“Rainwater Harvesting and Sustainability of Water Supply”

INDIA WATER WEEK 2013“Efficient Water Management: Challenges

and Opportunities”

DR. D.K. CHADHA11th April 2013

Panel Discussion

RAINWATER HARVESTING PRACTICES IN INDIA- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Traditional Artificial Recharge Practices in India

Traditional Artificial Recharge Practices in India Contd.

RAINWATER STORAGE TANK

MANDU FORT, MADHYA PRADESH

TEMPLE TANKS OF SOUTH INDIA FOG WATER COLLECTION IN NEPAL

BAOLIS - RAJASTHAN

GANDHAK KI BAOLI NEAR QUTAB MINAR

13 century – 16 Century

Artificial catchment areas

WATER CONSERVATION INTANKA STRUCTURE IN SALINE AQUIFER WITH ARTIFICIAL CATCHMENT AREAS, ARID

and SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA

Water harvesting through carvings in the pillars in a mosque in Fatehpur Sikri

NORMAL ANNUAL RAINFALL

ISOHYETS THE ANNUAL RAINFALL

IN INDIA = 1170MM

GLOBAL AVERAGE =800MM

INDIA IS 9TH RICH IN WATER RESOURCE

RIVER BASINS OF INDIA

NUMBER OF RIVER BASINS = 20

POTENTIAL UTILISED = 289.04 BCM AGAINST

PLANNED FOR 690 BCM

DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

Artificial Recharge -- Enhancing groundwater recharge with or without regard to water quality.Managed Aquifer Recharge – Enhancing recharge with intentional water quality management to protect or improve the quality of native groundwater and ensure that the recovered water is of a quality fit for its intended uses .

UNDERSTANDING MAR

TATIANA-LEFT BANK OF GHAGGAR RIVER, TATIANA-LEFT BANK OF GHAGGAR RIVER, KURUKSHETRA DISTRICT, HARYANAKURUKSHETRA DISTRICT, HARYANA

(1976-78)(1976-78)

Test well (24.5 m depth) 1 Observation wells 4 Transmisivity 400

m2/day Permeability 22

m/day Specific Yield 0.18 Rate of Pumping 1728 m3/day Resistance of River bed 94 m

INDUCED RECHARGEINDUCED RECHARGE

POST INDEPENDENT RECHARGE PROJECTS

DABKHERI, KURUKSHETRA DISTRICT, HARYANA

INJECTION RECHARGEINJECTION RECHARGE

Aquifer Sand & Kankar Structures

Injection wells 2 Observation wells 4

Static water level 10 m bgl Aquifer Parameters

Transmissivity (T) 2422 m2/day

Permeability (K) 33.4 m/day Storativity (S) 0.0185

Duration of recharge Rate of Injection

44.5 hours 40lps 5 hours 57.7 lps 390 hours 40 lps 414 hours 22 lps

STATE SEED FARM, ANANGANADI, KERALA(1979)

SUB-SURFACE DYKESUB-SURFACE DYKE

Length of dyke 160 m Depth 5 m Material used Plastered brick

and tar felt sheetsBenefits:Rise of water levels – could irrigate 370 coconut trees

60 coconut seedlings0.40 ha. land

KAMLIWARA, MEHSANA DISTRICT, GUJARAT(1980-84)

INJECTION RECHARGEINJECTION RECHARGE

(a) Well for supply of silt free water from Saraswati river bed

Depth 15 m; Dia 35 cm(b) Injection well

Depth 125 m; Dia 35 cm Rate of recharge 12&18 lps for 10

minutes each

Volume of water injected 173 cu.m.

IMPORTANCE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

CONFLICT NON CONFLICT

SURFACE STORAGE SUB-SURFACE STORAGE

RIVER LINKING(150BCM) ARTIFICIAL

RECHARGE(214 BCM)

Break-up of the Artificial Recharge Structures (1992-97)

No. of projects = 24 Artificial recharge structures = 62

GHS

Check dams, 14

Watershed treatment, 2

Recharge well, 8

Recharge shaft, 2Percolation tank, 10

RWH, 3

Subsurface dyke, 23

BREAK-UP OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE BREAK-UP OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES (1997-2002)STRUCTURES (1997-2002)

No. of projects = 165

Artificial Recharge structures = 670+

(All model demonstrative structures under full financial support from Government)

PROMOTING RAINWATER HARVESTING- May 2000

SEMINAR INAUGRATED BY HON'BLE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA

THIS EVENT SENSITIZED

THE IMPORTANCE

OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

No. of blocks :1180Budget Allocation :1798.71 crore (400 million US$)2.WATER BODIES IN RURAL AREAS Repair,Rennovation and Restoration Budget allocation:2750 crore(610 million US$)NREGA Project

