Deviance Deviance and and

Criminal Criminal BehaviorBehavior

ByByRand L. KannenbergRand L. Kannenberg

Target AudienceTarget Audience

Addictions Addictions ProfessionalsProfessionals

Domestic Violence Domestic Violence ProfessionalsProfessionals

Parole and Parole and Probation OfficersProbation Officers

Community Community Corrections Staff Corrections Staff and Volunteersand Volunteers

Prison and Jail Prison and Jail Staff and Staff and VolunteersVolunteers

Mental Health Mental Health ProfessionalsProfessionals

Goals and ObjectivesGoals and ObjectivesLearn about and be able to discuss the following:Learn about and be able to discuss the following:

Concepts and Theories of Crime and Concepts and Theories of Crime and Deviance;Deviance;

Conduct Disorder and the Juvenile Justice Conduct Disorder and the Juvenile Justice System;System;

Delinquent Gang Characteristics;Delinquent Gang Characteristics; Predicting and Preventing Recidivism;Predicting and Preventing Recidivism; Incarceration and Supervision as Incarceration and Supervision as

Punishment, Reform and Protection;Punishment, Reform and Protection; Offender Counseling and Substance Abuse Offender Counseling and Substance Abuse

Cognitive Behavioral Treatment in Cognitive Behavioral Treatment in CorrectionsCorrections

DEVIANCEDEVIANCE ““any behavior which any behavior which

violates the routine violates the routine expectations of expectations of others…others…

the person engaging in the person engaging in that behavior may be that behavior may be treated as being treated as being ‘different’ from others ‘different’ from others in some important in some important way.”way.”

Frank Scarpitti, Frank Scarpitti, SOCIAL PROBLEMSSOCIAL PROBLEMS

CRIMECRIME Crime is a Crime is a

form of form of deviantdeviant

behavior.behavior.

Questions about crime:Questions about crime:

Is crime a social disease (or problem)?Is crime a social disease (or problem)?

Are there any positive functions of crime Are there any positive functions of crime and criminals?and criminals?

What is the relationship between crime What is the relationship between crime and change?and change?

Theory OneTheory One BehaviorBehavior is is

learnedlearned.. All behaviorAll behavior is is

learnedlearned.. Deviant behaviorDeviant behavior is is

learnedlearned.. Criminal behaviorCriminal behavior

is is learnedlearned..

Other explanationsOther explanations for behavior. for behavior.

human nature is badhuman nature is bad rage leads to crimerage leads to crime stress causes stress causes

deviancedeviance social pressure is to social pressure is to

blame for problemsblame for problems once labeled bad once labeled bad

always badalways bad crime is a professioncrime is a profession

crime as a family crime as a family businessbusiness

crime is tolerated so crime is tolerated so all can do itall can do it

criminals have moral criminals have moral defectsdefects

criminals are criminals are pathologicalpathological

problems start earlyproblems start early

Conduct Disorder “Checklist” Conduct Disorder “Checklist” (American Psychiatric Association: (American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition. , Fourth Edition.

Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Association, 1994.)Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Association, 1994.)

_____aggression to _____aggression to people and people and animalsanimals

_____destruction of _____destruction of propertyproperty

_____deceitfulness _____deceitfulness or theft or theft

_____serious _____serious violations of violations of rulesrules

_____onset prior to age 10 years

_____onset after age 10 years

_____few problems/minor harm to others

_____number/effect between mild and severe

_____many problems/considerable harm to others

Antisocial Personality DisorderAntisocial Personality Disorder(American Psychiatric Association: (American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition. , Fourth Edition.

Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Association, 1994.)Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Association, 1994.)

“A. There is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:

(1) failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest

(2) deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure

(3) impulsivity or failure to plan ahead

(4) irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults

(5) reckless disregard for safety of self or others

(6) consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations

(7) lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another

B. The individual is at least age 18 years.

C. There is evidence of Conduct Disorder with onset before age 15 years.

D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of Schizophrenia or a Manic Episode.”

Cognitive Cognitive Behavioral Behavioral TreatmentTreatment

Teaching options and alternatives.Teaching options and alternatives. communicationcommunication decision makingdecision making problem solvingproblem solving

Practicing the newly learned skills.Practicing the newly learned skills. Graduating only once able to demonstrate change.Graduating only once able to demonstrate change. Success is equal to change.Success is equal to change.

