Rau Cambodia Gidar Cartography 2

A world full of maps (Daily life with maps)Artwork and Data (Visualization of Geo-Data) Types of maps, and ContentMap projections and coordinatesIntroduction to GPSDigital Cartography with GIS toolsPractical GIS mapping tasksYour first GIS map

Introduction to Cartography, GIS and GPS Part I and II

8/6/2008 - University Advisor Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) 2

Content of two modules1. Objectives and Timing of the training2. General Introduction to Cartography

Geographical Information systems and Global Positioning systems

3. Living with maps4. Types of visualization5. Content of maps6. GPS, Projections and Coordinates 7. Introduction to GIS mappings tools8. Practical mapping with Arc-View9. Examination


Teaching schedule 1st week


Teaching schedule 2nd week


WHAT IS A MAP?A map is a picture or representation of the Earth's surface or parts of it at a certain moment in time, showing how things are related to each other by distance, direction, and size. Maps are a way of showing many things about a portion of the earth's surface on a flat piece of paper that can be carried andtransported easily. A map is not a photograph of the Earth's surface. It can show many things that a photo cannot show, and as a result, a map looks different in many ways from a photograph of the Earth's surface.Maps have been used for centuries. A person who creates map as a profession is called a cartographer


Map Content (1) - Example Topo-MapMap titleMain map areaSubset or overview maps as additionsLegend

Secondary legendNorth arrow if necessaryMap scaleMeasurement grid of Lat/Long or other coordinate systems

SpheroidCoordinate system (GRID), Projection systemHorizontal DatumVertical Datum


Map Content (2) - Example Topo-Map

Elevation information about contour linesAdministrative BoundariesSheet number Adjoining map sheets (if there are) Author of the mapDistribution responsible agencyYear of PublicationInformation about the data sourceOther additional information


Map types - Example Topo-Map

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS Topographic maps show a 3 dimensional world in 2 dimensions by using contour lines. Many people have trouble reading these maps, because they have mountains and valleys are represented with concentric circles and lines.Many hikers use topographic maps, especially in areas where there are no roads with signs.Geologists depend on topographic maps to record the types of rocks. Engineers use topographic maps when they are planning roads, buildings, or other human–made structures. Imagine designing a city without considering where hills, riversand valleys are located!


Concept of mappingCartography

Science / art / technique of map production.Uses a set of defined graphical elements to communicate a message.

Graphical elements specific to cartographyCoordinate systems.Map projections.Scale.Symbolism.

LegendExplaining the meaning of graphical symbols.With the large diffusion of maps, some symbols do not require explanation anymore.


Generalization, Simplification, Abstraction

Cartography is a process of abstractionFeatures are generalized and simplified.Not all elements are relevant to the message a map convey.The reader must have his/her attention of the message portrayed by the map.

DetailToo much details undermine the message of the map.The amount of detail is related to the scale of the map.A small scale map must be generalized.A large scale map can contain more details at the expense of generalization.


DIFFERENT TYPES OF MAPS

Have you ever seen anyone using a map to find their way around town? Maps are used extensively throughout society. Road maps provide information such as street names and landmarks. There are many different types of maps. Some maps are used for forecasting the weather, while others are used to plot the population in an area.Learning to recognize what a map has to offer is an important skill. In this lesson you will look at a variety of maps and determine what you can learn from each type of map.


Map types – Overview Map (1)


Map types – Overview Map (2)


Map types - Example Geological MapGEOLOGICAL MAP

A geologic map is a map of the different types of rocks that are on the surface of the Earth. By mapping different rock types, geologists can determine the relationships between different rock formations which can then be used to find mineral resources, oil, and gravel deposits.


Example BIOGEOGRAPHIC MAPSScientists involved in the study of animals, plants, and other living organisms use maps to illustrate where these groups live or migrate.

It is important to many zoologists to know where the organisms that they study live and where they move to.

People who monitorendangered species need to know if the ranges ofmigration have become larger or smaller through time.


Example ENVIRONMENTAL MAPS These types of maps include maps that look at human's activity in urban and metropolitan areas and the environment in which we all live.

Maps that illustrate physiographic features such as forests, grassland, woodland, tundra, grazing land, ocean floors, and ocean sediments could be included in this large grouping.


