Oil Producer CountriesOil Producer Countries

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Total oil palm hectarage in 2009 were 4.69 mil Total oil palm hectarage in 2009 were 4.69 mil

hectares.( MPOB 2009)hectares.( MPOB 2009) The total production of CPO in 2009 were 17.69 The total production of CPO in 2009 were 17.69

metric tones and KPO 4.50 metric tones (MPOB metric tones and KPO 4.50 metric tones (MPOB 2009)2009)

53% for world consumed53% for world consumed Play important role for global needs for oil and Play important role for global needs for oil and

fatfat Palm oil produce goods and non food Palm oil produce goods and non food

applications (e.g: margarine, shortening, soap, applications (e.g: margarine, shortening, soap, etc)etc)

Exporting to East and West Asia, Europe, Middle Exporting to East and West Asia, Europe, Middle East, Pakistan, India, China, Japan, etc.East, Pakistan, India, China, Japan, etc.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDHISTORICAL BACKGROUND

~Classifications~~Classifications~

Order Order : Palmales: Palmales

Family Family : Palmae: Palmae

Subfamily: ArecoideaeSubfamily: Arecoideae

TribeTribe : Cocoeae (cocosolid palms): Cocoeae (cocosolid palms)

SubtribeSubtribe : Elaedinae: Elaedinae

GenusGenus : Elaeis: Elaeis

SpeciesSpecies : Elaeis guinensis Jacq (West Africa): Elaeis guinensis Jacq (West Africa)

Cont’dCont’d

Was brought by Dutch 1870 from West Was brought by Dutch 1870 from West Africa to Bogor, Indonesia and the first Africa to Bogor, Indonesia and the first plantation in Sumatra 1911 using Deli plantation in Sumatra 1911 using Deli palm.palm.

Planted as ornamental tree by British in Planted as ornamental tree by British in Singapore.Singapore.

The first commercial plantation was The first commercial plantation was established in 1917 at Tennamaran Estate established in 1917 at Tennamaran Estate in Kuala Selangor (Sime Darby Plantation)in Kuala Selangor (Sime Darby Plantation)

OIL PALMOIL PALM

World Matured Oil Palm (1000 hec)World Matured Oil Palm (1000 hec)Sources: MPOB (2004)Sources: MPOB (2004)

NoNo CountryCountry 19801980 19901990 20002000 Growth rateGrowth rate

11 IndonesiaIndonesia 230230 617617 20142014 12.6%12.6%

22 ThailandThailand 1515 9494 199199 7.8%7.8%

33 MalaysiaMalaysia 805805 17461746 29412941 5.5%5.5%

44 ColombiaColombia 2727 8181 134134 5.2%5.2%

55 OthersOthers 151151 527527 731731 3.3%3.3%

66 NigeriaNigeria 220220 270270 360360 2.9%2.9%

77 Ivory CostIvory Cost 100100 128128 139139 0.8%0.8%

TotalTotal 17561756 34033403 65636563 38.1%38.1%

World Wide Development of the Oil World Wide Development of the Oil IndustryIndustry

The world production of oil palm has The world production of oil palm has always been difficult to assesaccurately.always been difficult to assesaccurately.

1.1. Small holders and farmers sold locally Small holders and farmers sold locally and unrecordedand unrecorded

2.2. Produced in grovesProduced in groves Palm oil estimated world wide Palm oil estimated world wide

production rose from 2.2 million tonnes production rose from 2.2 million tonnes of palm oil to 21 millionof palm oil to 21 million

1.2 million tonnes of kernel oil in 1972to 1.2 million tonnes of kernel oil in 1972to 6 million tonnes in 2000.6 million tonnes in 2000.

