewartifacts noted. Total site dimensions are60 meters by 70 meters.

-45-

No temporal or functional association couldbe established for this site during thecourse of the present survey. Its locationwith good overlook to drainages to the northand south, however, suggests a possible huntingaffiliation.

SAR 920-24



Vegetation: Transitional pinon-juniper woodland. Speciesnoted in the site area included moderate standsof juniper and pinon with sparse grasses,prickly pear, narrowleaf yucca, dogweed, anddesert rhue.

Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic, recent historic.

Description: This site consists of a light historic scatterlocated at the western base of the talusslope extending from a high remnant terraceridge. This area is characterized by a seriesof stepped sandstone benches, and the areaslopes moderately to the northwest and west.The area is extensively eroded with large areasof bedrock outcrop and is sheltered slightlyby the terrace ridge to the east.

The materials noted at this site included twosherds of a small (wheat pattern) white chinabowl; 10 sherds of a large white china servingbowl; three to four mason jar tops; one deter-iorated rubber mason jar seal; one aerosol can;seven beer cans including several of the"church-key" variety and one Budweiser beer can;three small halved cans, several can tops; severalsherds of thin green glass, a single mason jarrim and several fragments of window glass. Asingle patinated chalcedony core was locatedapproximately 30 meters to the east of thisscatter and a fine-grained quartzite flake-corewas noted in the immediate area of scatter. Thehistoric scatter encompasses an area of approxi-mately 6 by 10 meters; whereas the general sitearea is defined as 20 by 11 meters.

The historic scatter from this site is estimatedto date post A.D. 1950 and appears to representa temporary dump site. The artifacts notedwere relatively dispersed. The two lithic arti-facts noted in this area could not be dated onthe basis of present survey data and may havebeen washed from their original depositional

* location.

-46-

SAR 920-25



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted at thesite included moderate stands of juniper andpinon with extremely sparse grasses (includingbottlebrush), cholla, and desert rhue.


Description: Site SAR 920-25 consists of a light lithicscatter located at the northern edge of a lowterrace ridge which runs parallel (east-west)to Highway 84. The site area is bordered bya dropoff of approximately 2 1/2 meters to thenorth and is situated approximately 25 metersto the west of the base of the talus slopefrom a high remnant terrace ridge. The sitearea is extremely eroded with large areas ofexposed bedrock. The area is washed with amoderate scatter of small and medium-sizedgravels of quartzite and sandstone. Slopein the area is moderate to the north. Thesite is basically exposed with slight shelterto the east by the talus slope of the ridgeremnant.

The scatter at this site includes approximately75 primary, secondary, and tertiary chalcedonyflakes, 15 of which exhibit retouch and 30percent of which are patinated. Other materialsnoted in the area included 10 secondary chertflakes with 50 percent retouch; one chalcedonyscraper; six chalcedony flake-cores; one thumb-nail chalcedony scraper; one siltstone core;and three tertiary siltstone flakes. The scattercovers an area of approximately 20 meters north-

1 south by 15 meters east-west.

No temporal affiliation could be defined forthis site although the quantity of patinatedartifacts suggests a possible Archaic or Paleo-Indian component. The artifact assemblage at

- this site indicates its usage for probablelithic manufacture and food processing activity.

SAR 920-26

Field Designation: SAR 9-26-/9:26


-47-

Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species at ProvenienceNo. 1 included a sparse-to-moderate coverageof pinon and juniper, grasses (includingSporobolus, grama, bottlebrush, and wheatgrass), dogweed, prickly pear, narrowleaf yucca.Species at Provenience No. 2 consist of sparsepinon-juniper, grasses, and snakeweed.


Description: Site SAR 920-26 is located at the western pointof a high ridge promontory overlooking a broaddrainage valley to the west. The site isbordered on the north and west by steep dropoffsand is exposed on all sides. This area isslightly sheltered to the south by a rise innatural contour. The area is extensively erodedwith large, washed areas of exposed sandstonebedrock. The area is covered with a lightscatter of small natural gravels and provides agood overlook to the north and west. The siteis bisected by a northwest-southeast runningfenceline.

SAR 920-26 consists of a large 100 by 90 meterarea of light to moderate lithic scatter withtwo small areas of relatively dense concentration.The first of these areas, Provenience No. 1,includes an area approximately 20 meters indiameter and contains roughly 600 secondaryand tertiary chalcedony flakes with 10 percentretouch; 300 secondary and tertiary obsidianflakes of which 20 percent show indicationsof retouch; 10 secondary fine-grained quartziteflakes; four chalcedony scrapers; 10 obsidianscrapers; two bifacial and one unifacial knifebases; one chalcedony biface. Approximately5 percent of the obsidian noted at the site wasof Obsidian Ridge origin, while the remaining 95percent was associated with the Polvadera Peakarea. The scatter immediately surroundingProvenience No. 1 includes approximately 50predominantly tertiary with some secondary anda few primary chalcedony flakes, 5 percent ofwhich exhibit retouch; one chalcedony core;one bifacial quartzite scraper; 25 tertiaryobsidian flakes; 4 to 5 of which exhibit retouch;10 primary and secondary chert flakes; onetertiary jasper flake two secondary fine-grainedquartz,'-e flakes, two secondary coarse-grainedquartzi: flakes, and one quartzite hammerstone.

-.4

-48-

Materials located at Provenience No. 2 wereless dense in concentration and includedover 80 predominantly secondary and tertiarychalcedony flakes; 10 of which exhibit retouch;40 Polvadera Peak secondary obsidian flakeswith 25 percent retouch; 10 fine-grainedquartzite flakes of primary and secondary re-duction; 10 secondary and tertiary chert flakesand two unifacial chalcedony blades. This areais estimated to measure 20 by 15 meters. Theseparation of Provenience No. 1 and 2, repre-sented by a 10-15 meter interval, extremely lightto sterile of cultural debris, may be the resultof either natural erosional processes (wash) orthe disturbance of this intervening area by theconstruction of the fenceline. The originaldeposition of materials along this overlookappears to have been continuous. A possiblehearth area, defined on the basis of the remnantsof a circular quartzite cobble alignment, islocated toward the center of Provenience No. 1.No ash or charcoal was noted in association withthis feature.

Although no temporal diagnostics were note,! inassociation with this site, this scatter upearsto relate to an intensive, possibly multi-occupational usage of the location. The quantityand variety of materials represented at the sitesuggest a temporary campsite function includingfood processing and lithic manufacturing activities.

SAR 920-27



Vegetation: Transitional pinon-juniper woodland, shrub grass-land. The vegetative community in this areaconsists of small stands of pinon and juniperwith sparse grasses (including wheat grass),wolfberry, and prickly pear.

Temporal Affiliation: Probable Basketmaker II (based onprojectile point typology).

Description: SAR 920-27 consists of an extremely light tolight lithic scatter located at the top ofa terrace ridge promontory. The area isbordered on the northwest by a relativelysteep slope and is cut by several small drain-age gullies. The site area is extremelyeroded and deflated and is covered by a light

KL. °

-49-

scatter of natural small quartzite and sandstonegravels. Slope in the immediate site area isslight and to the west-northwest.

The scatter at this site consists of approximately30 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes;20 predominantly Polvadera Peak with some ObsidianRidge secondary and tertiary obsidian flakeswith five flakes exhibiting retouch; oneBasketmaker II obsidian point base (field specimenNo. 34); and one fine-grained quartzite scraperin the area of concentration. Artifacts wereprimarily located in an area 30 meters to thenorth and south by 10 meters to the east andwest on the edge of the slope dropoff. Theextremely light scatter extends approximately40 meters to the south and 10 meters to the eastof the area of concentration. The generalscatter area extends approximately 65 metersnorth-south and 30 meters to the east-west.

This site has been tentatively identified asBasketmaker II based on the identification ofa single point found at this location. A func-tional interpretation of the occurrence cannotbe made on the basis of present survey data,although the presence of the point, the limitednumber of flakes (i.e., retouched flakes) andtools, and the location of the scatter in anarea of good overlook to the west indicates itsaffiliation with hunting activity.

SAR 920-28



Vegetation: Transitional pinon-juniper woodland, shrub grass-land. The vegetative community noted at this siteincluded sparse stands of pinon-juniper, grasses,wolfberry, rabbitbrush and narrowleaf yucca.

. Temporal Affiliation: Possible Basketmaker II; Basketmaker IIIPueblo I (based on projectile pointtypology).

Description: SAR 920-28 consists of an extremely light tolight lithic scatter located on the promontoryof an eroded gravel terrace ridge. Slope in theimmediate site area is gentle and to the north.A light scatter of small natural gravels coversthe site area. The site is situated at thewestern edge of a steep drop in slope to the westand south.

I

'L - -" v- r v v i i r -1- . . . . . ...1 1 - '. . .•. . .. . . .

-50-

Scatter at SAR 920-28 consists of approximately75 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes with10 percent retouch; 75 Polvadera Peak and ObsidianRidge secondary and tertiary obsidian flakes with10 percent retouch and two Obsidian Ridge obsidianpoints (field specimen No. 35 and 36). Thescatter encompasses an area of 35 by 10 meterswith an area of concentration of 20 by 10 meters.

Temporal affiliation of this site has beententatively identified as Basketmaker II andBasketmaker III - Pueblo I, based on the presenceof the two projectile points. The locationand artifact assemblage represented by thisscatter suggest a hunting association.

SAR 920-29



Vegetation: Transitional pinon-juniper woodland, shrubgrassland. Species noted at this site includesparse pinon and juniper with extremely sparsegrasses (including Sporobolis grass), rabbitbrush,and dogweed.


Description: Site SAR 920-29 consists of a light to extremelylight lithic scatter located at the end of aterrace ridge promontory at the eastern borderof the present survey area. The site area isrelatively flat with an extremely slight slopeto the north and a steep drop in slope to theeast, south, and west. The site area is erodedand deflated with some natural scatter of smallquartzite gravels. The area is extremely exposedand affords a good overlook tc, all sides.

Scatter at site SAR 920-29 includes approximately50 secondary and tertiary flakes; 20 to 30 tertiaryPolvadera Peak obsidian flakes; one or two Grantsobsidian flakes; and two primary coarse-grainedquartzite flakes. The scatter is encompassedwithin an area 500 meters to the northeast andsouthwest by 25 meters to the northwest andsoutheast with an area of concentration approxi-mately 25 meters in diameter toward the south-western edge of the site.

-51-

No temporal or functional interpretation couldbe determined at SAR 920-29 on the basis ofpresent survey information. The nature ofartifacts associated with the site, however,and the location of the site on a high terracepromontory suggest its use in hunting-relatedactivity.

SAR 920-30


17 Elevation: 6,380 feet, 1,945 meters.

Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted in surveyincluded sparse to moderate juniper, pinon,grasses (including wheat, grama, and bottlebrushgrass), cholla, prickly pear, barrel cactus, dog-weed, tumbleweed, and wolfberry.

Temporal Affiliation: Possible multi-occupational; LateArchaic; Late En Medio (based onprojectile point typology).

Description: Site SAR 920-30 consists of a light to moderatelithic scatter located at the head of a north-south trending drainage at the base of a highgravel ridge remnant. The area is situatedalong a wash or drainage area and is extremelydissected by small north-south running gullies.Slope in the area is slight and to the south.The area is eroded and a light scatter ofnatural sandstone and quartzite gravels existsin the area.

Scatter at site SAR 920-30 includes over 200secondary and tertiary with some primary chalce-dony flakes exhibiting 5 percent retouch; over200 secondary and tertiary Polvadera Peak andObsidian Ridge flakes with 10 percent retouch;20 tertiary chert flakes; two unifacial chalce-dony scrapers; one chert knife; and one uniden-tified and one Late En Medio obsidian point(field specimen No. 37 and 38) dated to theArchaic occupation of the area. The site coversan area of 55 meters north-south by 75 meterseast-west, with concentration in a 20 by 30meter area toward the north-central section ofthe site.

The temporal affiliation of this site has beendated as Late Archaic on the basis of one of

4,

-52-

Kthe associated projectile points (field specimenFNo. 37). No specific function could be defined

for this site on the basis of present surveydata, although the density of artifacts and thenumber of tools and retouched flakes indicatesits (possible multi-occupational) use as a tem-porary campsite associated with hunting andfood processing activity.

SAR 920-31



Vegetation: Transitional pinon-juniper woodland, shrub grass-land. Species noted in survey included moderateto sparse pinon and juniper with sparse grasses(including Sporobolis), Mormon tea, narrowleafyucca, and dogweed.

Temporal Affiliation: Multi-occupational Basketmaker II;Pueblo IV-V (based on projectilepoint typology).

Description: This site consists of a light to moderate lithicscatter located along a northeast-southwesttrending drainage cut at the base of a gravelterrace remnant. Slope in the area is moderateand to the west. The area is characterized bylarge areas of exposed bedrock and steppedsandstone benches. The site area is eroded and

-broken with a light to moderate scatter of smallnatural gravels.

Materials noted at SAR 920-31 include approxi-mately 80 secondary, tertiary, and some primarychalcedony flakes with approximately 7 percentretouch; 40 secondary and tertiary PolvaderaPeak and Obsidian Ridge obsidian flakes, fourof which exhibit retouch; four primary andsecondary fine-grained quartzite flakes; twobifical chalcedony scrapers; one bificial ob-sidian scraper; and one obsidian point (fieldspecimen No. 39) dated to the Basketmaker II

tperiod. These materials are concentrated in anarea 20 meters in diameter at the northern

* [boundary of the site. General scatter includesapproximately 75 secondary and tertiary chalcedonyflakes with 10 percent retouch; 20 secondary andtertiary Polvadera Peak obsidian flakes; threesecondary and tertiary jasper flakes; one uni-facial chalcedony scraper; one chalcedony flake-core and one chert Pueblo IV-V (Lang 1979, personalcommunication) projectile point (field specimen No. 40)

. r. - ° . - . . W -. • .-

-53-

This scatter extends approximately 40 meters tothe south and west of the area of concentration.The total dimensions of the site area are 75meters northeast-southwest by 40 meters north-west by southeast.

This site has tentatively been defined asBasketmaker II and Pueblo IV-V on the basisof projectile point typology. The functionof this site cannot be determined on the basisof the present survey data, although activitiesassociated with food processing and hunting aresuggested in the artifact assemblage. Althoughthe density of scatter decreases to the west ofthis site, the general scatter area is roughlycontinuous with the eastern edge of site SAR920-30. The division of this general scatterinto two site areas is largely a product ofdistinctions in the survey transect, and itis likely that these two areas of scatter re-present a single, continuous multi-occupationof the drainage area.

SAR 920-32



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. The vegetative communitynoted in Provenience No. 1 included moderatestands of pinon and juniper with sparse grasses,dogweed, and wolfberry. Species observed atProvenience No. 2 included moderate standsof pinon and juniper with sparse to moderatecoveraqe of grasses, narrowleaf yucca, desertfour-o'clock, cholla, snakeweed, saltbush, andprickly pear. Species noted at Provenience 3included moderate pinon and juniper with sparseto moderate grasses, narrowleaf yucca, desertfour-o'clock, cholla, snakeweed, saltbush and

.prickly pear.