Map types - Example Isoline Map

This is an isolinemap showing the high temperatures for January, 1981.

NOAA climate data was used to distinguish temperatures.

Isoline mapIsoline maps show geographic quantities that exist over an assumed continuous surface


Example: ENVIRONMENTAL MAPS Meteorological maps that show climate, weather and wind are types of environmental maps. Meteorologists, oceanographers, geographers, city planners, and many other professionals depend greatly on these maps to record and forecast their specific field.


Example: ENVIRONMENTAL MAPS Soil maps which show the regional distribution of soil types. Environmentalists as well as agronomists and land use planner often use these kind of maps.


Example: Weather MAPS


Example: METEOROLOGICAL MAPS


Example: Elevation MAPS


Example 3 Dimensional MAPS


Map types – Bathymetric Map


Map types – Ex. Demographic Map


Map types – Demographic Map (2)


Map types – Demographic Map (3)


Map types – De-Mining Map


Map types - Example Choropleth MapThis is a choropleth mapshowing the thedifferent levels of methane emissions form beef cattle in North Carolina by county.

Natural breaks from data supplied by the 1992 census of agriculture were used deciding which counties would fall in different class levels.

Choropleth mapChoropleth maps show the disribution of generalized quantitative data values per unit area


Map types – Election maps


Other Map types – Point mapsWhen you use a Multiple Symbol Map to display your data, you can associate different symbols for a value or range of values for each point of data.

When you use a Pushpin Map to display your data, individual data points are represented as Pushpins on the map. Unlike Multiple Symbol Maps, Pushpin Maps display all the data points with a single symbol.


Other Map types – Shaded mapsWhen you use a Shaded Area Map to display your data, the geographic areas by which you've chosen to display your data are represented by shades of colour corresponding to values or ranges of values for those areas.

When you use a Shaded Circle Map to display your data, information is represented by circles placed at locations on the map or at the centre of each geographic area by which you are mapping your data. The shading of the circle represents the data value atthat particularlocation or geographicarea.


Other Map types – Circle and Pie mapsIn a Sized Circle Map, your data is represented by circles of varying size on the map. The larger the circle at a given location, the higher the value represented.

When you use a Pie Chart Mapto display your data, you can map up to sixteen numerical data fields to each location of data. The size of each pie segment corresponds to its value as a percentage of the whole.


Other Map types – Pie and Graph mapsWhen you use a Column Chart Mapto display your data, you can map up to sixteen numerical data fields to each location of data. Each data field is shown as a vertical column of varying size. The size of each column corresponds to its value.You can also assign a different colour to each column to make Data fields easy to visually identify.

When you use a Sized Pie Chart Map to display your data, you can map up to sixteen numerical data fields to each location of data. The size of each pie segment corresponds to its value as a percentageof the whole. The size of each pie chart corresponds to the sumof these


Convention of these other Map types (1)The list below describes some uses for each map type.

Map Type Recommended toShaded Area Compare a single numerical data field for larger areas such

as states, counties, and ZIP Codes. This type of map is also useful for displaying non-numerical data associated with large areas.

Shaded Circle Compare a single numerical data field at points such as cities and specific addresses. This type of map is useful for data that contains many records, because shaded circles may prevent overlapping and make your map easier to read. You can also use this map type to represent a second set of data on a Shaded Area Map.

Sized Circle Compare a single numerical data field for concentrated areas such as addresses, cities, and points. This map type is useful to quickly compare data from one location to another.


Convention of these other Map types (2)

Map Type Recommended toMultiple Symbol Display a single data field at points such as cities and

specific addresses. You may want to use this map type to assign a different symbol for each range or value of data.

Pie Chart Compare records with more than one field of numerical data per location. This map type is useful if you want display values that have been sub-divided.

Sized Pie Chart Compare records with more than one field of numerical data per location. This map type is similar to the Pie Chart but the size of the pies is determined by the sum of the data fields. This type of map is useful when you want to compare the sum of sub-divided data values from one location to another.

Column Chart Compare records with more than one field of numerical data per location. This type of map is useful for displaying data comparing different groups of information, as well as data containing negative numbers.

Rau Cambodia Gidar Cartography 2

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