World Production of Selected Oils and Fats (million tonnes) World Production of Selected Oils and Fats (million tonnes) including Predicted Productions up to 2020including Predicted Productions up to 2020

YearYear Palm OilPalm Oil Palm Kernel OilPalm Kernel Oil Soya BeanSoya Bean Sunflower OilSunflower Oil

19601960 1.261.26 0.420.42 3.333.33 1.791.79

19701970 1.741.74 0.380.38 6.486.48 3.493.49

19801980 4.554.55 0.640.64 13.3213.32 5.045.04

19901990 11.0111.01 1.451.45 16.1016.10 7.877.87

20002000 21.1221.12 2.642.64 25.2125.21 9.609.60

20102010 29.7929.79 3.873.87 28.1628.16 12.7812.78

20202020 35.6935.69 4.644.64 14.3114.31 15.8615.86

YearYear Rape Seed OilRape Seed Oil Other Veg. OilOther Veg. Oil Animal Oils Animal Oils & Fat& Fat

TotalTotal

19601960 1.101.10 8.958.95 11.1811.18 28.0328.03

19701970 1.831.83 10.0110.01 14.4614.46 38.3938.39

19801980 3.533.53 11.1711.17 18.2618.26 56.5156.51

19901990 8.168.16 15.0215.02 20.2020.20 79.8179.81

20002000 14.414.4 17.1717.17 21.5721.57 111.71111.71

20102010 23.6523.65 20.6920.69 22.9422.94 142.08142.08

20202020 34.7934.79 25.0125.01 24.2024.20 174.30174.30

Early Trade Palm OilEarly Trade Palm Oil

The palm oil trade started after 1807 after The palm oil trade started after 1807 after British banned the slave trade.British banned the slave trade.

The palm oil was used in international The palm oil was used in international trade only as food for the slave.trade only as food for the slave.

Prices of palm oil was around 40 Prices of palm oil was around 40 pounds/tonpounds/ton

Early stage were used for soap, candles, Early stage were used for soap, candles, margarine and lubricants.margarine and lubricants.

The kernels demand increased started The kernels demand increased started 1832.1832.

Future ChangesFuture Changes

The future changes in supply and demand in The future changes in supply and demand in the oil palm industry trends will be conflictedthe oil palm industry trends will be conflicted

1.1. Population demandPopulation demand

2.2. Prices of oil and fatsPrices of oil and fats 2 major reasons very impressive growth of the 2 major reasons very impressive growth of the

Malaysian Palm Oil Industry:Malaysian Palm Oil Industry:

1.1. The diversification of rubber to the oil palm The diversification of rubber to the oil palm during early 1960during early 1960

2.2. The government decision to create Federal The government decision to create Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA)Land Development Authority (FELDA)

Comparison Yield/ HaComparison Yield/ HaOIL TYPE YIELD /KGS/HAPalm 4000-5500Rapeseed 1000Ground nut 890Sunflower 800Soya bean 375Coconut 395Cotton Seed 173Sesame Seed 159

Mubert 1999

Oil palm ByproductsOil palm Byproducts Oil palm byproduct include empty fruit Oil palm byproduct include empty fruit

bunches , POME, Sterilizer condensate , bunches , POME, Sterilizer condensate , fibre , palm kernal shell.fibre , palm kernal shell.

Oil palm trunks can be used for furnitureOil palm trunks can be used for furniture, fibre board ,., fibre board ,.Kernal shell to burn the mill boilers and road Kernal shell to burn the mill boilers and road

surface for plantationsurface for plantation

Issues Facing the Plantation Issues Facing the Plantation Industry and The Way ForwardIndustry and The Way Forward

~ Industry Representation~~ Industry Representation~

The Malaysia plantation producers are The Malaysia plantation producers are organised into a number of Association as organised into a number of Association as UPAM, PORAM, MPOA etc.UPAM, PORAM, MPOA etc.

Duplicate roles of the associationsDuplicate roles of the associations

Direct Strategies to Position Direct Strategies to Position Malaysia Plantation IndustryMalaysia Plantation Industry

1.1. Achieve technological advancement to Achieve technological advancement to ensure sustained productivity and ensure sustained productivity and profitability through focused research profitability through focused research and product developmentand product development

2.2. Promote increased demand and Promote increased demand and consumption of Malaysia’s produce consumption of Malaysia’s produce internationally in the traditional market internationally in the traditional market and develop new market.and develop new market.

Cont’dCont’d3.3. Deliver a convincing message to Deliver a convincing message to

domestic and global customers that domestic and global customers that Malaysian products embody quality and Malaysian products embody quality and versatility.versatility.