Temporal Affiliation: Probable multi-occupational; possibleNavajo (Athabascan) based on projectile

point typology.

Description: Site SAR 920-32 consists of a light to moderatelithic scatter located along a moderate slopeextending to the southwest of a gravel terraceremnant. The site area is situated at '-hesouthern edge of a broad drainage and slopesgenerally to the southwest. The area is washedand eroded with numerous small drainage gullies.

-54-

The scatter recorded at this site comprisesthree areas of artifact concentration. Materialsnoted at Provenience No. 1 at the western edgeof the site area include approximately 30 secon-dary and tertiary chalcedony flakes; over 10obsidian flakes; one obsidian knife, and twoprojectile points (field specimens No. 41 and 42),one unidentifiable and another dating to theNavajo occupation of the area. Scatter atProvenience No. 2 and 3 consists of approximately80 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes(five with retouch); five tertiary PolvaderaPeak obsidian flakes; three secondary andtertiary fine-grained quartzite flakes; twochalcedony cores; one bifacial chalcedonyblade and one unifacial fine-grained quartziteblade. The area of concentration is estimatedto be 20 meters in diameter at Provenience No. 1,15 meters in diameter at Provenience No. 2,and 35 meters in diameter at Provenience No. 3.The total scatter covers an area 100 meters tothe northwest and southeast and is 40 metersin width.

A single, possibly Navajo (Athabascan), componenthas been defined for this site on the basis of

* -., the two projectile point types. No function hasbeen determined for this scatter area althoughlithic manufacture and possible food processingactivities have been indicated by the artifactassembladge. This site is roughly contiguouswith SAR 920-30 and SAR 920-31, and may representthe southern extension of this large scatter area.

SAR 920-33



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted includesparse pinon, juniper, grasses, and snakeweed.

Temporal Affiliation: Recent Historic

Description: SAR 920-33 is an extremely light, dispersedscatter of historic artifacts located alonga shallow drainage gully at the foot of thewestern edge of a moderate terrace slope.This area is bordered on the west and north-west by a sandstone bench dropoff of approxi-mately 30 centimeters. The site area isextremely eroded, and is almost totally

.~~~~~~~~..... ....................... .......,. ,_ ........... ... .. ..:- . .......

ki -55-

encompassed by a north-south trending drainagegully approximately 5 meters in width.

The scatter comprising site SAR 920-33 includesone pint mason jar with a cross-checked pattern;several sherds of clear and pink glass; two

*. sherds of light-gray, glazed crockery with U.S.A.imprinted on the botton; and several cans ofthe "church key" variety. The area of scatteris extremely dispersed by wash and encompassesa 30 by 10 meter area.

-. Although specific dating of this site could notbe made on the basis of present survey data,the scatter appears to have been of relativelyrecent deposition and probably dates to a periodafter A.D. 1950.

SAR 920-34



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Vegetation in thisarea includes sparse to moderate pinon andjuniper with sparse to extremely sparse grasses(including Sporobolis) narrowleaf yucca, cholla,rabbitbrush, prickly pear, snakeweed, andwolfberry.


Description: Site SAR 920-34 consists of a light to extremelylight lithic scatter located along a low riseimmediately to the southwest of the base of amoderately steep gravel terrace slope. Slopein the area of concentration is moderate andto the west. The area is dissected by severalsmall drainage gullies, and drops slightlyalong a sandstone bedrock ledge to the south-west. The area is generally exposed on allsides with slight shelter afforded by theterrace slope to the northeast.

Scatter in the area of concentration at this siteconsists of approximately 75 secondary and tertiarychalcedony flakes with 10 percent retouch; 20primary and secondary coarse-grained quartziteflakes; and one bifacial chalcedony knife base.The area of this scatter is estimated at approxi-marely 60 meters by 30 meters. General scatter

-56-

associated with the site is similar in natureto that represented in the area of concentration,but is more lightly dispersed in an area extend-ing approximately 70 meters to the south. Total

N site dimensions are approximately 100 metersnortheast-southwest by 80 meters northwest-southeast.

Owing to the absence of any diagnostic artifactsor features, no temporal affiliation could beestablished for this site. Similarly, no specificfunction could be determined based on presentsurvey data, although the presence of the knifebase and retouched flakes indicates possiblefood processing activity.

SAR 920-35


*Elevation: 6,390 feet, 1,348 meters.

Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted includesparse pinon and juniper with extremely sparsegrasses (including Sporobolis grass), snakeweed,prickly pear, rabbitbrush, narrowleaf yucca,desert four-o'clock, and mustards.


Description: This site consists of a light to moderate lithicscatter located in a basin like depressionbetween two stepped sandstone bedrock ledges.The area is situated immediately to the west ofSAR 920-34 on the western slope of a large gravelterrace. The site is sheltered by a 1 1/2meter-high sandstone ledge to the east and ex-posed on all other sites. Slope in the areaof concentration is slight and to the west.

Materials noted in this area include approxi-mately 60 secondary and tertiary chalcedonyflakes, 10 of which exhibit retouch; 50 tertiaryPolvadera Peak obsidian flakes, 5 percent ofwhich are retouched; two secondary jasper flakes;two chalcedony cores, and one bifacial chalcedonyscraper. The general site area measures 45 metersto the north and south and is 35 meters in width.

* A slight area of concentration approximately 20meters in diameter is noted toward the centerof the site.

No temporal or functional interpretations couldbe made at this site on the basis of the presentsurvey data. The presence of cores, retouched

........ .- •./. .............................

-57-

flakes, and a single scraper, however, suggesta temporary activity area related to lithic

I. manufacture and food processing.

SAR 920-36


K: Elevatiun: 6,375 feet, 1,944 meters.

Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. The vegetative communityat this site includes sparse pinon, juniper,grasses (including wheat grass), narrowleaf yucca,snakeweed, wolfberry, rubber rabbitbrush, dogweed,and cholla.


Description: The scatter at SAR920-36 consists of lightlithic debris located on the wescern slope ofa large gravel terrace. The area is eroded anddissected by several small drainage gullies.The site is sheltered to the east by the terraceslope and slightly sheltered on all other sites.Slope in the site area is gentle and to thesouthwest.

Materials noted at this site include approxi-mately 40 secondary and tertiary chalcedonyflakes, five of which exhibit retouch; 40secondary and tertiary predominantly PolvaderaPeak and some obsidian Ridge obsidian flakes,five of which exhibit retouch; three secondaryjasper flakes; four chalcedony cores, and oneunifacial chalcedony scraper. The area ofscatter is estimated at 60 meters north andsouth and is approximately 40 meters wide.

No temporal or functional affiliations couldbe established for this site on the basis ofpresent survey data. The presence of severalcores in the scatter area, however, indicatesusage of the site for lithic manufacture activity.

SAR 920-37



.4 Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted at Proven-ience No. 1 include moderate stands of pinonand juniper with extremely sparse grasses (includingbottlebrush), rubber rabbitbrush, dogweed, snake-weed, tiumbleweed, and narrowleaf yucca. Vegetation

*. * * *

-58-

observed at Provenience No. 2 consists ofpinon and juniper with extremely sparsegrasses, snakeweed, prickly pear, and dogweed.

Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic

Description: SAR 920-37 consist of a light to moderate lithicscatter located at the extreme western edge ofthe survey area along a relatively steep dropoffto the west. The site slopes gently to the westand southwest and is dissected by several smalldrainage gullies. Several large sandstoneboulders and areas of exposed bedrock ledgecharacterize this area. The site is eroded andexposed with a light scatter of small naturalgravels. The site has been disturbed by theconstruction of a powerline which forms theborder of the site area to the north.

Materials from SAR 920-37 are concentrated intwo areas of the general scatter. ProvenienceNo. 1 covering an area of 60 by 75 meters, islocated at the western edge of the site. Scatterfrom the Lrea of concentration includes over100 secondary, tertiary, and some primarychalcedony flakes with 5 percent retouch; 30secondary and tertiary obsidian flakes; 30primary and secondary chert flakes, one ofwhich exhibits retouch; 20 secondary and ter-tiary jasper flakes; 10 fine-grained primaryand secondary quartzite flakes; four chalcedonycores; two unifacial and two bifacial chalcedonyblades; one obsidian drill; one unifacial chertscraper; one jasper core; and one fine-grainedquartzite flake-core.

Provenience No. 2 is located approximately 45meters to the east of Provenience No. 1 andencompasses an area of 30 by 40 meters. Materialsnoted in this area of scatter include over 200secondary and tertiary with some primary chal-cedony flakes, 5 percent of which have been re-touched; over 250 predominantly Polvadera Peakwith some Obsidian Ridge secondary and tertiaryobsidian flakes with 5 percent retouch; 50secondary and tertiary chert flakes; five secondaryand tertiary dendritic jasper flakes; one tertiaryagate flake; 20 fine-grained secondary andtertiary quartzite flakes; one unifacial chalcedonyblade and three unifacial chalcedony scrapers.

No temporal or functionl interpretations couldbe positively developed for this site, althoughthe density and variety of materials indicatesan intensive and possible multi-occupationalusage of the area for lithic manufacture andfood processing activities.

-59-

SAR 920-38



Vegetation: Shrub grassland. Species noted in survey includeextremely sparse juniper, grasses, Mormon tea,narrowleaf yucca, dogweed, snakeweed, and pricklypear.


Description: This site consists of a U-shaped area locatedaround the head of a north-south trendingdrainage on the southern slope of a lightgravel terrace remnant. The area of concen-tration is located on an exposed, shallowbench at the western edge of the site area.The site is generally sheltered to the northand open to the south. A moderate to densescatter of natural gravels covers this slope.

Materials noted in the 10 by 20 meter area ofconcentration include approximately 50 piecesof chalcedony debitage; 10 chalcedony flakes;five chalcedony cores; one unifacial chalcedonyscraper. Artifacts observed in the generalscatter area consist predominantly of secondaryand tertiary chalcedony flakes. The general sitearea measures approximately 20 meters in lengthand 50 meters in width. The area of concentra-tion is estimated at 10 by 20 meters.

Site SAR 920-38 represents a marginal site area.No temporal of functional associations could bedetermined for this site. In addition, muchof the material outside the area of concentrationis located on a relatively steep terrace slopeand may be displaced from original depositionsituations.

SAR 920-39

* Field Designation: SAR 9-27-79:39

*i Elevation: 6,360 feet, 1,939 meters.

Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted in thisarea include sparse to moderate pinon and juniperwith sparse to extremely sparse (sterile) coverageof grasses (including Sporobolus), mustards, tumble-weed, dogweed, snakeweed, and wolfberry.

. . *

-60-

Temporal Affiliation: Recent historic, Pueblo IV (based onceramic typology; Harlow 1973).

Description: Site SAR 920-39 consists of a small structureand extremely light associated lithic scatter.The site is located just below a sandstone bed-rock ledge dropoff at the western edge of thesurvey area (Map 6). The area surroundingthe site is broken and is characterized bylarge sandstone boulders and areas of bed-rock exposure. The area is cut on thesouth by a steep-sided drainage channeland extends westward into an area of shallowcolluvial slope. Slope in this area isgenerally to the west and southwest (see sketchmap for detail).

This site consists of an historic, probable-Puebloan structure and extremely light scatter

. of lithic and ceramic artifacts. StructureA is constructed of wet-laid, coursed tabularsandstone blocks and chunks abutting a sand-stone bedrock ledge on the east and a large(3 by 1 1/2 meter) boulder on the south.The east-west running wall is 2 1/2 metersin length and approximately 30 centimeterswide. The north-south wall is approximately1 1/2 meters lonq and 30 centimeters in width.The northern wall consists of approximately10 courses of small to moderate blocks oftabular sandstone (including chinking) andstands approximately 35 centimeters in heightfrom the surface. The western wall consists ofapproximately eight courses and measuresapproximately 45 centimeters in height. Thenatural abutment formed by the boulder representsa maximal height of approximately 70 centimetersfor the structure. Minimal masonry elementsize is approximately 40 by 30 by 4 centimeters.The structure is open to the southwest througha small (35 centimeters wide, 2 meters long)crevice formed by the gap between the boulderand the bedrock ledge. Some soil buildup inthe interior of the structure (over 30 centi-meters) indicates the possibility of in-situcultural deposits in subsurface strata. Anarea of adobe mortar and plaster was notedalong the interior of the west wall of thestructure.

This structure is somewhat obscured by the*broken slope and bedrock ledge to the east,

north, and south, and by trees and the largeboulder which forms the western wall of thestructure. Four ceramic sherds, includingthree sherds from a single Bandelier Black-on-gray (A.D. 1425-1475) vessel (field specimen No.43)

J Close-Up: Structure A

10 courses hig

8 coursesh igh

N b~~~; Mortar** /uie

* ... * ~Branch

2* 0 1

ridge

100 meters\ t site

gentle

/ moderndump

* .1 tructureA

%-Isite area 0sandstonedrai age ut "I bedrock ledge

approximate /tenceilne direction of

SAR: 9-27-79:39 Q Jnpr ronlp®Pinyonref 79

-62-

and one questionable Pueblo IV sherd (WiyoBlack-on-white, Bandelier Black-on-gray, AbiquiuBlack-on-gray) (field specimen No. 44) werelocated approximately 15 meters to the west ofthe structure (downslope) in a shallow washarea. These sherds appear to be associatedwith the occupation of the structure. Asingle secondary unifacial chalcedony scraperwas located in a wash area approximately20 meters to the southwest of the structure.

In addition, a recently deposited pile ofrusted and unrusted cans and bottles was notedapproximately 15 meters to the north of thestructure on top of the bedrock ledge. Thispile is not associated with the structure buthas been included within the general sitearea owing to its proximity. The recenthistoric artifacts noted in this dump includeapproximately 40 cans and bottles in a 2 by 3meter ared and include rusted Coors cans ofthe "church-key" and "pull-tab" varieties; aSchilling coffee can, various whiskey bottles,a rusted Hamm's beer can, and several No. 10size food and juice cans. This occurrenceindicates a possible recent disturbance ofthe site area. No other artifacts were notedin the area, although a juniper branch waslocated in the northeast corner of thestructure.

Little rubble was found in the area surroundingthe structure indicating that the wall remnantsmay be near their original height. This structuremay have served as a temporary windbreak or oncemay have contained an upper structure of perish-able materials.

Although ceramics noted at this site indicateits occupation at approximately A.D. 1450,the cultural affiliation of the structure isindeterminant. The use of coursed, wet-laidmasonry, however, suggests a Late Anasazi(Pueblo IV) use. The function of this sitecould not be defined on the basis of the presentsurvey data, although the size of the structureand the limited amounts of associated remainssuggest a temporary use for possible specialresource activity.

.7

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SAR 920-40

. Field Designation: SAR 9-27-79:40


'. Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted at thissite include sparse to moderate pinon and juniperwith extremely sparse grasses, snakeweed, andrubber rabbitbrush.