Scheme is for employment of Rural population + Water conservation + water supply and sanitation .Budget : 40000 crore(8.92 billion US$)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA – ONGOING SCHEMES IN RURAL AREAS

1.DUG WELL RECHARGE

Panjab:3 Recharge well1 Roof Top Harvesting Structures 1 Trenches1 Combination of Recharge Shaft and Injection wellTotal 6

Delhi:2 Check dam7 Roof top rainwater harvesting structure 8 Rainwater Harvesting Through Rooftop & Pavement Cashment.Total 17

Tamil;Nadu:1 Sub-surface 7 Percolation tanks1 Roof top rain water harvesting structure Total 9

Karnataka :1 Percolations Tanks, Watershed Structures, Recharge Wells5 Artificial Recharge StructuresTotal 6

Maharashtra :2 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting System11 Percolation Tanks11 Nallah Bunds 5 Under ground Bhandharas 1 Injection well 7 Recharge Shafts 1 Dug well Recharge Total 38

2 Percolation Madhya Pradesh:2 Percolation Tanks9 Check dam, Sub Surface Dukes4 Artificial Recharge& Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System.1 Recharge Shaft Total 16

Andhra Pradesh:6 Percolation Tanks3 Check Dams1 RWH Total 10

North Eastern States: 5 Roof Top RainwaterHarvesting Structure.13 Roof Top Rain water harvesting Structure.6 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Structure.35 Roof Top HarvestingStructure.42 Roof top Rain Water Harvesting Structure101

Chhattisgarh:12 Percolation Tank23 Masonry Stop Dam25 Boulder Check Dam13 Silt trap/ Nala Bund 28 Desilting Pond Total 101

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES IN INDIA

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGING FOR URBAN AREAS,SHARAM SHAKTI BHAWAN,DELHI

LATERAL SHAFT WITH BORE WELLS:

THIS TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN EMPLOYED IN SHRAM SHAKTI BHAWAN, DELHI. A RISE IN WATER LEVEL FROM 1.43 TO 2.15 M HAS BEEN RECORDED.

GHS GOLDEN TEMPLE- AMRITSAR

ARTIFICIAL RECHRAGE DHURI DRAIN IN SANGRUR DISTRICT , PUNJAB

SALIENT FEATURESLength of drain: 30.8 km.Annual water available for recharge:4.8 MCMStructures constructed: 30 Vertical shafts with inverted filter 30 Injection wells Lateral shaft with inverted filter 300m longAvailability of water 20 days /yearTotal saving of pumping energy:78,880KWH/yearCost of scheme :Rs.39.1 Lakh

MITIGATING FLOOD WATER

Trench being filled with filter media

Completed trench with filter media.

Trench Under Excavation

Open Well for recharge

FLOOD MITIGATION- DRAIN CONVERTED INTO RECHARGE

STRUCTURE

Artificial Recharge scheme for IGI Airport, New Delhi

Size of recharge structures - 3.75*1.5*2.0

Distance Between the two pillars - 31 m

Runoff - 17.952 cum/hr

Air Vent

Those Pipelines are connected to TANKA

Pipelines connecting Rooftop run-off

TANKA

Rest water which is not used goes to CEMENTED RESERVOIR

INTEGRATED ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING IN TANKA FOR SALINE AQUIFER

Baddi University (Pharmaceutical

Building)

Google Earth view of the Baddi

University Campus

Recharge Pit(Single Bore)

PIPE

MANHOLES

Inlets

New Concept of Using Geo Textiles

EMERGING CONFLICT EMERGING CONFLICT ISSUESISSUES

1st order 3rd order

Hon’ble Rajasthan High Court has given direction on Height of the Check Dams to protect water conservation structures downstream