4.4. Protect the industry from attacks by our Protect the industry from attacks by our competitorscompetitors

5.5. Facilitate Malaysian companies to invest Facilitate Malaysian companies to invest offshoreoffshore

6.6. Protect the interest and investment of Protect the interest and investment of members of the industries who venture members of the industries who venture offshore.offshore.

LabourLabour

The labour shortage was the biggest issue The labour shortage was the biggest issue in the plantation industryin the plantation industry

Overcome the shortage of labour by Overcome the shortage of labour by implementing mechanisationimplementing mechanisation

LandLand

Basic necessary for the industry survivalBasic necessary for the industry survival 2 approaches the plantation industry can 2 approaches the plantation industry can

be adopted to overcome the problembe adopted to overcome the problem

1.1. Invest offshoreInvest offshore

2.2. Exploit maximum potential of existing Exploit maximum potential of existing crop and land to maximum usagecrop and land to maximum usage

~Lecture 2~~Lecture 2~BIOLOGICAL ASPECT BIOLOGICAL ASPECT

OF GROWTH OIL OF GROWTH OIL PALM & PALM PALM & PALM PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY

Ideal Climatic Conditions for Palm Ideal Climatic Conditions for Palm OilOil

Oil palm requires >5.5 hours of sunshine/ Oil palm requires >5.5 hours of sunshine/ day in all months (>2000 sunshine hours/ day in all months (>2000 sunshine hours/ annum)annum)

Solar radiation of >17 MJmSolar radiation of >17 MJm -2-2/day/day Rain fall requirement is 2000-2500 Rain fall requirement is 2000-2500

mm/year with >100mm/month mm/year with >100mm/month throughout the yearthroughout the year

Annual moisture should be <200mm for Annual moisture should be <200mm for good yieldsgood yields

Cont’dCont’d

Symptom of moisture stress:Symptom of moisture stress:

1.1. Accumulation of unopened leaves Accumulation of unopened leaves (spears)(spears)

2.2. Premature desiccation of edges of Premature desiccation of edges of pinnae, particularly on lower pinnae pinnae, particularly on lower pinnae (especially in young palms)(especially in young palms)

3.3. Crown collapseCrown collapse

4.4. Palm deathPalm death

5.5. Bunch desiccation resulting in abortionBunch desiccation resulting in abortion

Cont’dCont’d

Annual temperature should be about 28ºC to Annual temperature should be about 28ºC to 30ºC30ºC

Relative humidity should be 75%-85%. A Relative humidity should be 75%-85%. A consistently high humidity will encourage consistently high humidity will encourage fungal diseasesfungal diseases

The mean wind speed should idealy 0-10m/sec The mean wind speed should idealy 0-10m/sec (36 km/hour)(36 km/hour)

Symptoms wind damage:Symptoms wind damage:1.1. Broken leavesBroken leaves2.2. Trunk snapTrunk snap3.3. Uprooted palmsUprooted palms

Ideal TopographyIdeal Topography

Elevation < 200 m (±700 feet) above Elevation < 200 m (±700 feet) above mean sea levelmean sea level

Slope must be 15º (level undulating to Slope must be 15º (level undulating to rolling terrain)rolling terrain)

Oil Palm Morphology & Oil Palm Morphology & ClassificationClassification

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. is group with Cocos Elaeis guineensis Jacq. is group with Cocos (coconut)(coconut)

Elaeis was based on palms introduced into Elaeis was based on palms introduced into Martinique receiving botanical name from Martinique receiving botanical name from JaquinJaquin

Elaeis derive from Greek word elaion mean oilElaeis derive from Greek word elaion mean oil E. guineensis also known as African oil palmE. guineensis also known as African oil palm The oil palm is normally monoecious with male The oil palm is normally monoecious with male

and female flowerand female flower

SeedsSeeds

Seeds is the nut after removing the Seeds is the nut after removing the mesocarp from loose fruitmesocarp from loose fruit

Consist shell or endocarp and kernalConsist shell or endocarp and kernal Usually contains one kernal and rarely Usually contains one kernal and rarely

contains 2 or 3 kernalcontains 2 or 3 kernal Nuts size depends on thickness of the shellNuts size depends on thickness of the shell

FoliageFoliage

The older palm bear a crown 40 to 56 The older palm bear a crown 40 to 56 frondsfronds

