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ON

Write a report on composite materials, the reason why they are used. Their

major applications in few fields, and some of the latest composite material

SUBJECT: Mechanics Of Solids

SUB CODE: MEC-201

SUBMITTED TO : Mr Ashish K Saran

SUBMITTED BY:

Name:HITESH CHANDEL

Roll no. :RH47H1B65

Reg.no.:10805633

Program:B.Tech(ME)

Introduction

COMPOSITE MATERIAL

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Composite materials for construction, engineering, and other similar applications

are formed by combining two or more materials in such a way that the constituents

of the composite materials are still distinguishable, and not fully blended.

One example of a composite material is concrete , which uses cement as a

binding material in combination with gravel as a reinforcement. In many cases,

concrete uses rebar as a second reinforcement, making it a three-phase composite,because of the three elements involved. Composite materials take advantage of

the different strengths and abilities of different materials

The majority of composite materials use two constituents: a binder or matrix and a

reinforcement. The reinforcement is stronger and stiffer, forming a sort of

backbone, while the matrix keeps the reinforcement in a set place. The binder also

protects the reinforcement, which may be brittle or breakable, as in the case of the

long glass fibers used in conjunction with plastics to make fiberglass. Generally,

composite materials have excellent compressibility combined with good tensile

strength, making them versatile in a wide range of situations.

Engineers building anything, from a patio to an airplane, look at the unique stressesthat their construction will undergo. Extreme changes in temperature, externalforces, and water or chemical erosion are all accounted for in an assessment ofneeds. When building an aircraft, for example, engineers need lightweight, strongmaterial that can insulate and protect passengers while surfacing the aircraft. Anaircraft made of pure metal could fail catastrophically if a small crack appeared inthe skin of the airplane. On the other hand, aircraft integrating reinforced compositematerials such as fiberglass, graphite, and other hybrids will be stronger and lesslikely to break up at stress points in situations involving turbulence. in thesecomposites the reasons for adding the fibres (or, in some cases, particles) are oftenrather complex; for example, improvements may be sought in creep, wear, fracturetoughness, thermal stability, etc

TYPES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Polymer Composite Materials

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-engineering.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-chemical.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-aircraft.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-turbulence.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-chemical.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-aircraft.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-turbulence.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-engineering.htm

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A materials scientist who specializes in electronics investigates the properties of computer chips,circuits, semiconductors, transistors, and other electronic devices. A professional mightexperiment with silicon and various compositematerials to develop faster, smaller, and moreefficient electronic products.

Other items made of polyurethane include gaskets, belts, and surfboards. Liquidcrystal polymers (LPCs) are considered a special class of polyesters. These materials have astrong ability to resist chemical and heat damage.

Carbon Fiber Composite Materials The complex interwoven nature of the fibermakes it very difficult to break. In terms of weight-to-

strength ratio, carbonfibercomposite is currently the best material that our civilization canproduce in appreciable quantities.

While actual carbonfiberpieces are used in the highest-quality kits, the much lessexpensive carbonfiberdash kits use a simulated carbonfiberapplique placed over a plasticorcomposite backingmaterial. In most applications, double-sided tape is used to affix the trimpanels into position on a vehicle's dash.

fiberglass Composite Materials The binder also protects the reinforcement, which may be brittle or breakable, as in the case of

the long glass fibers used in conjunction with plastics to make fiberglass.Generally, compositematerials have excellent compressibility combined with good tensilestrength, making them versatile in a wide range of situations.

Using compositematerials, engineers and builders can create products that are stronger, moredurable, lighter and lower in costs than traditional materials. Compositematerials have made itpossible for structural engineers and manufacturers to create products that would have beenphysically impossible with traditional construction materials.

Carbon Composite Materials Chronic exposure to low levels can produce arteriosclerosis, impaired vision, and symptoms

similar to Parkinson's disease. The carbon disulfide material safety data sheet (MSDS)

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describes the chemical as extremely hazardous in the case of skin or eye contact, ingestion, orinhalation.

The complex interwoven nature of the fiber makes it very difficult to break. In terms of weight-to-

strength ratio, carbon fibercomposite is currently the best material that our civilization canproduce in appreciable quantities.

Composite Materials Properties

The goal ofcomposite construction is the unification of the individual component properties tocreate a compositematerial that possesses the desired properties of all component pieces.

A materials scientist who specializes in electronics investigates the properties of computerchips, circuits, semiconductors, transistors, and other electronic devices. A professional mightexperiment with silicon and various compositematerials to develop faster, smaller, and moreefficient electronic products.