RECIDIVISM RECIDIVISM “R” WORDS“R” WORDS

REOFFENDED REOFFENDED

REARRESTEDREARRESTED

RECONVICTEDRECONVICTED

RESENTENCEDRESENTENCED

REINCARCERATEDREINCARCERATED

REGRESSEDREGRESSED

RELAPSEDRELAPSED

READMITTEDREADMITTED

REHOSPITALIZEDREHOSPITALIZED

Robert MathiasRobert Mathias““Correctional Treatment Helps Offenders Stay Correctional Treatment Helps Offenders Stay

Drug and Arrest FreeDrug and Arrest Free””NIDA NotesNIDA Notes (National Institute on Drug Abuse) (National Institute on Drug Abuse)

July/August, 1995July/August, 1995

0

20

40

60

80

1 2 3 4

18 Months After Release From Prison18 Months After Release From Prison

% % DrugDrugFreeFree

11==no treatmentno treatment

22==in prison TC onlyin prison TC only

33==work release TC onlywork release TC only

44==both in prison and work release TCsboth in prison and work release TCs

Robert MathiasRobert Mathias““Correctional Treatment Helps Offenders Stay Correctional Treatment Helps Offenders Stay

Drug and Arrest FreeDrug and Arrest Free””NIDA NotesNIDA Notes (National Institute on Drug Abuse) (National Institute on Drug Abuse)

July/August, 1995July/August, 1995

0

20

40

60

80

1 2 3 4

18 Months After Release From Prison18 Months After Release From Prison

% % Arrest Arrest FreeFree

11==no treatmentno treatment

22==in prison TC onlyin prison TC only

33==work release TC onlywork release TC only

44==both in prison and work release TCsboth in prison and work release TCs

IncarcerationIncarcerationto punish?to punish?to reform?to reform?to protect?to protect?

Do sociopaths and addicts/substance Do sociopaths and addicts/substance abusers get treatment in jail and prison?abusers get treatment in jail and prison?

U.S. JailsU.S. JailsUnited States Justice Department, Bureau of Justice Statistics, United States Justice Department, Bureau of Justice Statistics,

looked at 431 jailslooked at 431 jails interviewed 6,000 inmates randomly interviewed 6,000 inmates randomly

selectedselected about 90% were male/10% were femaleabout 90% were male/10% were female 37% were Anglo (71% of population)37% were Anglo (71% of population) 41% were Black (13% of population)41% were Black (13% of population) 19% were Hispanic (11% of population)19% were Hispanic (11% of population) 3% other groups (5% of population)3% other groups (5% of population) 36% of the inmates said they were 36% of the inmates said they were

unemployed before their most recent unemployed before their most recent arrestarrest

50% of the inmates grew up in single 50% of the inmates grew up in single parent homesparent homes

12% had lived in households without 12% had lived in households without either parenteither parent

33% said their parents or guardians 33% said their parents or guardians abused alcohol and drugsabused alcohol and drugs

48% of the female inmates and 13% of 48% of the female inmates and 13% of the male inmates have been sexually the male inmates have been sexually and/or physically abused at least once and/or physically abused at least once in their livesin their lives

27% of the women and 3% of the men 27% of the women and 3% of the men have been raped in the pasthave been raped in the past

50% said a relative had spent time in 50% said a relative had spent time in jail or prisonjail or prison

39% spent some part of their 39% spent some part of their childhood in households that had childhood in households that had received welfare or public housing received welfare or public housing assistanceassistance

Career Mental Patients (Inmates)Career Mental Patients (Inmates)Erving GoffmanErving Goffman

Phase 1Phase 1Pre-patientPre-patient

A patient willing to be admitted for relief.

Phase 2Phase 2InpatientInpatient

Once settled down feeling deserted/stripped.

Phase 3Phase 3Ex-patientEx-patient

For the lucky ones who get out but are forever changed.

Total InstitutionsTotal InstitutionsErving GoffmanErving Goffman

all aspects of life in same all aspects of life in same place, same authorityplace, same authority

daily activities carried out in daily activities carried out in immediate company of othersimmediate company of others

all phases of daily activities all phases of daily activities are tightly scheduledare tightly scheduled

all enforced activities are part all enforced activities are part of the overall plan to fulfill the of the overall plan to fulfill the official aimsofficial aims

people come to the people come to the institutions already as institutions already as membersmembers

the stripping process (removal the stripping process (removal of personal identity and of personal identity and possessions) is standardpossessions) is standard

there are house rules which there are house rules which clearly spell out the main clearly spell out the main requirements of conductrequirements of conduct

there are some rewards or there are some rewards or privileges in exchange for privileges in exchange for obedience or complianceobedience or compliance

punishment and release are punishment and release are always options (except always options (except release cannot be assumed release cannot be assumed for inmates)for inmates)