Older palm produce 2 to 3 fronds each Older palm produce 2 to 3 fronds each month month

Younger palm (28 months to 5 years) Younger palm (28 months to 5 years) produce 3 to 4 frondsproduce 3 to 4 fronds

The development of frond depend on The development of frond depend on climate and agronomic practicesclimate and agronomic practices

TrunkTrunk

3 main functions:3 main functions:1.1. To support the fronds leavesTo support the fronds leaves2.2. To provide the central vascular cylinder To provide the central vascular cylinder

for nutrient and waterfor nutrient and water3.3. To store the food supply in form of To store the food supply in form of

carbohydrate and sugarcarbohydrate and sugar Annual elongation of about 45cm depend Annual elongation of about 45cm depend

on climatic factors and agronomic on climatic factors and agronomic practicespractices

Roots Roots

Oil palm fibrous root systemOil palm fibrous root system Can extend up to 120 feets for mature Can extend up to 120 feets for mature

palmpalm The root system:The root system:1.1. Primary rootPrimary root2.2. Secondary rootSecondary root3.3. Tertiary rootTertiary root4.4. Quaternary rootQuaternary root feeder rootfeeder root

Reproductive CharacteristicReproductive Characteristic

~inflorescences~~inflorescences~ A floral initial in mature palm is formed 33 to 36 A floral initial in mature palm is formed 33 to 36

months to fruits or oil palm bunches.months to fruits or oil palm bunches. Sex differentiation takes place about 20 months Sex differentiation takes place about 20 months

after anthesisafter anthesis Various factors affect sex differentiationVarious factors affect sex differentiation The palm produce male and female flower The palm produce male and female flower

(florescence and inflorescence)(florescence and inflorescence) Also produce haemaprodite flowerAlso produce haemaprodite flower Produce through fronds axilProduce through fronds axil

Female InflorescenceFemale Inflorescence

Reaches length from 18 cm to 30 cmReaches length from 18 cm to 30 cm The flowers are arranged spirally around The flowers are arranged spirally around

the rachis of the spikeletthe rachis of the spikelet 12 to 30 flowers in every spikelet12 to 30 flowers in every spikelet Will be reduced on lower or upper spikeletWill be reduced on lower or upper spikelet

Factors affecting to male flowerFactors affecting to male flower A) Nutrient deficiencyA) Nutrient deficiency B) Over PruningB) Over Pruning C) Water or dry seasonC) Water or dry season D) El NinoD) El Nino

Male InflorescenceMale Inflorescence

Is born on a longer peduncle Is born on a longer peduncle Contains long finger like, cylindrical/ Contains long finger like, cylindrical/

spikeletsspikelets Contain 700-800 flower each spikeletContain 700-800 flower each spikelet 130-150 spikelets in every florescence130-150 spikelets in every florescence Total 100,000 to 120,000 flower each Total 100,000 to 120,000 flower each

inflorescenceinflorescence

inflorescenceinflorescence

MaleMale femalefemale

Pollination Pollination

2 types of pollination:2 types of pollination:

1.1. Assisted pollinationAssisted pollination

2.2. Natural pollinationNatural pollination The pollination occurred during anthesis of the The pollination occurred during anthesis of the

female florescencefemale florescence The receptive duration 3 to 5 daysThe receptive duration 3 to 5 days The female flowers show yellow in colourThe female flowers show yellow in colour The first sign of inadequate pollination can be The first sign of inadequate pollination can be

observed 2 to 3 weeks after anthesis of the observed 2 to 3 weeks after anthesis of the female inflorescencefemale inflorescence

Cont’dCont’d

Show glossy appearance and can be abort Show glossy appearance and can be abort immediatelyimmediately

Assisted pollination only implemented Assisted pollination only implemented during crossing Dura and Pisifera hybrid during crossing Dura and Pisifera hybrid to produce Tenera cloneto produce Tenera clone

Natural pollination can be assisted Natural pollination can be assisted through wind, water and insects through wind, water and insects (Elaedobius cameranicus)(Elaedobius cameranicus)

FruitsFruits

The fruits is a sessile drupThe fruits is a sessile drup The pericarp contain ecocarp, mesocarp and The pericarp contain ecocarp, mesocarp and

endocarpendocarp The type of fruit depend on colourThe type of fruit depend on colour1.1. NisrecensNisrecens2.2. VirescensVirescens3.3. AlbercensAlbercens The palm produce 10-12 bunches every yearThe palm produce 10-12 bunches every year Every bunches contains 1000 to 3000 fruitsEvery bunches contains 1000 to 3000 fruits The size of fruit 3-5 cmThe size of fruit 3-5 cm The weight of every fruit 10-30 g.The weight of every fruit 10-30 g.

