Rashamon Essay
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Transcript of Rashamon Essay
Absolutism Versus Relativism in Kurosawa’s Film Rashomon
Knowledge is personal and we have a personal understanding about what we have perceived.
We are connected to how we perceive reality through our six senses. In an article “Interview with the
Believer,” Director, Errol Morris believes that there is only one reality; if one wants to know truth one
needs hard evidence. There are many points of views, but they do not mirror reality, which is absolute.
Viewpoints are not hard evidence. However to the film critic of the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert,
there are many view points of truths, and all are true to the perceiver; therefore, there is more than one
reality. Both state their position on human perception using Akira Kurosawa’s 1950’s film Rashomon
as an example of their point of view. In the film a samurai is murdered and supposedly a bandit rapes
his wife. The bandit is arrested, and at the trial, four people tell the jury what each one witnessed. Both
critics are persuasive in their arguments, but Ebert’s opinion is more convincing.
Morris is an absolutist who believes that truth lies in reality and reality is objective, not based
on personal biased, and can be proved through objective facts or observable phenomena
(Braincrave.com). There is an absolute reality behind every event, such as who killed the samurai in
Rashomon. Someone did kill the samurai. It is up to the jury to find who that someone is by using hard
evidence. Morris also believes that “people have a vested interest in not seeing it” [the absolute truth].
Each has a personal motive of some kind that distorts the absolute truth. The woodcutter withheld
information from the court because he had stolen from the crime seen; therefore, it is not in his best
interest to tell the truth. Morris says critics, like Ebert, believe there is no reality, absolute truth, that
truth is subjective, “up for grabs…A truth for you, a truth for me.”(Interview with the Believer) In
Rashomon each witness is telling the truth—their own personal truth. “The commoner: “Men are only
men. That’s why they lie. They can’t tell the truth, not even to themselves.” Priest: That may be true.
But it’s because man are so week. That’s why they lie. That’s why they must deceive themselves.”
(Rashomon script) Morris believes that critics are missing the point, “…the claim that everybody sees
the world differently is not a claim that there’s no reality” (Interview with the Believer). The whole
focus of Rashomon is that it is a story about the motives of the different witnesses and not about there
is no reality, only personal realities.
Opposing Morris’ absolutist view of Rashomon is film critic Roger Ebert’s relativist’s view in
defining what truth is. Relativism is defined as “the variations in truth as a result of individual beliefs
such as culture, religion or experience” (Ellen Mackay). He believes that each person possesses a
different truth and that there is no absolute truth, only subjective multiple truths among people, which
explain why each witness in Rashomon relates a different version of the murder. The theory of
Selectivity of Perception says, since a vast amount of data is constantly flooding our mind, our minds
overload if we did not block out some of it. This theory may explain why the eyewitness testimonies
differ. The theme of Kurosawa’s relativist philosophy about Rashomon is, “we should suspect even
what we think we have seen”. Although the three witnesses all think they are telling the truth, they are
only telling their own point of view which is misleading because as Kurosawa says “human are not
able to be honest with themselves about themselves”. They will always embellish and reality becomes
lies and their reality becomes a mixture of true and false. Points of view become “shadow play of truth
and memory”. Perceptions and emotions also influence truth “because everyone observes and feels
experiences differently.” (Ellen Mackay) Kurosawa gave his characters a heightened state of emotions,
like silent film actors, to highlight how emotions can distort truth. He also uses different frameworks
and angles in shooting his scenes for each character observing the murder to show different perceptions
of what happened. Also each person has a different relationship with the samurai and these different
feeling also influence their perception of the truth. The wife and the bandit relationships with the
samurai are very different, and so are their testimonies. The Theory of Expectations states that
expectations can influence how we perceive things. Also, belief influences the truth. Before one can
state the truth one must believe it to be the truth. Each witness believes he/she is relating the truth of
the murder.
If a judge used Morris’s way to solve the mystery, he would never find the killer of the
Samurai because there is not enough hard evidence to solve the case. Scientific realism may explain
that the world exists as an independent reality but is different from the way we perceive it. This will not
help to get closer to the truth of who killed the samurai. However if we use Ebert’s method and look at
the viewpoints of the eye witness accounts, the case become closer to the truth because motives in this
case are more important because revealing reality is to complex when figuring out different views on
perception. Also Morris uses deductive reasoning. He believes hard evidence is needed to find the
killer. Ebert also uses deductive reasoning. Both Ebert and Morris are correct but it will not work with
Morris in this film because Kurosawa’s intention is to confuse the truth. He is giving four points of
view that are different from each other. Each witness confesses to killing the samurai, which shows
Ebert approach is better because it is looking at the motives of the witnesses. If Kurosawa wanted the
audience to find the truth he would have not confuse the plot and introduce more hard evidence to
solve the case.
In conclusion to the opposing viewpoints of Morris and Ebert on perception and truth in the
film Rashomon, Ebert’s relativist viewpoint is more reasonable because truth depends on an
individual’s perception. The Absolutist, Morris, believes there is only one reality or truth which can
only be found through scientific realism, hard evidence. On the other hand Ebert, a Relativist, writes
that there are multiple viewpoints on reality, or truth. Kurosawa’s intentions in making the film were
from the beginning to focus on human’s motives. Kurosawa wanted to break the mold of revealing the
truth at the end of the movie in this film genre in his Rashomon. Even in the first lines of the movie
Kurosawa foreshadows his intentions by having the priest say “I don’t understand”. In the film
Rashomon it is clear that human motives and points of view are more significant than absolutism.