Description: SAR 920-40 consists of a light lithic scatterlocated at the western edge of the area ofsurvey along a relatively steep drop in contour.The area is situated on a flat bench at thebase of the western slope of a gravel terraceoverlooking a broad colluvial drainage to thewest. The area is characterized by large areasof exposed sandstone bedrock and steppedledges. The general slope of the area isslight and to the west. The site is exposedon all sides with slight shelter by terracesto the east and north.

This site consists of a small area of scatterincluding approximately 40 secondary and tertiarychalcedony flakes, 10 of which are retouched;20 secondary and tertiary Polvadera Peak obsidianflakes; and one fine-grained quartzite flakewith retouch. This scatter covers an areaof approximately 20 by 25 meters.

No temporal or functional interpretation couldbe made at the site based on present surveydata. The light density and small size of thesite suggest a temporary use associated withspecialized subsistence activty.

SAR 920-41



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. The vegetative communityin this site area includes sparse to moderatepinon, juniper, grasses (including bottlebrushand wheat grass) snakeweed, mustards, wild tomato,

*9 rabbitbrush, and cholla.

. Temporal Affiliation: Pueblo IV (based on ceramic typology;Harlow 1973).

4

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Description: SAR 920-41 consists of a small structural featureand light lithic scatter located at the westernboundary of the survey area. The site is situatedat the edge of a steep dropoff overlooking a boarddrainage area to the west. The area is erodedwith large areas of exposed, stepped sandstonebedrock ledges and boulders. It is situated atthe western base of a gravel terrace slope andcontains a moderately steep slope to the west.

The structure at SAR 920-41 measures approxi-mately 5 meters to the northwest and southeastand 4 meters to the northeast and southwest withan opening located on the southeastern sideformed by natural boulders. The structure ispredominantly formed by large, naturally laidsandstone boulders with sections between theboulders on the northern and southern wallsbuilt up by dry-laid sandstone blocks. Thesewalls stand approximately 30 to 35 meters tall.A hearth area has been defined on the westernwall of the structure on the basis of a concen-tration of burned sandstone. No ash or charcoalwas noted in association with this hearth. Apiece of bark was noted in the northeasterncorner of the structure. The absence of anyassociated rubble suggests that this structuremay have served as a temporay windbreak and/orlamb pen.

A small scatter of 10 secondary and tertiarychalcedony flakes, five of which exhibitedretouch, was located approximately 10 metersto the northeast of the structure on the samebench level. This scatter encompasses an areaapproximately 3 meters in diameter. A secondsmall scatter consisted of over 30 secondary andtertiary chalcedony flakes, four of which wereretouched. A utilized chacedony core was located9 meters to the west of the structure below theledge dropoff. This scatter area is estimatedat approximately 3 meters in diameter. Inaddition, a Potsuwi'i Incised sherd, dated atA.D. 1450-1550, (field specimen No. 46) andfour painted Early Bandelier Black-on-gray sherdsdated at A.D. 1425-1450 (field specimen No. 45)were located immediately to the northwest ofthis scatter. A single isolated chalcedony coreis situated approximately 17 meters to the northof the structure. An oil can and part of aheavy towing chain located 7 meters to the south-east of the structure at the same bench levelindicate some recent disturbance of this site.

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SAR 920-41 has been dated at Pueblo IV on thebasis of ceramic typology although the structureappears to be Navajo. This site apparentlyserved as a temporary campsite of unknown func-tion.

SAR 920-42



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted in surveyinclude sparse pinon and juniper, grasses(including Sporobolus) mustards, and pricklypear.


Description: SAR 920-42 consists of a small light lithicscatter located on a bedrock ledge immediatelyoverlooking a. broad drainage to the west.The site is exposed and eroded with some light,

V.j natural gravels and large areas of bedrockexposure. A deep gully cuts the area to thesouth of the site bending northward immediatelybelow the scatter area. The site is slightlyprotected by the gravel terrace slope to theeast, northeast, and southeast. Slope in thearea is moderate and to the southwest. The boatlaunch road is visible from the site to thesouthwest and west.

The scatter noted as SAR 920-42 includes approxi-mately 70 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakesfive of which exhibit retouch; 20 tertiaryPolvadera Peak obsidian flakes. The site areais estimated at 75 meters to the north and southby 45 meters to the east and west.

No temporal or functional interpretation couldbe defined for this site, although the lightdensity of materials and absence of tools sug-gests a temporary (single episode) occupationwith possible association with special resource(hunting) activity.

SAR 920-43

u Field Designation: SAR 9-27-79:43


..

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Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted at thissite consist of sparse to moderate stands ofpinon and juniper with extremely sparse coverageof grasses, dogweed and prickly pear.

Temporal Affiliation: Basketmaker III - Pueblo I (based onprojectile point typology); RecentHistoric.

Description: SAR 920-43 consists of a light lithic scatterlocated at the base of a moderate gravel terracewhich slopes to the north and west. This areais exposed with slight shelter to the northprovided by the gravel terrace. Slope in theimmediate site area is shallow and to the westand southwest. The area is dissected by numeroussmall drainage gullies and is bordered on the south-west by a barbed wire fenceline which parallels theboat launch road.

The scatter noted in this area includes nver75 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes;over 40 tertiary Polvadera Peak obsidian flakes,five of which exhibit retouch; a single obsidianBasketmaker III- Pueblo I projectile point(field specimen No. 47); and one sherd of modernmilky green glass (of the "coffee mug" variety).The'scatter extends over an area of 65 metersby 60 meters.

No functional interpretation could be made con-cerning the lithic remains observed at this site.The low density of artifacts and relative absenceof tools, however, suggest a temporary specialactivity area.

SAR 920-44



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted in surveyinclude moderate stands of pinon and juniper withsparse low grasses.


- Description: This site consists of a small, light lithicscatter located on the southern slope of a

V/ broad gravel terrace. The site is situated6approximately 50 meters to the north of Highway

96 near its juncture with the boad launchroad. Slope in the site area is gentle and to

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the west and northwest. The area is shelteredby the gravel terrace slope to the north. Soilsappear to be shallow. The site has been previouslyimpacted by off-road traffic and by the construc-tion of a northeast-southwest running fence locatedapproximately 10 meters to the south.

Scatter at SAR 920-44 consists of approximately40 predominantly tertiary with some primary andsecondary chalcedony flakes; 20 tertiary PolvaderaPeak and Obsidian Ridge obsidian flakes, fiveof which have been retouched. The area of scatteris approximately 20 meters in diameter.

No temporal or functional association could bedetermined on the basis of the present surveydata although the site appears to have hadtemporary, special activity use.

SAR 920-45



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Vegetation at this siteconsists of moderate pinon and juniper withextremely sparse low grasses.


Description: SAR 920-45 consists of an extremely light lithicscatter located just below the finger of a broadgravel terrace. The area of concentration islocated immediately to the north of a shallowbasin formed by a series of stepped sandstonebedrock ledges. Slope in the area is moderateand to the southwest. The site is open to theeast, west, and south with slight shelter pro-vided by the steep side of the terrace to thenortheast.

Scatter at SAR 920-45 consists of approximately30 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes;15 tertiary Polvadera Peak obsidian flakes andone unifacial chalcedony blade. The area ofgeneral scatter extends 55 meters to the northand south and 35 meters to the east and westwith an area of concentration approximately10 meters in diameter towards its center.

,, - . :i"ii'i ' -" " ".iii".; i- . . -, .. - .. - -' : -" " .. • .. -. : . . .. . .. . . . .

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No temporal or functional interpretation couldbe made at this site on the basis of presentsurvey data, although the site appears to havehad temporary specialized activity use.

SAR 920-46



Vegetation: Pinon-juniper woodland. Species noted at thissite include moderate pinon and juniper withextremely sparse low grasses and prickly pear.

Temporat Affiliation: Possible multi-occupational Late Archaic:Early En Medio, possible Navajo (Athabascan)based on projectile point typology (seeuiscussion in section VI, Culturalinterpretation).

Description: Site SAR 920-46 consists of a light to moderatelithic scatter located on a shallow slope on thewestern side of a broad gravel terrace. The areais exposed to the west and north and shelteredby the terrace slope to the south and southeast.In addition, slight protection is afforded onthe east by a terrace finger. The site area isrelatively flat with a general slope to the west-northwest. A moderate cover of small, naturalgravels occurs in the area. The site is borderedon the north by a powerline.

Scatter in the site area includes over 150 secon-dary and tertiary chalcedony flakes, 10 of whichare retouched; 100 predominantly tertiary withseveral secondary Polvadera Peak and some ObsidianRidge flakes (with 10 percent retouch); five pre-dominantly tertiary with some secondary fine-grained quartzite flakes, five with retouch; andfour unifacial chalcedony scrapirs. The site areais estimated at 70 meters to the northwest andsoutheast and is 55 meters in width. An area ofconcentration approximately 20 meters in diameteris located at the northwestern edge of the site.

Based on the identification of two projectilepoints found within the area of concentration,this site has been tentatively identified asrelating to the Late Archaic (En Medio) andpossible Navajo periods. No specific functioncould be identified for this site; although

.' ' - - . .• .

' .. '- ,, -'- - .. "- " "• " ' -'. - r ,w ' ' " " - ". " - .. "" " -

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the area appears to have been intensivelyutilized. The proximity of this site toSAR 920-37 to the south indicates wide-spread usage of this area. Although thedensity of cultural materials decreases tothe south of SAR 920-46, the general scatterarea is roughly continuous with site 37.The division of this general scatter in twosite areas is largely a product of distinctionsin the survey transect, and it is likely thatthese two areas of scatter represent a single,continuous multi-occupation of the slope area.

* SAR 920-47

Field Designation: SAR 9-27-47


Vegetation: Shrub grassland. Species noted in survey includedsparse pinon and juniper, Morman tea, grasses,and narrowleaf yucca.


Description: Site SAR 920-47 consists of a small light lithicscatter located on top of a small promontory atthe southwestern edge of a broad gravel terrace.The immediate site areas drops steeply to thenorth and west, moderately to the south andslightly to the southeast. The site is openand exposed on all sides and is covered with alight scatter of small natural gravels.

Scatter in the site area consists of approximately20 secondary and tertiary chalcedony flakes,four of which are retouched; 10 tertiary PolvaderaPeak obsidian flakes, two of which are retouched;one tertiary retouched fine-grained quartziteflake and one chalcedony biface. The area of sitescatter is 30 by 20 meters.

No temporal or functional association could bedetermined for this site although its locationand artifact assemblage suggest a hunting usage.

-

2.1-T~i-? --- * . * .-<- 2. •-. .2, . . . i, : . . ... . . ? , . . 2 : . . . . . -

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INDIVIDUAL SITE EVALUATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In keeping with the requirements of contract, each sitedocumented in the previous chapter is herein evaluated on anindividual basis and recommendations as to proper mitigativemeasures are advanced. Individual sites may not exhibit in-

*ternal characters which provide for detailed culture studies;however, such sites do produce important data regardingspecific aspects of culture or adaptation. Therefore, infor-

. mation potential and data applications are stressed in the. following discussion. Individual mitigative approaches are

also posited for each site.

Arguments have been advanced (Schaafsma 1976; and pages104 and 105 of this report) which promulgate the idea ofencompassing all archaeological sites at Abiquiu Reservior ina National Register of Historic Places District. As yet, nodetermination of elegibility for such a district has been made.

- Serious consideration of this proposal is urged.

SITE 920-1

Evaluation: This site does not appear to warrant nominationto the National Register of Historic Places basedon the small number of in situ materials (i.e.,the area of concentration), the limited quantityof artifacts noted and the natural disturbance(wash) of the scatter. However, the futureinvestigation of such sites within the AbiquiuDam region interms of assignment of functionwithin overall subsistence and resource extrac-tive strategies may prove to be significant.With regard to problems of regional interpretation,therefore, the inclusion of sites such as SAR920-1 on the National Register should be considered.

Recommendation: The area of site SAR 920-1 should be avoided.If avoidance is not possible, a program ofintensive mapping collection, and test excava-tion should be implemented in order to re-trieve data which could aid in the interpreta-tion of this site and its relationship withsimilar occurrences in the area.

t. '

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SITE 920-2

Evaluation: Due to the dispersed nature of the lithic scatterand the absence of any functionally or temporallydiagnostic artifacts or features, this site doesnot appear to warrant nomination to the National

*! Register of Historic Places. However, the loca-tion and nature of this site in correlation withother sites in the Abiquiu Dam region may providea basis of comparison.

Recommendation: Site SAR 920-2 should be avoided. If avoidanceis unfeasible a program of mitigation, includingthe intensive mapping and collection of thisarea, should be implemented. Excavations inthis area should be minimal in view of theshallow nature of the soil and the improba-bility of in-situ material below the surface.An analysis of the lithic artifacts collectedfrom this site may indicate temporal affiliation(diagnostic artifacts), function (tool types),and possible networks of exchange (materialtypes) in the Abiquiu Dam region.

SITE 920-3

Evaluation: The small size and dispersed nature of this mani-festation does not provide adequate justificationfor the nomination of this site to the NationalRegister of Historic Places. However, thisscatter area in association with other culturalmanifestations within the Abiquiu Dam region, mayprovide a significant data base for the interpre-tation of subsistence and resource extractiveactivities in the area.

Recommendation: Avoidance is recommended for site SAR 920-3.If avoidance is not possible, a program ofmitigation should be implemented in orderto record the data base represented by thesite. Mitigation should include intensivemapping, surface collection, excavation, andintensive analysis'of the materials remaining.

SITE 920-4

Evaluation: Due to the limited nature of this occurrence,and its marginal potential for significantcontribution into the archaeological recordof the region, it is not recommended for nomina-tion to the National Register of Historic Places.

a: !i~"""!-

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Recommendation: Mitigation of this site should include eitheravoidance of the immediate area or the inten-sive survey and collection of surface materials.Although some depth of soil is noted in thisarea, the dispersed nature and the compositionof the artifact assemblage indicates thatsubsurface, cultural deposits are unlikely.Limited testing may be used to confirm thetransitory character of this site. Basicretrieval of information concerning this areahas been accomplished in the initial surveyand location of this site further mitigationmay yield only minimal results in either intra-site or inter-site analysis.

SITE 920-5

Evaluation: Due to the dispersed nature, relatively lightconcentration of artifacts, and the type ofcultural remains observed at SAR 920-5, thissite does not appear to warrant nomination tothe National Register of Historic Places.However, the location of this site with respectto other late Basketmaker occurrences in theAbiquiu Dam region may provide a significantcomparative data base for the interpretationof subsistence activities.

Recommendation: Avoidance of this site is recommended.If mitigation of the area is necessary,a systematic program of intensivesurface collection and excavation shouldbe implemented.

SITE 920-6

Evaluation: With respect to its nomination to the NationalRegister of Historic Places, Site SAR 920-6is significant not only in regard to itspotential contribution to the understanding ofthe scheduling of special resource activities,but also in terms of the density of materialsexhibited by the site and the possibility formore intensive intra-site analysis and inter-pretation. Although this site has not been re-commended as a primary site for nomination tothe National Register (see Section VI, Recommen-dation and Evaluation), it has been placed ina secondary category for nomination.

