Presentation on

observation & Rating

scale

LEENAVAISH1506@GMAIL.COM

Observation

IntroductionObservation is one of the oldest

techniques that man has made use of. The teacher in the school make judgment after observing

students gestures, bodily actions, facial expressions, tasks

and movement.

Meaning• The word observation has been derived from

the latin word ‘observare’ which means “to keep open”, “to look outside”.

• Definition:• According to P.T. Young’s “observation means

to employ listening and seeing about the situation or and individual behavior.

Advantages of observation

• Non verbal behavior• Overt behavior• Emotional and intellectual maturity• Habits and skills• Diagnostic value• Improvement in teaching• Good relationships• Observation natural environment• guidance

Disadvantages of observation

• Non availability of trained observers• Subjective• Artificiality• Long wait• Personal problems• No observation of internal behavior• No observation of unconscious mind• Time gap

Conclusion

• Though method of observation has many limitations yet it is considerably used in child psychology, education psychology and education.

• So this method has helped the application of psychology to education and wherever possible it should be supplemented by the use of experimental procedure.

Rating scale

Introduction

The abilities, behavioral, characteristics and the performances of the students of

social studies can also be judged and evaluated through suitable rating scales.

DefinitionAccording to Garrets “The rating scale

is device for obtaining judgments of the degree to which an individual

possesses certain behavior traits and attributes not readily detectable by

objective tests.

Types of Rating scale

• Qualitative scale

5 4 3 2 1

Excellent Good AverageVery poorPoor

Descriptive rating scale

Is the pupil mentally alert?

…………………………………………...lazy and sluggish………………………………………………..idle and inert……………………………………………..ordinarily active……………………………………………………..quite active……………………………………………exceedingly active

Graphic rating scale

Social attitude

Anti-social Self-centered

No positive attitude

Usually considerate to

others

Strongly altruistic

• Rank order scale• Paired comparison scale• Percentage of group scale………….falls in top 1%

…………. falls in the top 10% but not in the top 1%

…………..falls in the top 25% but not in the top 10%

……………falls in the top 50% but not in the top 25%

…………....falls in the lower half but not in the bottom 25%

…………….falls in the bottom 25% but not in the bottom 10%

……………..falls in the bottom 10% but not in the bottom 1%

……………..falls in the bottom 1%

Advantages of rating scale• Supplement• Useful for teacher• Knowledge of progress of students• Knowledge of achievements & personality of students• Comparison • Motivation• Removing weakness• Helpful in sending report• Helpful in administration

Disadvantages

• Difficulty in subjective• Difficulty in rating

• Limited social contact• Non availability of experts• Low reliability and validity

• Reluctance for preparing scales

Errors in rating scale

• Generosity error• Stringency error• Halo error• Error of central

tendency• Logical error

Conclusion

• In modern times, rating scales can prove very useful for evaluating behavior attitudes, habits, personality traits and achievements of the students.

• Rating scale are of great use when used for helping teachers to evaluate students behavior.

• Submitted to: Mr. Pawan

bhatia

• Submitted by: Mandeep kaur Roll no: 258

THANK YOU…..