FIELD OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL

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Composite materials in automobiles

Due to the use of composite material in automobiles, it has reduces its

wieght and milage or efficiecy of automobile is also increased .the strength ,durability also increased .The automobile industry has shown increased

interest in the replacement of steel springs with fiberglass reinforced

composite leaf springs. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a

general study on the analysis, design and fabrication of composite springs.

From this viewpoint, the suspension spring of a compact car, a jeep was

selected as a prototype.

A single leaf, variable thickness spring of glassfiber reinforced plastic (GFRP)

with similar mechanical and geometrical properties to the multileaf steel

spring, was designed, fabricated (molded and hoop wound) and tested. Thetesting was performed experimentally in the laboratory and was followed by

the road test. Comparison between the performance of the GFRP and the

multileaf steel springs is presented.

Composite materials in aerospace

The use of fibre reinforced composites has become increasingly attractive

alternative to the conventional metals for many aircraft components mainly

due to their increased strength, durability, corrosion resistance, resistance to

fatigue and damage tolerance characteristics. Composites also provide

greater flexibility because the material can be tailored to meet the design

requirements and they also offer significant weight advantages. Carefullydesigned individual composite parts, at present, are about 20-30% lighter

than their conventional metal counterparts. Although all-composite airplanes

are now available in the world market, yet advances in the practical use of

composite materials should enable further reduction in the structural weight

of airplane. The composite materials used in aircraft industry are generally

reinforced fibres or filaments embedded in a resin matrix. The most common

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fibres are carbon, aramid, glass and their hybrid. The resin matrix is

generally an epoxy based system requiring curing temperatures between

120 and 180C (250 and 350F).

Composite materials in medical field

Artificial limbs are lighter in weight and better appearance than ever before

with improved gait for the patients. The limb consists of five parts: a FRP

tubular structure, top & bottom connectors, PU foot with composite keel

embedded in it and a polypropylene socket to accommodate the amputee

stump. The socket made of polypropylene is patient specific and does not

create any problems like pressure sores even for diabetic patients. All thefive parts and the socket are adjustable to meet individual requirements and

to take care of static & dynamic alignment patterns

Composite materials in construction

Most bridges are built of steel-reinforced concrete because of its strengthand durability; but after decades of supporting heavy loads, many bridgesneed repair or replacement. A promising alternative to the enormously costlyoption of complete replacement is the use of graphite epoxy, a strong andlightweight carbon-reinforced polymer capable of withstanding heavy loads.Polymer sheets used to reinforce bridge beams have increased load capacity30 and 65 percent and have proved durable on bridge spans as long at 26feet.

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Composite materials in transportion

IN OIL & GAS PIPELINES

GRE pipes are commonly used in oil transportation where resistance to crudeoil, paraffin build- up as well as ability to withstand relatively high pressuresis required. GRE piping system is also being used on offshore rigs for seawater cooling lines, air vent systems, drilling fluids, fire fighting, ballasts anddrinking water lines in offshore application. The lightweight helps reduceheavy and expensive construction cost. Established Oil fields use GRE pipesfor high pressure and steam injection lines for the recovery of oil preserves.GRE piping system can withstand the detrimental effect of brackish water

when expelled under pressure from fire mains. The effect of rupture free GREpipes under such shocks makes the system more reliable. The chemicalresistance & service temperature of such composites in a particular fluiddepends on resin formulations, additives used etc.

IN RAIL COACH

FRP gear-cases for the traction motors for diesel and electric locomotives as

replacement of existing steel gear-cases. Unlike steel gear-case, FRP gear-

cases prevent the leakage of lubricating medium and are safe from damages

by ballast hits. These gear-cases have longer service life compared to steel

ones. In addition, weight saving to the tune of 400 Kg. Per six-axle system

has been achieved. The FRP gear-cases on extensive and large-scale field-

trials are now being inducted by the railway

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CONCLUSIONS

Globally, composite technology and its applications had made tremendous

progress during the last two decades or so, as evident from the present level

of consumption of composite materials at about 2.2 million MT, with the Asia-

Pacific region accounting for about 24% of this usage.

REFRENCES

1 . www.compositesways.com

2. www.materially.co.jp

3. www.nanotec.com

http://www.compositesways.com/http://www.materially.co.jp/http://www.nanotec.com/http://www.compositesways.com/http://www.materially.co.jp/http://www.nanotec.com/