FRESH BUNCHFRESH BUNCH

~Lecture 3~~Lecture 3~NURSERY NURSERY

MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT AND TECHNIQUEAND TECHNIQUE

Selection of SiteSelection of Site

The area is not prone to flooding or water The area is not prone to flooding or water logging logging

Good water resourcesGood water resources Quality soil at siteQuality soil at site The area is not shaded by adjoining crops or The area is not shaded by adjoining crops or

junglejungle The location is such that security against theft, The location is such that security against theft,

vandalism and pestvandalism and pest Ease transportation system and accessableEase transportation system and accessable

~ Topography ~~ Topography ~ Flat and gentle slope (below 30º)Flat and gentle slope (below 30º)

~ Area ~~ Area ~ Sufficient for projected areaSufficient for projected area Nursery road:Nursery road:- Will be based on planting distanceWill be based on planting distance- Will be based on irrigation equipment Will be based on irrigation equipment

utilisedutilised

~ Water ~~ Water ~ Water supply is so important for nurseryWater supply is so important for nursery

~ Soil ~~ Soil ~ The top soil from 0-15 cm. The clay-loam The top soil from 0-15 cm. The clay-loam

soilsoil The soil texture must allow unrestricted of The soil texture must allow unrestricted of

root growthroot growth

Nursery siteNursery site

~ Type of Oil Palm Nursery ~~ Type of Oil Palm Nursery ~ Single stage nurserySingle stage nursery Double stage nurseryDouble stage nursery

~ Pest & Disease Control in Nursery ~~ Pest & Disease Control in Nursery ~ Mamalian pestMamalian pest Rhodent pestRhodent pest Insect pestInsect pest Disease Disease

~ culling ~~ culling ~ To choose good palm for plantingTo choose good palm for planting- Culling in pre nurseryCulling in pre nursery- Culling in main nurseryCulling in main nursery

Culling seedlingCulling seedling

~ Permanent Nursery ~~ Permanent Nursery ~ Soil improvement techniqueSoil improvement technique

~ Weeding in Oil Palm Nursery ~~ Weeding in Oil Palm Nursery ~ Pre nursery weedingPre nursery weeding Weeding in main nurseryWeeding in main nursery Usage of chemical in the nurseryUsage of chemical in the nursery

~ Lecture 4 ~~ Lecture 4 ~OIL PALM OIL PALM

CULTIVATIONCULTIVATION(IMMATURE (IMMATURE

CULTIVATION)CULTIVATION)

Land Clearing & PreparationLand Clearing & Preparation

Clearing method:Clearing method:

1.1. New plantingNew planting

2.2. ReplantingReplanting

New PlantingNew Planting

Perimeter surveyPerimeter survey Block surveyBlock survey UnderbrushingUnderbrushing FellingFelling DrainingDraining Pruning/stackingPruning/stacking Lining teraccingLining teraccing Clearing of Timberalong harvesting pathClearing of Timberalong harvesting path Road design and constructionRoad design and construction Planting cover cropPlanting cover crop Planting oil palm seedlingsPlanting oil palm seedlings

Replanting & Zero BurningReplanting & Zero Burning

Only perimeter survey not carried outOnly perimeter survey not carried out Rubber replanting to oil palmRubber replanting to oil palm Coconut replanting to oil palmCoconut replanting to oil palm Cocoa replanting to oil palmCocoa replanting to oil palm

Maintenance During ImmaturityMaintenance During Immaturity

~ Weeding~~ Weeding~ Manual weedingManual weeding Mechanical weedingMechanical weeding Conventional weedingConventional weeding

~ Manuring ~~ Manuring ~ Method of applicationMethod of application Nutrient deficiencyNutrient deficiency Type of fertilizerType of fertilizer