".,1

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Recommendation: It is strongly recommended that this site beavoided during any further development ofarea. If avoidance proves to be unfeasible,

k a program of detailed mapping and surfacecollection, excavation, analysis, and re-search, should be implemented in order toretrieve the potentially significant datarepresented by this cultural resource.

SITE 920-7

Evaluation: On the basis of the small size of this occurrenceand the light density of its associated scatter,this site is not recommended for eligibility tothe National Register of Historic Places.However, the investigation and preservation oflithic sites such as SAR 920-7 is significantwith respect to the general, regional patteringof resource extractive activities.

Recommendation: The area of site SAR 920-7 should be avoided.Should avoidance prove to be impossible,a planned program of mitigation should beimplemented. Such investigations shouldinclude detailed mapping, surface collection,and analysis coordinated with data gainedfrom similar sites. Test excavations atthis site will be limited owing to extremelyshallow soil deposits.

SITE 920-8

Evaluation: This site does not appear to qualify for nomina-tion to the National Register of Historic Placesin view of the quantity and type of associatedmaterial remains. With the inclusion of addi-tional information obtained through more inten-sive mitigation of this area, however, this sitemay yield a comparative data base for similaroccurrences in the Abiquiu Dam area. The siterepresents a potential contribution toward theunderstanding of variation insettlement pattern-ing with respect to topographic and microenviron-mental locational factors, and the scheduling ofresource extractive strategies.

Recommendation: Avoidance of the site area of SAR 920-8 isrecommended. Should avoidance of this areabe unfeasible, a program of mitigation includingthe mapping, surface collection, and limitedtesting is suggested. Although the potential

* yield of information obtained from additionalactivity appears to be low, such a program mayresult in a better defination of function andtemporal affiliation.

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SITE 920-9

Evaluation: Due to the dispersed nature and content of materials,nomination to the National Register of HistoricPlaces cannot be recommended. This site does,however, appear to exhibit potential for contri-bution towards the understanding of settlementpatterning and resource scheduling activity.

Recommendation: Avoidance of this site should be implementedif possible. If mitigation of the site isnecessary, a program of intensive mappingand surface collection is recommended. Limitedtesting may be conducted at this site, althoughthe nature of deposition of this terrace remnantappears to preclude subsurface cultural deposi-tion.

SITE 920-10

Evaluation: With respect to all other sites located duringthe present survey, SAR 920-10 most appears towarrant nomination to the National Registerof Historic Places. The density and type ofartifacts, structures, and features associatedwith this site represent a significant contri-bution toward the interpretation of earlyNavajo and prehistoric (Archaic) occupationin the Abiquiu Dam region.

Recommendation: It is strongly recommended that this area beavoided. The vicinity surrounding this sitehas been extensively disturbed by the con-struction of a spillway along the drainageimmediately to the west, in apparent blastingalong the drainage to the south and associatedpiling of rubble to the east of ProvenienceNo. 2 and by off-road vehicular traffic.If warrented mitigation should entail the sur-face survey and collection of materials, andextensive excavation (i.e. at ProvenienceNo. 1 and 2) and a systematic program of anal-ysis and research relating both to the prehis-toric and historic occupations. It is recom-mended that this site area be closed off immedi-ately in order to prevent additional impactby visitors.

, . .. .

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SITE 920-11

Evaluation: This site does not appear to warrant nominationto the National Register of Historic Places basedon the quantity and type of artifacts representedat this site and the apparent surface disturbance(wash) over a large portion of the site area.

Recommendation: Mitigation recommended for this site includesavoidance or an alternative program ofsystematic mapping, surface and limitedsubsurface collection, and associated analysis.

* Functional and temporal interpretations ofsuch materials should be correlated with datafrom other sites in this region for possiblecomparison and contrast.

SITE 920-12

Evaluation: Site SAR 920-12 does not exhibit characteristicssupporting its eligibility for the NationalRegister of Historic Places. However, itslocation with respect to other cultural manifes-tations within the Abiquiu Dam region may provesignificant in the understanding of settlementpatterning and the scheduling of resource extrac-tive activities.

Recommendation: Archaeological mitigative action shouldinclude avoidance of the site area ofSAR 920-12 if possible. Should avoidanceprove to be unfesible, systematic collec-tion and mapping of the site area should beconducted. Due to the exposure and erosionof the storage feature, the collection ofpollen, flotation, or other botanical samplesis unlikely to yield any substantive informa-tion concerning the specific function of thesite. Testing in this area will also belimited owing to the shallow depth of soils.

*. SITE 930-13

* Evaluation: Although this site is relatively more substantialthan other scatters, owing to the presence ofthe hearth and diagnostic artifacts, its eligibilityfor the National Register of Historic Places ismarginal. The site is small in area and containsa low quantity of artifactual materials. However,

* this site may prove to be significant in the-7- interpretation of inter-site function as well as

in the comparison of site location within aregional pattern of settlement.

lip•

7C-

Recommendation: Impact on site SAR 920-13 should be avoidedif possible. If mitigation is necessary, asystematic program of artifact collection,detailed mapping, and subsurface testing shouldbe implemented.

SITE 920-14

Evaluation: The number and type of artifacts representedat this site do not indicate sufficient groundsfor nomination to the National Register ofHistoric Places. However, in view of thetentative Basketmaker III - Pueblo I affiliation,the site may represent a potentially significantcomparative data based for similar contemporaneoussites.

Recommendation: Avoidance is recommended for this area ofscatter. Should impact at this site provenecessary, a program of mitigation includingthe survey and collection of artifacts shouldbe implemented.

SITE 920-15

Evaluation: In view of the presence of the hearth area anddiagnostic artifacts, SAR 920-15 represents arelatively more substantive data base thanother unknown lithic scatters in the study area.Due to its dispersed nature, however, and thesmall quantity of associated artifacts, theeligibility of this site for nomination to theNational Register of Historic Places is marginal;although it may prove significant in the inter-pretation of regional settlement patterning andthe scheduling of subsistence activities.

Recommendation: If possible, this site should be avoided inany impact on the area. Should mitigationprove to be necessary, a program of mapping,intensive surface collection, and testingshould be implemented.

L o°

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SITE 920-16

Evaluation: With respect ot nomination to the NationalRegister of Historic Places, SAR 920-16 issignificant not only in regard to itspotential association with Paleo-Indianoccupation in the district, but also interms of its contribution to the under-standing of the scheduling of specialresource activities. The density andtype of artifactual materials exhibitpotential for more intensive intra-siteanalysis and interpretation. Althoughthis site cannot be recommended as aprimary cultural resource for nominationto the National Register pending supple-mentary data confirming its Paleo-Indianalliliation, it has been placed in asecondary category with respect to othersites located in the survey area.

Recommendation: A program of avoidance of the site areashould be implemented if possible.

SITE 920-17

E!aluation: Although the limited extent, disturbed condition,and morphology of this site preclude its nomina-tion to the National Register of Historic Places,the use of this well-dated occurrence as a baseof comparison for contemporaneous sites in thisarea may provide a significant contributiontoward the understanding of Pueblo IV occupation.

Recommendation: This site, if possible, should be avoided inany development. If avoidance is not feasible,a plan of systematic surface collection andtesting should be implemented. In addition,it is recommended that this area be closedto off-road traffic in order to avoidfurther destruction of the site area.

4

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SITE 920-18

Evaluation: Based on the quantity and density of materialsnoted at this site, the presence of severaltools and its association with several diagnosticartifacts, it is recommended that this site benominated to the National Register of HistoricPlaces. This site appears to represent anintensively utilized locci and maybe relatedprimarily to hunting and gathering subsistenceactivity. The potential for definition ofspecific function at this site within aparticular temporal framework (i.e. the EarlyNavajo) may prove to be significant in theinterpretation of settlement patterning,inter-site structure, and subsistence schedulingactivities.

Recommendation: Mitigation of this site should includeeither avoidance or a systematic program ofcollection and analysis. Such a programshould consist of intensive mapping andsurface collection as well as limited testingand should be correlated with analysis atAR:4 to the west.

SITE 920-19

* Evaluation: With respect to the National Register of HistoricPlaces, this site evidences significant potentialtowards contributing information on individualsite functioning within a broad regional networkof subsistence strategy and settlement patterning.

"V- This site is accordingly recommended for nominationto the National Register.

Recommendation: It is strongly recommended that site SAR 920-19be avoided. Should avoidance prove unfeasible,a systematic program of mitigation includingintensive survey and mapping, surface collec-tion, and excavation should be implemented.

SITE 920-20

Evaluation: The nature and extent of this site is not consideredto warrant nomination to the National Register ofHistoric Places. The site does, however, representa significant potential in the evaluation andinterpretation of resource extractive activitiesand settlement patterning in the Abiquiu Dam

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region and may be used as a basis for comparisonand contrast with other cultural assemblages inthis area.

Recommendation: If avoidance of SAR 920-20 is not possible,a series of test excavations should be under-taken to ascertain the presence of in-situcultural deposits and, if present, should beexpanded in order to define possible activityareas.

SITE 920-21

Evaluation: No recommendation concerning the elegibility ofthis occurrence for nomination to the NationalRegister of Historic Places can be made on thebasis of the present survey information. Anevaluation of the significance of this occurrenceis contingent upon a determination of its culturalaffiliation.

Recommendation: This area should be avoided if possible.Should mitigation prove to be necessary,exploratory test excavations should beconducted in order to better determine thecultural affiliation or origin of this site.If subsurface cultural strata are encountered,excavations should be expanded.

SITE 920-22

Evaluation: No recommendation for the nomination of siteSAR 920-22 to the National Register of HistoricPlaces can be made owing to its limited natureand the low potential value of the site in thereconstruction of Pueblo IV occupation in thisregion.

Recommendation: Due to the marginal nature of this site, thelimited number of artifacts noted in survey,and previous disturbance of the area, thelocation and recording of this manifestationis considered to constitute sufficientarchaeological mitigation. Accordinglyarchaeological clearance is recommended forthis site.

U

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SITE 920-23

Evaluation: This site does not appear to warrant nominationto the National Register of Historic Placesbased on the nature and extent of the artifactslocated in the area. However, the futureinvestigation of such sites within the AbiquiuDam region in terms of assignment of functionwithin overall subsistence and resource extrac-tive strategies is significant.

Recommendation: Should avoidance of this area prove to beunfeasible, detailed mapping and extensivesurface collection of this site should beimplemented. A limited testing programis desireable in order to determine thepresence and extent of possible subsurfacecultural deposits (although such depositionis considered to be unlikely).

SITE 920-24

Evaluation: Nomination of site SAR 920-24 to the NationalRegister of Historic Places is not recommended.

Recommendation: Prior to its destruction, it is recommendedthat diagnostic historic artifacts be col-lected in order to determine a more reliabledate for the site. With regard to theprehistoric (lithic) materials noted inthis area, the small number of artifactsdoes not warrant recommendation for mitiga-tion since these cores represent essentiallyisolated occurrences rather than substantialoccupational component.

SITE 920-25

Evaluation: With respect to its nomination to the NationalRegister of Historic Places, site SAR 920-25is significant not only in regard to its potentialcontribution to the understanding of the schedulingof special resource activities in the AbiquiuReservoir District, but also in terms of thepossibility for more intensive analysis and inter-pretation of (possible Archaic) activity on anintra-site level. Although this site has not

7e,.

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been recommended as a primary candidate fornomination to the National Register, it hasbeen placed in a secondary category for nomination.

Recommendation: The area of site SAR 920-25 should be avoidedif possible in any activity which may resultin direct or indirect impact. Should avoid-ance be unfeasible, a program of mitigationincluding the intensive survey and collectionof this scatter is recommended. In addition,test excavations may be conducted in areasof soil deposition in order to recover sub-surface materials although the presence ofin-situ cultural deposits in this area isunlikely.

SITE 920-26

Evaluation: SAR 920-26 represents one of the most dense concen-trations of artifacts noted in the present studyarea. In view of the apparent intensive occupa-tion of this ridge edge and the nature, variety,and density of materials associated with thisresource, this site is recommended for nominationto the National Register. Although the site areais extremely eroded and deflated, it containssome potential for the reconstruction of activityareas and, through more intensive study, may yieldtemporal diagnostics which could be related tocontemporaneous sites. This site represents asignificant potential for the understanding ofsite function on the intersite level as well ascontribution towards the analysis of settlementpatterning in regicn.

Recommendation: Avoidance of this site is strongly recommended.Should disturbance of this area prove necessary,detailed mapping and surface collection shouldbe implemented. Extensive subsurface depositsin the area are unlikely. Test excavations,however, should be made where possible.

.11

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SITE 920-27

Evaluation: This site does not appear to warrant nominationto the National Register of Historic Placesbased on the small size of the concentrationof artifacts, and the limited quantity and typeof cultural materials. The location and natureof this occurrence in correlation with othersites noted in Abiquiu Dam region may provide abasis of comparison in the general culturalinterpretation of this area.

Recommendation: The area of SAR 920-27 should be avoidedif possible. If mitigation of this occur-rence is necessary, a program of mapping andintensive surface collection should be imple-mented. Surface indications suggest limitedexcavation potential for this area, althoughtesting may be implemented in order to betterevaluate possible subsurface culturaldeposition.

SITE 920-28

Evaluation: This site does not appear to qualify for nomina-tion to the National Register of Historic Placesin view of the quantity and type of associatedmaterial remains. With the inclusion of addi-tional information related to contemporaneousbasketmaker sites in the Abiquiu Dam region,however, this site may prove a significantbasis of comparison for the interpretation ofsettlement patterning and (subsistence) resourceextraction.

Recommendation: Should avoidence not be a viable alternativeto impact at this site it is recommendedthat surficial mapping and artifact collectionbe performed.

...........

,* . . , , . r -, .. -- -/ . - . Cr. C .. . . . . .

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°

LSITE 920-29

Evaluation: The nature and extent of this site does notwarrant its nomination to the National Registerof Historic Places. However, this site doesappear to exhibit potential contributiontoward the understanding of locational pattern-ing and resource scheduling activity.

Recommendation: Avoidance of the area surrounding SAR 920-29is recommended. Should mitigation of thissite prove to be necessary, a program ofintensive surface collection and mappingshould be implemented. Although the pre-sence of subsurface cultural deposits isconsidered to be unlikely in this physio-graphic location, limited testing shouldbe conducted.

SITE 920-30

Evaluation: The nature and quantity of materials associatedwith this resource suggest its eligi'.iity fornomination to the National Register of HistoricPlaces. This site may prove significant not onlyin regard to its potential contribution to theunderstanding of the scheduling of special resourceactivities for the Archaic period, but may alsorepresent a substantial data base for the analysisand interpretation of intra-site function for thisperiod.

Recommendation: If avoidance of site SAR 920-30 is notpossible, a systematic program of inten-

S sive survey, surface collection, and ex-cavation should be implemented.

S * .. . . . . . .

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SITE 920-31

Evaluation: The dispersed (eroded) nature of this site maypreclude its eligibility for nomination to theNational Register of Historic Places. However,the dating of the site and its proximity to andprobable association with the scatter noted atSAR 920-30 implies the significance of thissite with respect to a long-term, intensive useof the drainage. The nomination of SAR 920-31,therefore, in association with that of SAR920-30, is strongly recommended.