Juvenile Justice SystemJuvenile Justice System there are 3,000 juvenile courts in there are 3,000 juvenile courts in

the countrythe country 55% of juveniles who are arrested 55% of juveniles who are arrested

are prosecuted (up from 45%)are prosecuted (up from 45%)(17,500 juveniles a year are (17,500 juveniles a year are prosecuted in Colorado)prosecuted in Colorado)

only 33% of juveniles who are only 33% of juveniles who are prosecuted are convicted (only up prosecuted are convicted (only up from 31%)(By contrast, more than from 31%)(By contrast, more than 90% of adult defendants plead 90% of adult defendants plead guilty in plea agreements.)guilty in plea agreements.)

only 9% of all juveniles who are only 9% of all juveniles who are arrested are incarceratedarrested are incarcerated

(141,300)(141,300)

National Center for Juvenile JusticeNational Center for Juvenile Justice

“Dr. Charles Frazier, Professor of Sociology at the University of Florida studied 5,476 juvenile criminals in Florida (for seven years). He concluded that those juveniles tried as adults committed new crimes sooner after their release from prison than the other juveniles. He noted that their crimes were also more serious and violent than their peers who were tried as juveniles. He recommends keeping juveniles in the juvenile justice system because most juvenile institutions provide education and treatment that is age appropriate for the younger inmates needing rehabilitation.”

Delinquent GangsDelinquent Gangs

““Near-Groups”Near-Groups” are neither social are neither social

groups nor mobs but groups nor mobs but somewhere in somewhere in between the two between the two extremes on the extremes on the continuum of social continuum of social order.order.

GangsGangs

Lewis Yablonsky

GANGSGANGSARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE

FOLLOWING FACTORSFOLLOWING FACTORSYablonskyYablonsky

1. DIFFUSE ROLE 1. DIFFUSE ROLE DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS2. LIMITED 2. LIMITED COHESIONCOHESION3. IMPERMANENCE3. IMPERMANENCE4. MINIMAL 4. MINIMAL CONSENSUS OF CONSENSUS OF NORMSNORMS

5. SHIFTING 5. SHIFTING MEMBERSHIPMEMBERSHIP6. DISTURBED 6. DISTURBED LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP7. LIMITED 7. LIMITED DEFINITION OF DEFINITION OF EXPECTATIONSEXPECTATIONS

Gangs Small Group ExerciseGangs Small Group Exercise1. Determine who the leader will be and let that individual 1. Determine who the leader will be and let that individual

lead.lead.2. Decide who the two current members are and let them 2. Decide who the two current members are and let them

belong.belong.3. Decide who the two newly recruited members are and 3. Decide who the two newly recruited members are and

what they have to do to belong, and have them do it.what they have to do to belong, and have them do it.4. Pick a name for your group and call yourselves that.4. Pick a name for your group and call yourselves that.5. Select one or more colors for your group and display 5. Select one or more colors for your group and display

them.them.6. Draw a design to represent your group on the color of 6. Draw a design to represent your group on the color of

the paper selected and show it.the paper selected and show it.7. Create three (3) hand signs (one to identify your group, 7. Create three (3) hand signs (one to identify your group,

one to communicate something specific to a fellow one to communicate something specific to a fellow group member and one meant to intimidate members group member and one meant to intimidate members of the other groups) and use them.of the other groups) and use them.

8. Imagine the clothing you will all wear and how you will 8. Imagine the clothing you will all wear and how you will wear it (from hair to shoes) and describe it.wear it (from hair to shoes) and describe it.

9. Draw or write coded messages, statements or warnings 9. Draw or write coded messages, statements or warnings on the other pieces of paper and show them.on the other pieces of paper and show them.

10. React as a group when one member announces that 10. React as a group when one member announces that he or she wants to leave the group and decide what is he or she wants to leave the group and decide what is going to happen next.going to happen next.

Copyright 1998

Criminal Justice Addiction Services

Offender Jargon Offender Jargon 1. I just got out of 1. I just got out of campcamp..2. I lived for 2. I lived for canteencanteen..3. I hated the 3. I hated the fish tankfish tank most. most.4. I never had to go to the 4. I never had to go to the holehole..5. Have you seen my 5. Have you seen my jacketjacket??6. I had two 6. I had two kidskids on the inside. on the inside.7. I would rather 7. I would rather kill my numberkill my number..8. I saw my share of 8. I saw my share of shanksshanks there. there.9. I never had a 9. I never had a write upwrite up..10. The 10. The manman was a real #$%*&! was a real #$%*&!