~ Pest & Disease ~~ Pest & Disease ~ Pest attachPest attach Disease attachDisease attach

~ planting of cover crop ~~ planting of cover crop ~ Type of cover cropType of cover crop Type of plantingType of planting

~ Benefits cover crop planting ~~ Benefits cover crop planting ~ To retain soil moistureTo retain soil moisture To improve soil texture and propertiesTo improve soil texture and properties To release nitrogen for plant uptakeTo release nitrogen for plant uptake To reduce leaf eating insect attackTo reduce leaf eating insect attack To prevent soil erosion To prevent soil erosion

~ Lecture 5 ~~ Lecture 5 ~TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES

FOR PLANTING OIL FOR PLANTING OIL PALM ON PEATPALM ON PEAT

Type of Tropical PeatType of Tropical Peat

2 types:2 types: Ombrogenous peatOmbrogenous peat- Usually found in large plains far from Usually found in large plains far from

mountain rangesmountain ranges- Develop in shallow depressions where the Develop in shallow depressions where the

peat soon rises above the water table to peat soon rises above the water table to form domeform dome

- Less subject to enriching floods episodesLess subject to enriching floods episodes- Depth can be more than 10 m.Depth can be more than 10 m.

- Consist mostly of impoverished vegetation Consist mostly of impoverished vegetation (amount of biomass and number of (amount of biomass and number of species) and poor soils found at the centre species) and poor soils found at the centre elevated parts of the deposits.elevated parts of the deposits.

Genesis and hydrology depend on Genesis and hydrology depend on depositions from atmosphere (rainfall and depositions from atmosphere (rainfall and dust fall) with very small mineral dust fall) with very small mineral component, very acid (pH less than 3) and component, very acid (pH less than 3) and infertile.infertile.

- Occurs mainly in East Malaysia especially Occurs mainly in East Malaysia especially SarawakSarawak

Topogenous peatTopogenous peat- Usually formed in flood plains between Usually formed in flood plains between

rivers flowing from nearby mountain rivers flowing from nearby mountain ranges to the searanges to the sea

- Often chemically enriched by the influx of Often chemically enriched by the influx of nutrients in inflowing drainage waternutrients in inflowing drainage water

- Less acid (pH 3.2 to 4.5)Less acid (pH 3.2 to 4.5)- Nutrient content and fertility better than Nutrient content and fertility better than

embrogenous peatembrogenous peat- Mostly shallowMostly shallow- Occurs in narrow coastal strips of West Occurs in narrow coastal strips of West

MalaysiaMalaysia

Characteristic PeatCharacteristic Peat

Water loggedWater logged Properly drain can enhance the oxidation Properly drain can enhance the oxidation

process in the decomposition and process in the decomposition and mineralization of the organic mattermineralization of the organic matter

Constraints to Oil Palm Cultivation Constraints to Oil Palm Cultivation on Peaton Peat

1.1. Low nutrient containLow nutrient contain

2.2. Low bulk densityLow bulk density

3.3. High water tableHigh water table

4.4. High infrastructure costHigh infrastructure cost

3 main factors determine success of oil 3 main factors determine success of oil palm planting on peatpalm planting on peat

1.1. Optimum drainage and water Optimum drainage and water managementmanagement

2.2. Optimum agro- management practicesOptimum agro- management practices

3.3. Sufficient and balanced nutrientsSufficient and balanced nutrients

Sequences of work in the reclamation of Sequences of work in the reclamation of peat swamps for oil palmpeat swamps for oil palm

Step 1Step 1Soil survey and drain ability studySoil survey and drain ability study

Step 2Step 2Construction of perimeter drain and bundConstruction of perimeter drain and bund

Step 3Step 3Blocking and construction of main drainBlocking and construction of main drain

Step 4Step 4Felling of jungle, stacking and clearingFelling of jungle, stacking and clearing

Step 5Step 5Preparation of field roads and secondaryPreparation of field roads and secondaryand field drainsand field drains

Step 6Step 6Compaction of planting rows and harvestingCompaction of planting rows and harvestingpaths or cambering pathpaths or cambering path