Recommendation: The area surrounding site SAR 920-31 shouldbe avoided if possible. Should mitigationprove to be necessary, a program of inten-sive mapping, surface collection, and limitedexcavation should be coordinated with themitigation of SAR 920-30 to the west.

SITE 920-32

Evaluation: The nature and density of materials noted atSAR 920-32 in itself does not appear to warrantprimary consideration for nomination to theNational Register of Historic Places. However,the potential contribution of this site inassociation with sites SAR 920-30-31 is consi-dered sufficient for nomination of the areaencompassed by these three sites. The inten-sive occupation and probable reoccupation ofthis drainage slope and the diversity of func-tion represented in the scatter areas of thesesites, indicate its long-term use as a temporary(seasonal) campsite associated with seasonalhunting subsistence activity.

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Recommendation: Avoidance is recommended, if possible, forthe area surrounding SAR 920-32. Shouldmitigation of this area prove to be necessary,programs of surface collection, mapping, andtest excavation and analysis should be coor-

Ndinated with the mitigation of site SAR920-31 to the north and SAR 920-30 to thenorthwest. Such a program may yield signifi-cant information regarding intra-site struc-ture and scheduling of resource extractiveactivities.

SITE 920-33

Evaluation: Based on the nature and extent of this occurrence,no recommendation is made for the nomination ofSAR 920-33 to the National Register of HistoricPlaces.

Recommendation: This scatter represents an extremely marginalsite area with respect to natural disturbanceand quantity, nature, and temporal affiliationof its associated artifacts. Avoidance ofthis area cannot be justified on the basis ofpresent survey information. However, it isrecommended that further mitigation, includ-ing the collection of artifacts for thepossible specific dating of this occurrence,should be conducted prior to direct negativeimpacts.

SITE 920-34

Evaluation: In itself, this site does not appear to qualifyfor nomination to the National Register of HistoricPlaces in view of the quantity and type of associatedmaterial remains. With the inclusion of additionalinformation obtained through more intensive miti-gation of this area, however, SAR 920-34 may pro-vide a comparative data base for similar occurrencesin the Abiquiu Dam area. Therefore, this site re-presents a potential contribution toward theunderstanding of variation in settlement patterningwith respect to site function within a broadereconomic (subsistence) framework.

Recommendation: This area should be avoided if possible in anyplans which might include direct or indirectimpact. If avoidaice is unfeasible, a programof mitigation including the mapping, surfacecollection, and limited excavation of thissite should be conducted in conjunction with

- a systematic design of research analysis.Should test excavations indicate the presence

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of in-situ cultural depositions, a seriesof excavations should be implemented,horizontally stripping the site for thepossible recovery of information relatingto specific activity areas.

SITE 920-35

Evaluation: Due to the light density of this lithic scatterand the absence of any temporally diagnosticartifacts or features noted in survey, this sitedoes not appear to warrant nomination to theNational Register of Historic Places. However,the location and nature of SAR 920-35, particularlywith regard to its potential for the analysis ofsite function, may be correlated with other sitesto provide a basis of comparison.

recommendation: Avoidance of this site area is recommendedif possible. Should mitigation prove to benecessary, a systematic program of intensivesurface collection and limited excavationshould be conducted.

SITE 920-36

Evaluation: This site does not appear to warrant nominationto the National Register of Historic Placesbased on the small size of the area of materialscatter, and the nature and relatively limitedquantity of artifacts noted. However, thefuture investigation of sites such as SAR 920-36within the Abiquiu Reservoir District in termsof assignment of function within overall sub-sistence and resource extractive strategiesis significant.

Recommendation: Avoidance of SAR 920-36 should be enforced ifpossible. If avoidance of this area is notfeasible, a program of intensive proveniencedsurface and subsurface collection and analysisshould be implemented.

SITE 920-37

Evaluation: Based on the density, variety and extent ofcultural remains noted in this area, SAR 920-37is recommended for nomination to the NationalRegister of Historic Places. The further analysisand interpretation of this site may yiell signi-ficant information concerning its nature and

* - . . .. . . ... ..... .. ."" ' " . . '

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function; and place it within a broader regionalframework of settlement patterning and of sub-sistence strategies.

Recommendation: Avoidance of this site is strongly recommended.Should mitigation prove to be necessary, anintensive program of surface collection,mapping, and excavation should be implemented.

SITE 920-38

Evaluation: The small quantity of artifacts and dispersednature of this manifestation do not provideadequate justification for the nomination ofSAR 920-38 to the National Register of HistoricPlaces.

Recommendation: Avoidance of SAR 920-38 area is recommended.If avoidance of the site concentration isnot possible, a program of systematiccollection and analysis should be implemented.No further mitigation is considered necessaryfor the remainder of the site area due tothe extremely light and dispersed nature ofmaterials.

SITE 920-39

Evaluation: SAR 920-39 may represent one of extremely fewstructural sites in the Abiquiu area relatedto the Historic Pueblo period. As such, thissite may prove to be significant in the quanti-fication and analysis of Puebloan occupationand should be considered for nomination to theNational Register of Historic Places.

Recommendation: The area surrounding SAR 920-39 should beavoided if possible. Should mitigation ofthe site prove to be necessary, surfacecollection and excavation both within thestructure and in the area of wash imme-diately to the west and southwest should beimplemented.

*SITE 920-40

Evaluation: On the basis of the small size and the lowdensity of its associated scatter, this sitehas not been recommended for nomination tothe National Register of Historic Places.

: ~.......................

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However, the investigation and preservation oflithic scatters such as SAR 920-40 is desireablewith respect to understanding regional patterningof resource extractive activities.

Recommendation: The area of site SAR 920-40 should be avoidedif possible. If avoidance proves to be un-feasible, a program of intensive surfacecollection and limited testing should beimplemented.

SITE 920-41

Evaluation: The structural nature of this site and itsassociation with temporally diagnostic artifactsindicates a significant potential contributionto the understanding of Late Anasazi or EarlyNavajo occupation. Although this site has beenrecommended as a primary cultural resourcef.r nomonation to the National Recister ofHistoric Places owing to the low density ofartifactual materials and the minimal effortused in constructing the structure (indicatinga single episode occurrence); it has beenplaced in a secondary category with respect toother sites located in the survey area.

Recommendation: Site SAR 920-41 should be avoided if possiblein plans for further development. Shouldavoidance of this area be unfeasible, asystematic program of mapping, surfacecollection, and excavation should be conducted.

SITE 920-42

Evaluation: SAR 920-42 does not exhibit characteristics tosuggest its eligibility for the National Registerof Historic Places. However, its location with-espect to other cultural manifestations withinth. Abiquiu Dam region may prove significant inthe understanding of settlement patterning andthe scheduling of resource extractive activities.

Recommendation: The area of SAR 920-42 should be avoided ifpossible. Should mitigation prove to benecessary, a planned program of mapping,and surface collection should be implemented.The potential for excavation in this area islimited, although test excavations may beimplemented in areas of the site in orderto determine the presence of any subsurfacecultural deposits.

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SITE 920-43

Evaluation: The dispersed nature and low density of artifactsnoted at this site do not warrant nomination tothe National Register of Historic Places. Thissite does, however, appear to exhibit potentialcontribution toward the understanding of settle-ment patterning and resource scheduling activityduring the Basketmaker III-Pueblo I period.

Recommendation: Avoidance is recommended for the site area5of SAR 920-43. If mitigation of this area is

necessary, a systematic program of artifactcollection and limited excavation should beimplemented in order to more fully examine thenature and fun.tion of this site.

SITE 920-44

EvIuation: The small size and relatively limited nature ofK.- this site precludes its eligibility to the

National Register of Historic Places. However,the investigation of lithic sites such asSAR 920-44 may prove to be significant withrespect to the general, regional patterningof resource extractive activities.

Recommendation: The area of site SAR 920-44 should be avoidedif possible. If mitigation is necessary, aprogram of provenienced surface collection andexcavation should be implemented for therecovery and analysis df artifacts.

SITE 920-45

Evaluation: Site SAR 920-45 does not exhibit characteristicsto suggest its eligibility for the NationalRegister of Historic Places. However, itslocation with respect to other cultural manifesta-tions may prove significant in the understandingof settlement patterning.

Recommendation: Archaeological mitigative action should includeavoidance of the site area of SAR 920-45 ifpossible. Should avoidance prove to be un-feasible, a systematic collection and mappingof the site area should be conducted. Due tothe exposure and erosion of this area, thepotential for subsurface testing is limited.

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SITE 920-46

Evaluation: The nature of the scatter at SAR 920-46 itselfsuggests only a marginal eligibility for nominationto the National Register of Historic Places. However,its proximity to and probable association with SAR920-37 indicates the significance of this areawith respect to long-term, intensive use. Thenomination of SAR 920-45, therefore, in associationwith that of SAR 920-37, is to be considered.

Recommendation: The area surrounding site SAR 920-46 shouldbe avoided if possible. Should mitigationprove to be necessary, a program of intensivemapping, surface collection and limited testingshould be coordinated with the mitigation ofSAR 920-37 to the south.

SITE 920-47

Evaluation: The nature and density of materials exhibitedat this site do not warrant its nominationto the National Register of Historic Places.However, the site may prove to be significantwith regard to studies entailing the interpreta-tion of site location and special resourceactivities.

Recommendation: Avoidance is recommended for the area ofsite SAR 920-47 if possible. If mitigationof this site is necessary, a systematicprogram of surface collection should beimplemented.

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Background - Palisade Ruin occupies the top of a lowmesa one quarter mile to the northeast of the Corps ResidentOffice at Abiquiu Dam. Coincident with dam construction, aborrow area was planned in this area and it was anticipatedthat the site would be destroyed. In an effort to salvagea portion of the archaeological data contained in the ruin,the Museum of New Mexico through its affiliate the Schoolof American Research negotiated a cost sharing agreement forexcavations with Region 3, of the National Park Service,Department of the Interior. Under this arrangement, it wasproposed that 2/3 of 3/4 of this 50 room, "C" shaped pueblocould be excavated(Map 7).

Excavation began in April of 1958 and continued into thesecond week of May. In all 27 rooms and one kiva were studied.The ruin evidenced the remains of a wooden palisade on its eastside, thus the name Palisade Ruin. Excavaticas were supervisedby Mr. Stewart Peckham of the Laboratory of A.Lthropology,Museum of New Mexico. A final report covering the excavationsand subsequent lithic, ceramic and faunal analysis was preparedand submitted in 1959. This manuscript is reproduced in theMaster Plan for Public Use Recreational Development, AbiguiuDam and Reservoir, New Mexico (Predock 1974). All collectionsmade at the site are curated by the Museum of New Mexico,Laboratory of Anthropology; a list of holdings constitutesAppendix B in this document.

Ultimately, borrowing activities were not condjcted atPalisades Ruin and the surficial remains of the site are stillvisable. Since the site was to be destroyed, backfilling nevertook place. Wall heights which were never very pronounced(average 1.5 feet) have consequently been reduced to roughly6 to 8 inches in most places by the elements. Most architectureat the site was of adobe construction; those rooms with adobe

. walls now evidence nonstructural linear windrows of adobewhere the walls once stood. Cobble footings of some walls inthe western alignment of rooms are still apparent. Generallywall outlines are still visable; however, enhancement of theirvisual effect would entail total reconstruction, not preserva-

* tion. Floor features within rooms have not been preserved.

Perhaps as many as 20 rooms still exist in a relativelyo untouched state at the site. These include at least 6 rooms

in the south and 10 in the north wings. These features areprotected by roughly 18 inches of overburden, wall tops andoutlines should be visible through stripping.

Evaluation

Palisade, Riana and Tsiping ruins represent the extremenorthwestern expression of Rio Grande Pueblo Culture. RianaRuin was destroyed after salvage at the time Abiquiu Dam wasconstructed. Tsiping Ruin occupies a high mesa, difficult of

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access, south of the village of Canones. The site lies withinSanta Fe National Forest, no known plans to provide easier accessto or retrieve detailed archaeological information from thissite are proposed. Palisade Ruin represents the single coali-tion period Pueblo site in the area whch has produced substan-f tive data in the past and is currently available for additionalwork.

Archaeological field techniques and analytical proceedureshave improved considerably since the site was investigated in1958. Likewise, a somewhat more sophisticated view of northernN Rio Grande Pueblo occupation has evolved as a result of excava-tions at Sapawe (University of New Mexico), LA 70 (Museum ofNew Mexico, Laboratory of Anthropology) and LA 12 (School ofAmerican Research). These large sites and several smaller ones

* correlate well with occupation dates derived for Palisade Ruin.

.I Generally, Palisade Ruin produced information indicatinga short preiod of occupation and construction, primarily betweenA.D. 1312-1315. Given the morphology of the site it is apparentthat the structural remains were planned as a unit and are notthe product of gradual accretion. Given the number of roomsin the pueblo, relatively little in the way of refuse or aban-doned material culture was recovered during the 1958 excavations.

K; Abandonment is assumed to have taken place on a liesurly time-table and most items of consequence were transported to thenew home. Portions of the site were burned; however, it isunknown whether this transpired prior to abandonment or is afinal act of its former inhabitants.

Excavations at the site indicate that preservation is gen-erally good as indicated by the retrieval of basketry fragmentsas well as corn husk and yucca remains. A number of woodspecimens were retrieved for dating, supposedly from burnedbeams and items of roof construction. Floor features in rooms

* were suprisingly rare; only three rooms, aside from the kivaand a plaza area mealing structure, produced hearths, mealingbins and the like.

Regardless of the fact that the site has been previouslyinvestigated, several questions remain. Primary among theseis speculation concerning site function. Considering the sizeof the site, its somewhat defensive nature, lack of interiordomestic features such as hearths, mealing bins, storage fea-tures, etc, and the period of occupation; it might be arguedLthat the site served as an outpost and perhaps was occupiedseasonally. The absence of mortuary remains within roomsexcavated at the site has deprived us of information concern-ing the nature and possible composition of the population.Likewise dietary habits and economic persuits are purely con-jectural due to the absence of skeletal remains and tool assem-blages and inventories.

4i

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Many of these deficiencies will doubtless remain, afunction of the nature of the occupation and its subsequentabandonment. However, there is still potential to illuminatesome of these problems and retrieve additional data from un-disturbed areas of the site. The central plaza area has notbeen extensively studied; only the kiva and mealing structurehave been investigated. Given the fact that Pueblo peopleconducted most of their activities outside, the evidence ofpossible activity sites and material culture associated withtheir use is still available. From sixteen to twenty roomsremain untouched at the site, including the entirity of thenorth room alignment. This area might be most likely to have

L been occupied year round.

In short, previous excavations have provided for temporalplacement, cultural affiliation and description of architec-tural and material culture traits. Efforts toward quantifyingthe function of the site, its human population compositionand economic persuits have not been particularly fruitful.These eadeavors are important since the site does occupy an

7' unusual position both temporally and geographically withrespect to regional archaeology.

