The CountrysideVillas and Farms

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Villas and villages: What are they?

Villa

•A rural house owned by someone with high social standing• Villa urbana – luxury• Villa rustica - productive farm

•A house built in the Roman styleVillage and native farm

•Settlement with two or more farms

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Where are they?

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Reconstruction-Typical Farm Settlement

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Vegetables, Fruits, Nuts

• Celtic bean

• Vetch

• Fat hen

• Nettles

• Puffballs

• Hazelnut

• Raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, elderberries, strawberries, crab apples

• Parsnips, radishes, beets, turnips

• Endive, lettuce

• Broad beans

• Carrots

• Chestnut, walnut

• Apples, plums, cherries, mulberries,

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Introductions by Period

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Rural

Urban

Cattle Elms Farm, Essex Sheep/Goats

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Economy and Agriculture

• Market production

• Consumers: military (~5%), city dwellers (~10%), craftsmen

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Roundhouse

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Evolution of a Round House

•Early 1st C. Round house

• Late 1st C. Rectangular house

• c. 170 Abandoned

•4th century More complex house

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Meonstoke Wall Remnant

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Early 4th century AD

Meonstoke, Hampshire,

Facade

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Meonstoke

Drawings and Tools

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Lighthouse House

Villa

Wall Painting

Trier

norma

groma

Characteristics of a Roman Villa

• Rectilinear

• Stone footings and walls

• Tile or slate roofs

• Glass

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BrixworthFarmstead - Villa

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Villas

Amenities

• Dining

• Bathing

• Receiving

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Dining

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Later Fashion

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The Bath Complex

Additional amenities

•Entrance hall •Dressing room •Exercise room19

Expansion of Villa Construction

• First Century –few stone villas, timber rectangular houses

• Late 3rd-early 4th century• Immigration of wealthy?

• Growing income disparity?

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Decoration

• Dorchester• Hinton St. Mary, Frampton

• Water Newton

• Brough on Humber• Crude draftsmanship:

Rudston Venus

• Aldborough Wolf and Twins.

• Colchester

• Verulamium

• Cirencester: two schools• Chedsworth

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• Wall painting – particularly faux marble• Mosaic floors: schools

Venus

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Thruxton Villa[Q]VINTVS NATALIVS NATALINVS Owner?

Signature of the MosaicistFishbourne

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Lullingstone

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Farm

Lullingstone-Phase 1

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100-150 CE

Veranda

Veranda

Reception Room

Lullingstone-Phase 1

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Owner?

Lullington-Phase 2

29150-200 CE

Baths

Lullingstone-Phase 2

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Baths

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Hot dry

room

Cold Room

Tepid Room

Hot Room

Furnace

Water Tank

Recreation

room

Lullington-Phase 3

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275-350 CE

Lullington-Phase 4

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c. 360 CE

Dining Room

Lullington-Phase 4

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c. 360 CE

Mosaic-Triclinium Apse

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"If jealous Juno had seen the

swimming of the bull, she would

with more justice have gone all

the way to the halls of Aeolus."

Triclinium-Bellerophon

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Triclinium

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Bellerophon slaying the Chimera - Croughton

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Mausoleum

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Classical Tales - Low Ham

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Dido and Aeneas

Low Ham

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Aeneas and his ships

Four Seasons - Bignor

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Four Seasons – Winter - Bignor

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Terentius?

Woodchester Plan

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Woodchester - Reconstruction

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Wo

od

ches

ter

46

Wo

od

ches

ter

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Woodchester- Details

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Woodchester- Details

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Painted Walls - Bignor

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Big

no

r

Fates of the Villas

Few date after 350

• Burnt

• Abandoned

• Deliberate destruction

• No reuse

• Rediscovery

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