Step 7Step 7

Planting of leguminous creeping coversPlanting of leguminous creeping covers

Step 8Step 8

Planting of oil palm seedlingPlanting of oil palm seedling

~ Lecture 6 ~~ Lecture 6 ~OIL PALM OIL PALM

CULTIVATION CULTIVATION DURING DURING

MATURITYMATURITY

Weed ManagementWeed Management

~ Circle / Path Spraying ~~ Circle / Path Spraying ~ The purpose of cycle/path spraying to maintain The purpose of cycle/path spraying to maintain

access to the oil palm for harvesting, fruit access to the oil palm for harvesting, fruit collection, manuring, pruning and general collection, manuring, pruning and general supervisionsupervision

To reduce competition from weeds for nutrients To reduce competition from weeds for nutrients moisture and sunlightmoisture and sunlight

Eradication all weeds in the palm circle and Eradication all weeds in the palm circle and along harvesting paths.along harvesting paths.

Circles and paths are always sprayed at the same Circles and paths are always sprayed at the same time.time.

Equipment use are knapsack pump, CDA Equipment use are knapsack pump, CDA (Controlled Droplet Application), mist blower (Controlled Droplet Application), mist blower etc.etc.

Frequency of spraying will be depend on age of Frequency of spraying will be depend on age of palm – 3 to 8 years (3 rounds)palm – 3 to 8 years (3 rounds)

- 8 to 25 years (2 rounds)- 8 to 25 years (2 rounds) The interval will be carried out after the wet The interval will be carried out after the wet

seasonseason Type of weedingType of weedinga)a) Selective weedingSelective weedingb)b) Creepers weedingCreepers weedingc)c) Trunk weedingTrunk weeding

Method of calibration of herbicideMethod of calibration of herbicide

Canopy Management and PruningCanopy Management and Pruning

The purpose to carry out pruningThe purpose to carry out pruning

a)a) To maintain a full and healthy palm To maintain a full and healthy palm canopy by removing surplus, dead, canopy by removing surplus, dead, damaged or diseased frondsdamaged or diseased fronds

b)b) To maintain optimal leaf area to To maintain optimal leaf area to maximize the conversion of sunlight, maximize the conversion of sunlight, nutrients and water into vegetative dry nutrients and water into vegetative dry matter and bunch production.matter and bunch production.

The frond retention will be based on The frond retention will be based on palm age:palm age:

2 types of pruning:2 types of pruning:

1)1) Progressive pruningProgressive pruning

2)2) Routine pruningRoutine pruning

Palm AgePalm Age Frond RetentionFrond Retention

Below 7 yearsBelow 7 years 33

7 to 15 years7 to 15 years 22

15 years and above15 years and above 11

Circle RakingCircle Raking

Raking was carried out to provide a clean Raking was carried out to provide a clean circle to facilitate the efficient loose fruit circle to facilitate the efficient loose fruit collectioncollection

Removal of all debris within 1.8 m of the Removal of all debris within 1.8 m of the palm base to leave a clean circle around palm base to leave a clean circle around the basethe base

The equipment use was heavy duty garden The equipment use was heavy duty garden rakerake

The frequency of work one round per yearThe frequency of work one round per year

CensusCensus

2 types of census:2 types of census:1.1. Bunch censusBunch census Bunch census was carried out every 3 Bunch census was carried out every 3

months to provide the yield data and to months to provide the yield data and to forecast yield productionforecast yield production

The operational procedures:The operational procedures:a)a) To census only black shining bunchesTo census only black shining bunchesb)b) To carry out the census only 20% of the To carry out the census only 20% of the

respective blockrespective block

2. Palm census2. Palm census To provide data on individual palm blocks To provide data on individual palm blocks

such as planted density, number of dead such as planted density, number of dead palm, missing abnormal and non yielding palm, missing abnormal and non yielding palm and the extent of unplantable areaspalm and the extent of unplantable areas

Routine CensusRoutine Census

1.1. Planted points (supplying)Planted points (supplying)

2.2. Productive palmProductive palm

3.3. Dead or missing palmDead or missing palm

4.4. Unplantable areasUnplantable areas

Periodic CensusPeriodic Census

1.1. Abnormal palmsAbnormal palms

2.2. Palm affected by serious diseasePalm affected by serious disease

Manuring and Palm NutritionManuring and Palm Nutrition

Major elements (macronutrients) – Potassium, Major elements (macronutrients) – Potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and magnesiumphosphorus, nitrogen and magnesium