Were the site in a pristine, unexcavated state, the pos-sible archaeological data to be retrieved from the site wouldsurely qualify it for nomination to the National Register.However, some question may arise as to the applicability

Zof this assessment given the current state of partial excava-tion. in my professional opinion, Palisades Ruin continues toexhibit qualities and opportunity for significant contributionto our understanding of puebloan occupation on the frontier.Major portions of the site still exist which might provideinvaluable insight as to specific site function and a broaderspectrum of both economic and social aspects of life in theChama River Valley. The site is the only one of its kindwhich is easily accessible and still in existance. It is urgedthat the site be considered for elegibility with respect to theNational Register of Historic Places.

Recommendations

Surficially, little now remains of archaeological interestat Palisade Ruin. Ceramics and lithics were never abundant onthe site and surface collection coincident with excavations in1958 has reduced surface artifactual materials to nil. Archi-tectural remains at the site are only visable in the areas ofexcavation. As previously mentioned, these wall stubs, are notconducive to preservation or stabilization without reconstruc-

.r tion. Although a dirt road serves the area and the site is inclose proximity to New Mexico Highway #96, no sign of vandalismat the site is apparent. Generally the site area has maintainedits visual integrity, no modern structures or features impinge

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upon the site area except for the dirt road. This particularaccess route is probably the result of vehicular traffic duringthe 1958 excavations. A powerline runs to the southeast ofthe site proper forming an effective marker of the site area.The site is not subject to any erosive forces which threatento destroy information still contained within the site.

;! It is recommended that future management activity withrespect to Palisades Ruin assume a passive form. Providingthat the site is not to be subjected to additional visitoror developmental impact, no action with reference to thesite need be taken. Although it might be desireable to closethe dirt access road to the site at its juncture with N.M.Highway #96, this step is not necessarily warranted givencurrent levels of site impact. Fencing of the site or othersimilar measures designed to restrict visitation are notcurrently necessary and might attract attention if imple-mented. Backfilling of the excavation scars would serve nopreservation need and not be cost effective.

It is recommended that the site be monitored on a quarterlybasis for indications of adverse visitor impact. This might beeasily done as part of the patrol activities usually conductedat the dam and recreation sites associated with reservoir.Additional surface disturbance at the site would serve as aprimary indicator of adverse impact.

Should some form of direct detrimental impact be antici-pated at the site in the future, it is recommended that anexcavation program be instituted. Primary emphasis shouldbe placed upon plaza excavations in an attempt to isolate anddefine exterior activity areas. The room remains in the northwing should also be assigned high priority as they exhibit thehighest possibllity for producing domiciliary features.Secondary priority should be assigned the remaining rooms inthe south wing. Adequate time and funds should be budgetedfor appropriate analytical proceedures relative to recoveredmaterials. Time at the writeup and research level should alsobe budgeted for an intensive review and selective reanalysis

*' of previously excavated materials. As befits a resource orNational Register caliber, publication of study results and adiscussion of future research objectives should follow.

-.

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CULTURAL INTERPRETATION: SITE SUMMARY AND SIGNIFICANCE

A summary of the nature and proposed cultural affiliationsof the cultural occurrences located in the present survey isconsidered to be necessary for an evaluation of the significanceof these sites. Such a summary is designed to serve as aframework for the comparison of these manifestations with similaroccurrences recorded for the Abiquiu Reservoir District and mayprovide general insights into the kinds of research problems

*and analysis which may be undertaken in the mitigation ofarchaeological sites in this area. More specifically, thecultural interpretations presented below may provide a basisfor evaluation of potential contribution to the understanding

*of historic and prehistoric occupation in this region. Theseinterpretations form the basis for recommendations concerningsite mitigation and the eligibility of sites to the NationalRegister of Historic Places. It must be pointed out that noproposals for areal "evelopment are contemplated at this time;thus mitigative measures are broadly enumerated.

PALEO- INDIAN

A single possible Paleo-Indian component has been identi-fied at site SAR 920-16, a light to moderate lithic scatterconsisting of a number of flakes and several tools located atthe eastern base of a high, isolated gravel terrace remnantat the northern edge of the survey area. The sole diagnosticartifact associated with this site is an unusual multi-func-tional (scraper-spokeshave-flesher) chert tool which is reminis-cent of the Late Plains Paleo-Indian (Eden) period (Irwin-Williams 979, personal communication). In addition to thisartifact ,field specimen No. 39, Figure 1), an isolated chert

* projectile point (Isolated Occurrence No. 71, Figure 2) alsorelating to the Cody Complex of the Late Paleo-Indian period,was collected from the top of a disturbed gravel terrace

.remnant immediately to the north of SAR 920-16. This artifact(Figure 1) has been tentatively identified as an Eden pointdating to the period from ca. 7000 B.C. (Irwin-Williams andRichard W. Lang 1979, personal communication). Artifactsfrom several other sites in this area exhibited some degreeof patination perhaps indicating an Archaic or Paleo-Indian affiliation.

Although Paleo-Indian occupation has been well-documentedalong the central Rio Grande to the southeast (Judge 1973), theoccurrence of these artifacts represents important evidenceof Paleo-Indian presence in the Abiquiu Reservoir District.Based on the minimal materials associated with this period,

* however, no overall framework for the analysis of the Paleo-Indian occupation of this region can be proposed at this time.

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ARCHAIC AND EARLY BASKETMAKER

Archaic components have been identified for 11 of the 47*-. sites located in the present survey. For the most part,

diagnostic projectile points located at these sites have beenassociated with the Late Archaic Period. These points includeone Armijo Phase point (1750-1000 B.C.) recorded at SAR 920-10,Provenience No. 1 (field specimen No. 7); one Late Armijo orEdrly En Medio point (1000-500 B.C.) noted at SAR 920-7 (fieldspecimen No. 5); one mid-En Medio point (ca. A.D. - B.C.) atSAR 920-46 (field specimen No. 49); one Late En Medio Phasepoint (prior A.D. 500 at SAR 930-30 (field specimen No. 37); andseveral probable Late Arachic points at SAR 920-13 (fieldspecimen No. 15, dated at possible pre-En Medio, 500-100 B.C.;Irwin-Williams 1979, personal communication), SAR 920-15(field specimen No. 18 dated at ca. A.D. + 100; Irwin-Willams1979, personal communication), and a reworked Late Archaicprojectile point (field specimen No. 23) at SAR 920-18, anearly Navajo site. In addition, two isolated projectilepoints noted in survey have been identified with the Archaicincluding isolated occurrence No. 29 (field speciman No. 6),a possible En Medo Phase point; and isolated occurrence No.56 (field specimen No. 30), and obsidian Armijo point.

Diagnostics tentatively associated with the BasketmakerII period include field speciman No. 3 (SAR 920-3), a pre-formdated at approximately 500 B.C. - A.D. 500; field specimenNo. 11 (SAR 920-10, Provenience No. 2), a chert Basketmakeror proto-Basketmaker pre-form; field specimen No. 8 (SAR 920-10,Provenience No. 2), a possible Basketmaker or Archaic pre-form;and field specimen No. 34 (SAR 920-27, Provenience No. 1),36 (SAR 920-28), and 39 (SAR 920-31), possible Basketmaker IIprojectile points.

In addition, several one-handed manos, noted at sitesSAR 920-10, Provenience No. 2, and SAR 920-19, may indicateArchaic presence in the area, although the specific associationwith these sites or proveniences may be questionable.

In addition to those occurrences which exhibited diagnosticmaterials relating to the Archaic or Early Basketmaker periods,23 sites located in the study area (SAR 920-1,2,3,4,6,8,9,11,20,23,24,26,29,34,35,36,37,38,40,42,44,45, and 47) consistedof lithic scatters with no discernible temporally diagnosticremains. It is possible, given the number of Archaic siteslocated in the area, that several of these sites may containan Archaic or Early Basketmaker component.

It should be noted that some problem exists in the identi-fication of one class of projectile points from the AbiquiuReservoir District. This point type (illustrated in Figure 5)has been dated to the Navajo-Athabascan occupation of the RioGrande region by Lang (1979, personal occupation), Chapman(1977: Figure 11.14) and others. These points however, appear

* . . . .~. - - -

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to be identical with those associated with the Chiricahua-Cochise Archaic phase of the Desert Culture noted by Beckett(1973) in a master's thesis on the Moquino site, a stratifiedArchaic site near Bibo, New Mexico. However, the typologieswere somewhat tenuously established in southern Arizona(Sayles and Antevs 1941; Haury 1950). Arguments whichattribute the type to the later, Early Historic Athabascanoccupation of this region are based on the co-occurrence ofthe type with Navajo structures and other late diagnosticmaterials (i.e. ceramics). It has been suggested, however,that the Athabascan population may have picked up the earlierpoints for re-use or that the materials represent an earlieroccupation of these site locations. Proponents of the classi-fication of the point type as Navajo, on the other hand, arguethat the dating of this type in northern and central New Mexicohas been well established, and that so-called "Chiricahua-Cochise" Archaic points may, in fact, represent a re-occupationof Archaic site areas by Athabascan groups.

The question of the temporal affiliation of this point typecannot be resolved here. It was noted in che present surveythat points of this type co-occurred with other diagnosticmaterials relating both to the Archaic (as in the Cases ofSAR 920-15 and SAR 920-46) and Navajo periods (at SAR 920-18).For consistency, these points have been tentatively identi-fied as Navajo throughout the present report. However, thepossible association of these points with (southern) intrusiveArchaic populations should be recognized.

The clarification of the affiliation of this point typeis only one of many questions which may be approached inresearch designs dealing with the migitation of Archaic sitesin this area. Potential information with reference to settle-ment and subsistence strategies of Archaic populations couldbe considered in the following ways (after Grigg, Fosberg,and Gauthier 1977; in Anschuetz 1979):

1. The degree to which settlement location and annualsubsistence cycles were influenced by differentialperiodicity and productivity of various criticalresources within the region.

2. The degree to which the selection of settlementlocations may have been determined by the localproductivity and/or diversity of critical sub-sistence resources within the immediate sitevicinity.

3. The extent to which the technology of tool manufac-ture and the use of extractive as opposed to main-tenance tool types may co-vary with site variablessuch as hearths or storage facilities, and theextent that this co-variance may serve to definesite functions.

,2° 2

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I4. The degree to which the technology of manufacture

and use of tools and facilities necessary forresource procurement, preparation, and consumptionare conditioned by the distribution of technological

*resources in the area.

5. The multivariate and interrelated demographic andenvironmental factors which may have contributedto the gradual intensification of environmentaluse (e.g. the acceptance of maize agriculture).

* 6. The cultural relationships that may have existedbetween the various phases of human adaptation assuggested by Irwin-Williams (1973).

These questions may be combined with the models concern-ing the structure of cultural systems proposed by Schaafsma(1976) for the Abiquiu Reservoir District, including thedefinition of discrete band cultural units and the analysisof the nature of the seasonal round of activities based onarchaeological and environmental reconstructions. It shouldbe emphasized that such studies involve a general regionalapproach which documents all archaeological manifestationsas potentially significant components of the overall culturalsystem. With respect to such a perspective, the analysis of

, all sites and isolated occurrences located in the survey area,regardless of the quantity, extent, or nature of the occurrence,is necessary for the implementation of this kind of researchdesign.

EARLY ANASAZI (Basketmaker III - Pueblo I)

Early Anasazi components have been identified at foursites located during the present survey. Diagnostics included

*. a probable Basketmaker III Grants obsidian projectile pointat SAR 920-5; a chert Basketmaker III - Pueblo I projectilepoint located at SAR 920-14; a Polvadera Peak obsidian Basket-maker III - Pueblo I projectile point at SAR 920-8; and aBasketmaker III - Pueblo I Polvadera Peak obsidian projectilepoint located at SAR 920-27. These diagnostics were allassociated with relatively small light lithic scatters. Onlyone of the sites (SAR 920-28) contained diagnostics fromother cultural periods (Basketmaker II), although it is possible

*, that the scatters on which the projectile points were located*date to other occupational periods.

The presence of these points and absence of their Late* Basketmaker or Early Puebloan disgnostic remains (i.e. ceramics,* structures) suggest th- use of the valley by early Anasazi

populations primarily *- hur ,ng activities (Schaafsma 1976).This indication limits t-, t,?es of questions which may beasked from the analysis of these sites but does not precluderesearch pertaining to the relative importance of maize and

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domestic crops in the subsistence economy of the early Anasazipopulation as compared with later Puebloan groups (i.e. PuebloII, Pueblo III) which apparently did not utilize this areafor any special resource activity. Other research problemsmay involve the effect of such scheduling concerns in com-parison to local productivity of maize and wild plant re-sources; the degree to which the technology of manufactureand use of tools and facilities necessary for resource pro-curement, preparation, and consumption were conditioned bythe distribution of technological resources across theenvironment; and the interrelated ecological and cultural fac-tors which may have contributed to changes in the patterningof occupation in the survey area (after Anschuetz 1979; inKlager and Anscheutz 1979).

LATE ANASAZI (Pueblo IV - Pueblo V)

In addition to the Pueblo IV structure at Palisade Ruinlocated at the southern end of the area of survey, only two

, -possible Puebloan structures were noted during the preaentsurvey. One of these sites, SAR 920-21, consists of a pos-sible cobble structure located on a broad shallow slopedirectly to the north of a major drainage channel and to thenorth of the gravel terrace remnant on which the Palisade Ruinis located. .The cultural definition of this site is marginalsince no archaeological artifacts were found in association.However, the alignment appears to be anomalous on this area ofthe slope. A second structure, SAR 920-39, has also beenassociated with the late prehistoric Puebloan period (PuebloIV) based on the presence of Bandelier Black-on-gray (fieldspecimen No. 43, A.D. 1425-1475), a possible Bandelier, Abiquiuor Wiyo sherd (dated at A.D. 1450-1600; Lang 1979, personalcommunication), and Potsuwi'i Incised ceramics (field specimenNo. 44, A.D. 1450-1550; Harlow 1973). The structure itselfconsists of wet-laid (adobe), coursed sandstone masonry and

*i appears to represent a temporary one-room habitational site.Specific functions associated with this site have not beenestablished.

Other Pueblo IV diagnostic ceramics have been located atSAR 920-4 (field specimens No. 1 and 2, Bandelier Black-on-SAR 920-17 (field specimen No. 19A and 20, Bandelier Black-on-gray and Potsuwi'i Incised ), SAR 920-22 (field specimen No. 33,Bandelier Black-on-gray) and SAR 920-41 (field specimen No. 45and 46, Bandelier Black-on-gray and Potsuwi'i Incised). Theceramics noted at SAR 920-4 and SAR 920-22 consist of extremelyfew, dispersed fragments and may not be associated with lithicsalso noted in the area. These are marginal sites and shouldbe treated as probable single-episode, isolated occurrences.The sherds at SAR 920-17 are associated with a light lithicscatter in an area disturbed by off-road traffic. Ceramics atSAR 920-14 are associated with a liqht lithic scatter and aprobable Navajo (lamb pen or windbreak) structure.

0 1 - . ...

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One isolated occurrence (1.0. No. 56, field specimenNo. 30) consisting of a single sherd of Bandelier Black-on-gray has been identified for the Pueblo IV period. Dating forthese ceramic types has been referenced to Harlow (1973). Asingle probable Pueblo IV - Pueblo V chert projectile point(field specimen No. 40) was also noted at SAR 920-31. Thissite consisted of a moderate lithic scatter which also con-tained a probable Basketmaker II obsidian projectile point.

Pueblo V materials which could not be specificallyassociated with Navajo occupation in this area include TewaRed sherds at 1.0. No. 73 and SAR 920-13 (field specimen No.14, A.D. 1600-1750; Schaafsma 1976). The ceramics at site13 were located in a lithic scatter which also contained a

*[ Late Archaic obsidian projectile point (field specimenNo. 15), and may not be associated with the remainder ofthe materials noted at this site.

The lcation of somewhat marginal remains relating tothe late Puebloan occupation is consistent with evidence notedin previous surveys. According to the "Phase III" report(Schaafsma 1976), the Piedra Lumbre Valley was probablylocated at the periphery of the Puebloan settlement areas andappears to have served essentially as a hunting activity area.Settlement in this valley occurred only for a relativelyshort period between A.D. 1300 and 1350 with the establishmentof villages at the Riana (Hibben, 1937), Palisade (Peckham1959), and Tsiping Ruins (Peackham 1959). There is littleevidence of substantial impact from these settlements on thesurrounding area, although a petroglyph pannel located inCanones Creek was noted in previous survey and has been datedto this period. The remainder of Pueblo IV - Pueblo V sitesin the Abiquiu Reservoir District generally represent kill sites,hunting stations, and temporary campsites. No utilization ofthe area for agricultural pursuits has been documented.

The presence of the possible Puebloan one-room structurelocated at SAR 920-39 is somewhat anomalous in this area. Theconstruction of this shelter indicates a occupation of some-what longer duration than those suggested by the open campsitespreviously noted for this period. The function of this sitecannot be determined from the present survey data, although

*' it should be noted that an area of possible arable land liesimmediately to the west. The artifact scatter associated withthe structure is somewhat sparse suggesting a temporary use.

The analysis of sites such as SAR 920-39 and the moremarginal Pueblo IV - Pueblo V occurrences located in the presentsurvey may yield information concerning the subsistence strate-gies of Puebloan populations, particularly with regard to thescheduling of hunting activities and possible gathering(indicated by the presence of campsites and ceramic wares inthe site areas). The area might also be examined in respectto possible trade routes to the north and west of the Central RioGrande Valley.

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NAVAJO-ATHABAS CAN

Four sites located in the present area of survey containcomponents related to the Navajo occupation of the AbiquiuReservoir District. The first of these, SAR 920-10, ProvenienceNo. 2, includes three habitation structures, two storagefeatures and a rockshelter of possible Navajo affiliation.Materials from this area contain some Archaic remains relatedto the general lithic scatter of the site as well as a singlehistoric (script written) pictograph at the rockshelter.Ceramics associated with the structural area include VaditoMicaceous (field specimen No. 9) dated at from A.D. 1600to early 1900's (Dick 1965) and Tewa Red (field specimenNo. 10), dated from A.D. 1600 to 1750 (Schaafsma 1976).Diagnostics at a second site, SAR 920-18, consist of anobsidian "Navajo" projectile point (field specimen No. 22) ofthe Chiricahua-Cochise variety (for a discussion of the problemof identification of this type see Archaic - Early Basketmakersection); a black glaze or smudged ceramic sherd (fieldspecimen No. 26) dated at post A.D. 1650 (Lang 1979, personalcommunication), and a Vadito Micaceous sherd (field specimenNo. 28). In addition, a small round concretion (field specimenNo. 28), of a type noted in previous surveys of the area atNavajo sites and field designated as "musketballs," was alsocollected at this site. Two obsidian Navajo (Chiricahua-Cochise) projectile points were also located at SAR 920-32 andSAR 920-46. Although no other diagnostics were found atSAR 920-32, a mid-En Medio point was also recorded at site 46(identifications of these ceramic and projectile point typeswere made by Richard W. Lang). All of these sites representrelatively substantial, possible base camps or habitation areas.

Based on previous research (Schaafsma 1976), the PiedraLumbre Valley has long been considered a frontier area of theNavajo province. Publications by Reeve (1956), Hibben (1937),and Ellis (1975) support the thesis that this area served asa migration route from the Gobernador district and staging areafor raids against the Rio Grande Valley. Recent survey infor-mation from the School of American Research, however, suggestsnot only that the area was one of the earliest occupied by theNavajo-Athabascan groups in New Mexico, but that it was exten-sively utilized in sheep herding, and marginal agriculturaland lithic trade activities with the Rio Grande Pueblos priorto early 1700's. The sites located in the present survey(i.e. SAR 920-10, Provenience No. 2) support this inclusion.

With regard to the analysis of these sites, generalresearch may be directed toward the establishment of dates for

the Navajo-Athabascan occupation of the Abiquiu Dam area, andtoward problems of settlement patterning and the schedulingof subsistence resource activity. In addition, specificquestions concerning the utilization and trade of lithic resourcescould be proposed and problems concerning the inter-relationshipof the Navajo with other Athabascan groups in the immediate areaand with the Navajo of the Gobernador and the Pueblos of theCentral Rio Grande could be approached.

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EURO-AMERICAN

Components at four archaeological sites have been associatedwith recent Euro-American occupation of the Abiquiu ReservoirDistrict. SAR 920-24, SAR 920-33, SAR 920-39, and SAR 920-41contain apparent modern trash deposits. Sites 24 and 33 consistof a predominance of modern artifacts, whereas the materialsat sites 39 and 41 include minimal recent depositions atPueblo and Navajo occupational sites. Other indications ofrecent occupation include the writing at a rockshelter (FeatureNo. 2) at SAR 920-10, Provenience No. 2, and maybe associatedwith a possible modern hunting use of the shelter. Older

! .[:historic remains were noted at isolated occurrence No. 122( a purple glass sherd), isolated occurrence No. 81 ( a blue-glazed ceramic sherd) and isolated occurrence No. 44 (fieldspecimen No. 13, an alum tin used for sheep dipping dated fromca. A.D. 1896-1947).

A number of other isolated occurrence including recenthearths, relatively modern cans and machinery parts, stonealignments, and cobble piles were also noted in the area indi-cating camping and possible associated hunting, trash deposition,and construction activity. Such manifestations could be appro-ached through both literature and record's search and additionalfield work entailing the implementation of a socio-historicalresearch design relating to variations in historic use, or acomparative study of the historic and prehistoric or historicIndian use of the area.

INDETERMINANT

Twenty-three of the sites and the majority of the isolatedoccurrences in this area consisted of lithic scatters of noassertainable temporal or cultural affiliation. Several ofthe isolated occurrences located were comprised of lithicflakes and debitage with some unaffiliated cobble-lined hearths,rock piles and alignments, and lithic tools (see Site Descrip-tions). It is difficult to place these occurrences within theframework of an overall research design, although the locationand material assemblage of these sites may provide a basis ofcomparison with similar assemblages from dated sites.

GENERAL

A number of research questions have been proposed for theAbiquiu Reservoir District by Schaafsma (1976, 1977) resultingfrom previous survey in the area. These questions are generallybased on a comparison of successive cultural systems in thePiedra Lumbre Valley including:

(1) the variation between sites relating to specifictasks and variance in the range of activitiesamong sites within a single cultural period and

2:: through time;

• ~ . . . . - .

- .- ,-'.... . .. '.. ."- - "...- . -_. : ..-- . .-; -

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(2) the differentiation in technological traditionsresulting in potentially unique sets of artifactattributes for each culture which may or may notbe linked to differences in function; and

(3) the variability in material types utilized byhunter-gatherer bands as related to differentialaccess to quarries or trade resources and toculturally regulated patterning.

The sites and isolated occurrences located in the presentsurvey lend themselves well to an analysis of the settlementand subsistence strategies of the Abiquiu Dam region. Inaddition, several of the sites (i.e. SAR 920-10, and theareas of sites 30,31 and 32, and sites 37 and 46) indicate

- .- multi-functional and multi-occupational activity which suggestsa significant potential for the analysis of intra-sitevariability.

RECOMMENDATIONS AND EVALUATION

The significance of the probable earliest Navajo sitesin the southwest has been outlined by Schaafsma in previousreports (1979) In addition, considerable work has alreadybeen conducted toward the development of the Archaic and Navajodata base in the area (Schaafsma 1975) and the beginning ofanalysis of subsistence settlement systems in the Piedra LumbreValley with regard to spatial arrangement of artifact classes,site variability, and the relationship to ecological and topo-graphical setting.

The results of the present survey support Schaafsma'sevaluation (1976:210) of the significance of all culturalresources within this district. Accordingly, a similar recom-mendation is made for the extension of protection of all archa-eological sites and occurrences within the present study areaand the nomination of the area to the National Register ofHistoric Places. Pivotal in the rationale for this recommenda-tion is the argument that each site is an interpretable portionof the entire regions prehistory. Although individual sitesmay not provide complete information as to specific culturalor technological adaptations, the inventory as a whole willprovide this information. Discarding sites from scientificconsideration on the basis of perceived lack of internal com-plexity would simply deprive researchers of potentially signi-

ficant portions of the data base.

Currently, negative impacts upon the resources documentedherein are not contemplated. Survey activity was initiatedunder the impetus of management concerns for documenting allarchaeological sites within Corps of Engineers jurisdiction.Should development plans arise in the future, mitigation of

16 ' " " " " """ " " .. .

-105-

adverse impact should be coordinated With an appropriateresearch design for the preservation of cultural data whichmaybe destroyed. Such plans imply an intensive examinationof the nature and extent of the site which is to be impacted.For this reason, specific evaluations and recommendationsfor each of the site areas located in survey have been listedin chapter VII-Cultural Interpretation. These sites havebeen rated in terms of their potential significance withrespect to other cultural resources noted in the study areaand their individual eligibility for nomination to the NationalRegister of Historic Places. It was felt in the preparationof this report that field evaluation of individual siteswould assist in the determination of appropriate mitigativeaction.

Sites which have been ranked in the highest prioritycategory of significance are SAR 920-10, SAR 920-18 through19, SAR 920-26, SAR 920-39, SAR 920-30, 31 and 32 and SAR920-37 and 46. Each of these occurrences consists of a sub-stantial data base with respect to artifact density, temporal

.; affiliation, artifact diversity, and site type. Intensiveprograms of mitigation including detailed surface collectionand mapping and subsurface excavation have been suggestedfor these sites. The sites represent not only a potentialfor information concerning the subsistence-settlement pattern-ing of particular cultural components within the AbiquiuDam region, but also exhibit the possibility for intensiveintra-site analysis and activity area patterning.

Sites SAR 920-6, SAR 920-13, SAR 920-15 through 16, SAR920-20, SAR 920-25 and SAR 920-41 should be given a secondary

* priority in the consideration of mitigation within the studyarea. Each of these sites exhibits some.individual potentialfor data production and input into the systemic overview ofthis region. However, the nature and extent of these sitesprecludes a~primary consideration for nomination to the NationalRegister of Historic Places. Many of these sites contain tem-poral diagnostics and may provide valuable information concern-ing settlement-subsistence (specialized resource) activity inthe area.

Sites SAR 920-1 through 3, SAR 920-5, SAR 920-7 through 9,SAR 920-11 through 12, SAR 920-14, SAR 920-17, SAR 920-23, SAR920-27 through 29, SAR 920-34 through 36, SAR 920-38, SAR 920-40,SAR 920-42 through 45, and SAR 920-47 have been ranked as mar-ginally significant with regard to the study of settlementpatterning and subsistence-resource scheduling in the area.For the most part, these sites consist of light lithic scatterswith few or no functionally diagnostic tools or temporallydiagnostic artifacts. Individual nomination of these sitesto the National Register of Historic Places normally would notbe considered. However, these occurrences may contributesome information in relation to temporally diagnostic siteswith regard to location and the uniqueness of the artifact

m.

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assemblage, supporting the argument for inclusion in a NationalRegister District.

Sites SAR 920-4 and SAR 920-22 considered to be extremelylimited in information value. Mitigation of these sites shouldinclude only minimal surface collection. The location and des-cription of these areas through survey is considered to haveyielded maximal information concerning these areas of scatter.

Evaluations of sites SAR 920-21, SAR 920-24, and SAR 920-33cannot be made on the basis of survey data. In the case ofSAR 920-21, the identification of this rock alignment as a cul-turally derived structure is dependent on more substantial in-vestigation (excavation). The significance of the recent his-toric scatters noted at SAR 920-24 and SAR 920-33 must be consi-

*' dered with respect to a record and literature search intohistoric occupation.

With respect to the isolated occurrences, the locationand description of these remains is considered to constitutesufficient archaeological mitigation, and clearance of allindividual occurrences is generally recommended. It shouldbe noted, however, that several anomalous rock alignments androck piles were recorded in this survey. In addition, severalisolated hearths were noted, although the only occurrence ofthis type which exhibited potentially datable materials (ash,wood, charcoal) or subsurface stratification appeared to

- relate to relatively recent utilization. Although it isfelt that little further information will ge gained from theexcavation of these features, a more detailed photographicrecord of these sites may be useful in the determination oftheir cultural affiliation and function. All temporallydiagnostic materials were collected in the initial surveyof isolated occurrences.

In brief, it should be reiterated that the above recom-mendations apply to documented sites when considered on anindividual basis. There is sufficient reason to considerall cultural resources identified in the Abiquiu Reservoirarea as possible contributors toward detailed understandingof regional culture history. Specifics of cultural con-tinuity, geographic relationships, resource similarity andexploitive persuits argue for consideration of the regionalarchaeological spectrum as an integrated resource. A majortenet of this proposal is the importance of individual siteinformation regardless of site size, material composition orartifact density. Methods of retrieving this information may

-107-

vary according to research needs, analytical capabilities andconditions of impact. However, it is urged that furtherconsideration be given resources documented here for inclusionin a proposed National Register of Historic Places District.

.

-108-

REFERENCES CITED

Abbink, Emily K. and John R. Stein1977 An Historical Perspective on Adaptive Systems in

the Middle Rio Grande. In Archaeological Investi-gations in Cochiti Reservoir, New Mexico, Volume 1:A study of regional variability. Ed. by Jan V.Biella and Richard C. Chapman. MS. Office ofContract Archaeology, University of New Mexico,Albuquerque.

Agogino, George and I. Rovner1967 An Analysis of Fluted and Unfluted Folsom Points

from Blackwater Draw. The Masterkey 41: 131-37.

Anschuetz, Kurt F.1979 An Archaeological Survey of Approximately 640

Acres near Ambrosia Lake, New Mexico for PioneerNuclear, Inc., MS. Office of Contrac.. Archaeology,University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

Beckett, Patrick H.1973 Cochise Culture Sites in South Central and North

Central New Mexico. M.A. Thesis, Eastern NewMexico University, Portales.