Minor elements (micronutrients) – Boron, Minor elements (micronutrients) – Boron, copper, zink and manganesecopper, zink and manganese

FunctionFunction- DeficiencyDeficiency- SymptomSymptom- CausesCauses- Prevention Prevention - Nutrient requirement in relation age of palmNutrient requirement in relation age of palm

~ Lecture 7 ~~ Lecture 7 ~MANURING MANURING

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

Inorganic fertilizerInorganic fertilizer

1.1. Straight fertilizerStraight fertilizer

2.2. Mixed fertilizerMixed fertilizer

3.3. Compound fertilizerCompound fertilizer

4.4. Controlled Released Fertilizer (CRF)Controlled Released Fertilizer (CRF)

Organic fertilizerOrganic fertilizer

1.1. Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)

2.2. POME (Palm Oil Mill Efficient) POME (Palm Oil Mill Efficient)

Leaves SamplingLeaves Sampling

Leaves are analyzed to determine the Leaves are analyzed to determine the nutrient contents in the sample and hence nutrient contents in the sample and hence in the selected stand of the oil plam crop. in the selected stand of the oil plam crop. With a view to utilizing the data to With a view to utilizing the data to improve fertilizer use efficiency and/or to improve fertilizer use efficiency and/or to confirm visual symptomconfirm visual symptom

Fertilizer ApplicationFertilizer Application

Manuring is the simple largest Manuring is the simple largest expenditure in oil palm cultivationexpenditure in oil palm cultivation

Timing of fertilizer applicationTiming of fertilizer application Method of application:Method of application:- Manual broadcastingManual broadcasting- Mechanical fertilizer spreaderMechanical fertilizer spreader- Subsoil applicationSubsoil application

Road and Drain MaintenanceRoad and Drain Maintenance

Road MaintenanceRoad Maintenance

1.1. To provide all weather access to oil palm To provide all weather access to oil palm areas for harvesting operations, fruit areas for harvesting operations, fruit evacuation, fertilizer delivery and evacuation, fertilizer delivery and maintenance operationmaintenance operation

- Light maintenanceLight maintenance- Spot gravellingSpot gravelling- Full graveling Full graveling

DrainDrain

1.1. The planted oil palm should drain within The planted oil palm should drain within 48 hours of an average rainfall events so 48 hours of an average rainfall events so that there is no significant ponding that there is no significant ponding (standing water)(standing water)

2.2. In peat areas drains and water gates In peat areas drains and water gates must be constructed so that water level must be constructed so that water level can be maintained within 75 cm of the can be maintained within 75 cm of the surface during dry periods, but excess surface during dry periods, but excess water can be drained during wet periods. water can be drained during wet periods. Thus also occurred at acid sulphate soil.Thus also occurred at acid sulphate soil.

•Pest and disease in oil palm:Pest and disease in oil palm:- major rodent pest- major rodent pest- major insect pest- major insect pest- major disease- major disease

Type of drainType of drain Size Size

Canal Canal 6m x 3m x 2m6m x 3m x 2m

Collection drainCollection drain 4m x 2.5m x 1.5m4m x 2.5m x 1.5m

Field drain Field drain 1.5m x 1.2m x 0.5m1.5m x 1.2m x 0.5m

DiseaseDisease

Major diseaseMajor disease

1.1. Ganoderma (Basal Stem Rot)Ganoderma (Basal Stem Rot)

2.2. Crown DiseaseCrown Disease

3.3. Spear RotSpear Rot

4.4. Marasmius Bunch Rot (MBR)Marasmius Bunch Rot (MBR)

5.5. Vascular Wilt Disease (VWP)Vascular Wilt Disease (VWP)

Implementation Mechanisation in Implementation Mechanisation in Plantation SectorPlantation Sector

Mechanisation – Agronomic and Estate Mechanisation – Agronomic and Estate PracticesPractices

Problem in Implementing MechanisationProblem in Implementing Mechanisation Method to Implement MechanisationMethod to Implement Mechanisation