Betancourt, Julio L.1978 An Archaeologist Survey of a 1.3 Mile Powerline

Survey Right-of-way on San Felipe Pueblo Lands,Sandoval County, New Mexico. Unpublished MS.Office of Contract Archaeology, University ofNew Mexico, Albuquerque.

Biella, Jan V. and Richard C. Chapman1977 Archaeological Investigations in the Cochiti

Reservoir, New Mexico, Volume 1: A Survey ofRegional Variability. MS. Office of ContractArchaeology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

Cattle, Dorthy J., Charles H. Carroll and David E. Stuart1977 An Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Investigation

of Eight Historic Laguna Archaeological Sites withinthe Anaconda Company's P-15/P-17 and Dames and

UMoore Acreages: The Jackpile Mine, Paguate,New Mexico. MS. Office of Contract Archaeology,University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

Campbell, J.H. and F.H. Ellis1952 The Atrisco Sites: Cochise Manifestations in the

Middle Rio Grande Valley. American Antiquity17: 211-21.

-109-

Chapman, Richard C.1977 Analysis of Lithic Assemblages. In Settlement

and Subsistence Along the Lower Chaco River(The CGP Survey), Charles A. Rehrer, Ed.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Dick, Herbert W1965 Picuris Pueblo Excavations: A Project of the

Inter-Agency Archaeological and PaleontologicalSalvage Program. Ft. Burgwin Research Center.

Ellis, Florence Hawley1975 "Highways of the Past." New Mexico Magazine 53:

18-40.

Grigg, Paul S., Stephen L. Fosberg and Rory P. Gauthier1977 An Archaeological Survey of the Anaconda Company's

Oak Canyon Tract in the Jackpile Mine, Paguate,New Mexico. MS. Office of Contract Archaeology,University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

Harlow, Francis H.1973 Matte-Paint Pottery of the Tewa, Keres and Zuni

Pueblos. Santa Fe, Museum of New Mexico.

Haury, Emil W.1950 The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventana Cave.

Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Hester, James J. and Joel L. Shiner1963 Studies at Navajo period sites in the Navajo

Reservoir District. Museum of New Mexico Papersin Anthropology No. 9, Navajo Project StudiesNo. 8, Santa Fe.

Hibben, Frank C.1937 Excavation of the Riana Ruin and Chama Valley

Survey. Anthropological Series 2(1). Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press.

Irwin-Williams, Cynthia1973 The Oshara Tradition: Origins of Anasazi Culture.

Eastern New Mexico Contributions in Anthropology5(1).

Judge, W. James1973 PaleoIndian Occupation of the Central Rio Grande

Valley in New Mexico. University of New MexicoPress, Albuquerque.

Keur, D.L.

1941 Big Bead Mesa. Memoir No. 1, Society for AmericanArchaeology, Menosha.

I _J

-110-

Klager, Karol J. and Kurt F. Arschetz* 1979 An Archaeological Survey of 18 Drill Pad Locations

in the Vicinity of Lobo Canyon, New Mexico.Unpublished MS. Office of Contract Archaeology.

Lent, Stephen C.1978 An Archaeological Survey of PNM's 115 KU and 12.5KU

Powerlines. Unpublished MS. Office of Contract*.. Archaeology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

Mera, H.P.1934 A Survey of the Biscuit Ware Area in Northern New

Mexico. Laboratory of Anthropology Series,Bulletin 6.

1940 Ceramic Clues to the Prehistory of North CentralNew Mexico. Laboratory of Anthropology TechnicalSeries, Bulletin 8.

Peckham, Stewart1959 The Palisade Ruin. Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe.

Reeves, Frank D.1956 "Early Navajo Geography." New Mexico Historical

Review 31: 290-309.

1958 "Navajo - Spanish Wars, 1680-1770." New MexicoHistorical Review 33: 205-301

1959 "The Navajo - Spanish Peace, 1720-1770." NewMexico Historical Review 34: 9-40.

Reher, Charles A. and Dan C. Witter1977 Archaic Settlement and Vegetative Diversity. In

Settlement and Subsistence Along the Lower ChacoRiver. Ed. by C.A. Reher. University of NewMexico Press, Albuquerque.

Reinhardt, Theodore R.1967 Late Archaic Cultures of the Middle Rio Grande

Valley, New Mexico. Unpublished PH.D. Dissertation,.A University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

* Sayles, E.B. and E. Antevs. 1941 The Cochise Culture. Medallion Papers, No. 29

Globe, Az.; Gila Pueblo.

Schaafsma, Curtis F.1976 Archaeological Survey of Maximum Pool and Navajo

Excavations at Abiquiu Reservoir, Rio ArribaCounty, New Mexico. MS. on file at the School ofAmerican Research, Santa Fe.

Schaafsma, Curtis R.1977 Archaeological Excavations and Lithic analysis

in the Abiquiu Reservoir District, New Mexico:Phase IV. MS. on file with the School ofAmerican Research, Santa Fe.

1978 Archaeological Studies in the Abiquiu ReservoirDistrict. Discovery: 41-69.

1979 Excavation of Navajo Site AR-4 at AbiquiuReservoir, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. MS.on file at the School of American Research,Santa Fe.

Swadesh, Francis1974 Los Primeros Pobladores; Hispanic Americans of

the Ute Frontier. Notre Dame: University ofNotre Dame Press

Wendorf, Fred1954 A Reconstruction of Northern Rio Grande Prehistory.

American Anthropologist 56(2): 200-27.

Wendorf, Fred and Erik K. Reed1955 An Alternative Reconstruction of Northern Rio

Grande Prehistory. El Palacio 62(5,6); 131-73.

I

-! -112-

WHI

Figure 1: Diagnostic Paleo-Indian Artifacts. Left to right;Flesher/scraper, Field Specimen #19, Site #16; Edenprojectile point, Field Specimen #32, IsolatedOccurrence #71.

4

-113-

Figure 2: Diagnostic Archaic Projectile Point.

(a) Armijo?, Field Specimen #30, (b) Armijo, Field Specimen #7,Isolated Occurrence #56. Site #10.

(c) Late Armijo/Early En Medio, (d) Mid En Medio, Field SpecimenField Specimen #5, Site #7. #49, Site #46.

(e) Late En Medio, Field Specimen (f) Late Archaic/Basketmaker?,#37, Site #30. Field Specimen #6,

Isolated Occurrence #29.

(g) Late Archaic-Prebasketmaker, (h) Late Archaic, FieldField Specimen #15, Site #13. Specimen #18, Site #15.

(I) Basketmaker II?, Field Specimen #34,Site #27.

-114-

Figure 3: Basketmaker Projectile Points.

(a) Basketmaker III?, Field Specimen #4,Site #5.

(b) Basketmaker III-Pueblo I, Field Specimen #16,Site 14.

(c) Basketmaker III?, Field Specimen #35,Site #28.

(d) Basketmaker III-Pueblo I, Field Specimen #47,Site #43.

- . -.

-115-

Figure 4: Diagnostic Pueblo 1V-V Projectile Point.(Field Specimen #40, Site #31).

-0?

:.0:

-116-

Figure 5: Navajo Projectile Points (Chiricahua-Cochise form).

(a) Field Specimen #22, Site #18.

(b) Field Specimen #48, Site #46.

(c) Field Specimen #41, Site #32.

4: (d) Field Specimen #17, Site #15.

-117-

I

Figure 6: Interior view of rock shelter exhibiting picto-graphs. Both the sandstone boulder to leftof center and the back of the shelter (right)produced rock art. Site #10.

I .

I1

-118-

ISOLATED OCCURRENCES

Isolated Occurrence No. 1


Temporal Affiliation: Unknown

Description: North-south alignment of 4 quartzite cobblesplus 3 x 1/2 meter pit (northwest-southeast).Alignment maybe natural.


Elevation: 6,445 feet, 1,965 meters

Temporal Affiliation: Unknown. (probable historic)

Description: Cairn of cobbles (i.e., quartzite) 1 meterdiameter; 4 meters from dropoff. Minimalcobble size 15 x 20 centimeters; maximum40-20 centimeters.



Temporal Affiliation: Recent historic.

Description: Rusted machinery parts under juniper in2 x 2 meter area.




Descriptior: Pedernal chert flake with retouch.



- Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.

Description: Patinated chalcedony flake.

-119-




Description: Patinated chalcedony flake.




Description: Chalcedony flake.




Description: Basalt shatter (natural ?), 10 chalcedonydebitage.




Description: Chalcedony debitage.



Temporal Affiliationj Unknown lithic.

Description: Chert scraper with retouch.





-120-




Description: Chalcedony flake (utilized - 3 edges).




Description: Chalcedony scraper.








Description: Chalcedony core.



-'. nporal Affiliation:. Unknown lithic.

- .I Description: Flake (chalcedony) with retouch.




Description: Chalcedony flake with retouch.

-121-


Elevation: 6,465 feet, 1,971 meters." ... Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.





Description: Obsidian flake (Polvadera Peak).




Description: Obsidian flake (Polvadera Peak).




Description: White chalcedony flake (single platform).




Description: Pink chert flake (multiple platform).

• "Isolated Occurrence No. 23



Description: Obsidian flake, bifacially retouched.

. . . . . . .- 122-




Description: Obsidian flake (Polvadera Peak), whitechalcedony flake with retouch.


Elevation; 6,385 feet, 1,947 meters.

. Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.

Description: Chalcedony biface (knife).




Description: White chert flake.




Description: Chalcedony flake with retouch, Pedernalchert flake.




Description: Chalcedony flake-core.



Temporal Affiliation: Late Archaic (possible En Medio).

Description: Field Specimen No. 6, Obsidian Ridge (possibleGrants) obsidian projectile point base.

U

-123-



Temporal Affiliation: Unknown.

*.. Description: Chalcedony knife/biface (drawn).

*Isolated Occurrence No. 31



Description: Obsidian flake.



Temporal Affiliation: Unknown (possible historic).

Description: Hearth (70 x 70 centimeters) outline ofquartzite cobbles ranging from 15 x 10 centimetersto 20 x 30 centimeters (embedded). A rustedbottle cap was found a few centimeters to thenorthwest.



Temporal Affiliation: Unknown (possible natural).

Description: Six (6) meter alignment of 6 embeddedand one loose quartzite cobble.


*Elevation: 6,445 feet, 1,965 meters.


Description: Circular basalt/quartzite cobble alignment30 x 50 centimeters.

r--" rrrrr" l- ... - - - -- -- '"" .

-124-




Description: Chert flake.



Temporal Affiliation: Unknown (possible natural)

Description: Alignment/pile embedded sandstone quartzite.




Description: Basalt flake with retouch.



Temporal Affiliation: Unknown (possible recent historic).

Description: Circular cobble pile/alignment 30 centimetershigh 1/2 minimum diameter filled with gravel.




Description: Chert flake with retouch.



Temporal Affiliation: Unknown (probable recent historic).

Description: 3 1/2 meter diameter cobble pile 40 centimetershigh (recent?)

* "

-125-




Description: Chalcedony flake, (Obsidian Ridge) obsidian flake.




Description: Chalcedony flake, obsidian flake.







Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic; Late Historic (1896-1947 A.D.).

- Description: Polvadera Peak obsidian flake, alum can.(Field Specimen No. 13) used in sheep dipping.




Description: Polvadera Peak obsidian flakes (I with retouch).




Description: Pedernal chert flake.

-126-





* Isolated Occurrence No. 48

*" Elevation: 6,460 feet, 1,970 meters.

*" Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.





*i Description: Chalcedony flake.


. Elevation: 6,410 feet, 1,954 meters.









Temporal AffiliationL Unknown lithic.


-

-127-




Description: Obsidian flake.



Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.Description: Chalcedony flake with retouch.







Temporal Affiliation: Armijo

Description: Polvadera Peak obsidian projectile point(Field Specimen No. 30).








I .Description: Chalcedony flake.

.

0

-128-







S-Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.

Description: Obisdian flake with retouch.




Description: Chert flake with retouch.




Description: Chalcedony core.







Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithji.

.Description: Chalcedony flake.

7°,

* * -*

. . :' - r - -o. . -. .• • r , .. F "- * " -.' - -.. . . .. . .

-12 9-



Temporal Affiliation: Pueblo IV (1425-1475 A.D.).

Description: 1 Bandelier Black-on-gray sherd (Field SpzcimenNo. 31).
















Description: Polvadera Peak obsidian flake.







Temporal Affiliation: Paleo-Indian (Cody Complex-Eden ?)

N., Description: Chert projectile point (Field Specimen No. 32).







Temporal Affiliation: Pueblo V (1600-1750A.D.).

Description: One (1) Tewa Red rim sherd.













-131-



KTemporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.













Description: Chalcedony core-flake.




Description: Blue glaze (extinct) china.




Description: Obsidian (Polvadera Peak) with retouch.

. .. -. - . .. . .i . . i : . .

-132-









Isolated Occurrence Nc. 85



Description: Chalcedony flake, chert flake.




Description: Chalcedony biface (knife base).




Description: Chalcedony chip.




Description: Coarse-grain quartzite flake.

-133-




Description: Coarse grain quartzite flake.


Elevation: 6,430 'feet, 1,960 meters.






Description: Old rope plus flowerpot, 2 cans (51b coffee,plastic and charcoal; 5 meter radius).




Description: Obsidian Ridge obsidian flake.









-134-








Description: Chalcedony



-.: Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.

Description: Unifacial chalcedony scraper.




Description: Agate flake with retouch.









..........444.444 - - 4

K. .- 135-







Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic (recent redeposition)

Description: Vandal's pile - 2 chalcedony cores, 3 flakesplus natural.


" Elevation: 6,365 feet, 1,941 meters.


Description: Three (3) church key beer cans.













4. .** * .

-136-




Description: Pedernal chert flake.
















77 Description: Chalcedony core.





.'

• -.:. -'i.i. ?:::' :' ., -.:- . .- ? " . , . . , -.' . . . -. ." '

.-- ±. - r .I J/












Description: Obsidian flake, chalcedony flake.

*Isolated Occurrence No. 116


2) Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic.






Isolated Occurrence No. .18


Temporal Affilaition: Unknown lithic.

. Description: Polvadera Peak obsidian flake.

* .- ' . - ' . . -i> "- - . . r. .. . . . -. . -- .1 -.. . . .~ -

-138-



Temporal Affiliation: Unknown lithic of recent redeposition.

Description: Vandal pile, quartzite flakes, chalcedony flakes,and chalcedony flakes with retouch.











Temporal Affiliation: Unknown historic (Late 1800's - Early1900's A.D.).

Description: Purple glass.








Description: Modern campfire 1/2 meter diameter (burnedjuniper, charcoal).

-139-







*° Temporal Affiliation: Unknown flake.



Elevation:. 6,405 feet, 1,953 meters.






Description: Fine grain quartzite flake with retouch.





Isoalted Occurrence No. 130




- * - - -

APPENDIX B

CURATED COLLECTIONS FROM LA 3505 STORED AT THELABORATORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY,

MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO, SANTA FE

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RD-R127 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF REMRINING CORPS OF ... · 24,000) and the designated contour...

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Transcript of RD-R127 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF REMRINING CORPS OF ... · 24,000) and the designated contour...