On Big

River

On Tributories / Small River

TotalOn Big

River

On Tributories / Small River

TotalOn Big

River

On Tributories / Small River

TotalOn Big

River

On Tributories / Small River

TotalOn Big

River

On Tributories / Small River

Total

1 Ahmedabad 7 51 58 6 0 6 1 0 1 0 43 43 108 115 1582 Amreli 76 2996 3072 14 0 14 0 28 28 112 403 515 3629 3755 41863 Anand 2 4 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 10 11 144 Banaskantha 6 4001 4007 28 35 63 0 0 0 0 100 100 4170 4198 43335 Bharuch 9 272 281 3 0 3 0 0 0 47 240 287 571 621 8616 Bhavnagar 121 6783 6904 19 0 19 2 67 69 53 462 515 7507 7581 81107 Dahod 2 4822 4824 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 666 693 5517 5544 62108 Dang 0 1015 1015 1 0 1 0 0 0 84 537 621 1637 1722 22599 Gandhinagar 0 30 30 17 4 21 0 0 0 0 5 5 56 73 8210 Jamnagar 63 5767 5830 12 0 12 0 0 0 157 669 826 6668 6837 750611 Junagadh 97 3421 3518 5 0 5 1 1 2 246 464 710 4235 4487 495212 Kheda 59 5795 5854 33 0 33 0 0 0 0 189 189 6076 6109 629813 Kachchh 0 415 415 23 0 23 0 0 0 0 64 64 502 525 58914 Mahesana 2 954 956 48 24 72 0 0 0 6 29 35 1063 1117 117015 Narmada 2 879 881 11 0 11 0 0 0 0 301 301 1193 1204 150516 Navsari 5 424 429 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 362 362 798 805 116717 Panchmahal 28 8249 8277 41 0 41 0 0 0 5 552 557 8875 8921 947318 Patan 0 2726 2726 22 0 22 0 0 0 0 1 1 2749 2771 277219 Porbandar 0 297 297 5 0 5 0 0 0 10 145 155 457 472 61720 Rajkot 186 5381 5567 16 0 16 0 0 0 97 989 1086 6669 6782 777121 Sabarkantha 26 7932 7958 27 156 183 0 0 0 7 506 513 8654 8688 935022 Surat 0 595 595 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 337 337 935 938 127523 Surendranagar 2 974 976 130 0 130 0 0 0 0 171 171 1277 1407 157824 Tapi 0 433 433 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 412 412 851 857 126925 Vadodara 24 1555 1579 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 481 481 2060 2060 254126 Valsad 0 1441 1441 0 0 0 0 0 0 129 1085 1214 2655 2784 3869

717 67212 67929 478 219 697 4 96 100 980 9216 10196 2179 76743 78922Total

Panchayat Programme

Details of Checkdams completed in Gujarat State as on 31-03-2011

Sr. No. District

Grand TotalSardar Patel Participatoray

Water Conservation Programme

Sujlam Suflam Programme Tribal Development Programme

CHECKDAMS IN GUJARAT

GOSUNDA DAM BASSI DAM

SALIYA ANICUT BORIBANDH

STRUCTURE FOR PREVENTING SEA WATER INTRUSION – GUJARAT , BY AMBUJA CEMENT

1.STORM WATER

2.RECLAIMED WATER

3.TREATED SEWAGE

CLOGGINGAQUIFER PROPERTIESOPERATION & MAINTENACE DOWNSTREAM IMPACTSWATER AVAILABILITYWATER QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – SALINE INGRESS ALONG COASTAL AREAS EFFECTS ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

Water Quality Parameters

field parameters

CONDUCTIVITY (us/cm)                          uS/cmpH                     pH unitsDissolved oxygen (mg/L)SUSPENDED SOLIDS (mg/L)                       mg/Lredox potential mVtemperature °CTURBIDITY (NTU) NTUTDS (by EC) (mg/L)          mg/LAlkalinity as Calcium Carbonate (mg/L)  mg/L

Colour true 456nm (HU) (HU)   

majorions

     

CALCIUM  (mg/L)  mg/LMAGNESIUM  (mg/L)  mg/LPOTASSIUM  (mg/L)  mg/LSODIUM  (mg/L)  mg/LBICARBONATE  (mg/L)  mg/LCHLORIDE  (mg/L)  mg/LFLUORIDE  (mg/L)  mg/LCARBONATE  (mg/L)  mg/LSULPHATE  (mg/L)  mg/LSodium adsorption ratio

  AMMONIA  (mg/L)  mg/L  Phosphorus - Total P (mg/L)  TKN AS NITROGEN   (mg/L)                          

nutrients TOTAL NITROGEN  (mg/L)  mg/L  NITRATE + NITRITE AS N  (mg/L)                mg/L  Nitrate + Nitrite as N (mg/L) mg/L  Dissolved organic carbon (mg/L) mg/L  TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (mg/L)  mg/L

  aluminium (soluble) μg/L  arsenic (total) μg/L  barium (total) μg/L  boron (total) μg/L  cadmium (total) μg/L  chromium (total) μg/L  chromium (VI) μg/Lmetals cobalt (total) μg/L  copper (total) μg/L  iron (total) μg/L  lead (total) μg/L  manganese (total) μg/L  mercury (total) μg/L  molybdenum (total) μg/L  nickel (total) μg/L  selenium (total) μg/L

bacteriaFaecal coliforms cfu/100mL

particle PSD10 μmsize PSD 50 μm

distribution PSD90μm

  total pesticides μg/L

  total petroleum hydrocarbons μg/L

Optional total polyaromatic hydrocarbons μg/L

  Phosphorus - Filterable Reactive as Pmg/L

 Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon mg/L

  Total Cations meq/LChecks Total Anions meq/L  ion balance %

Water Quality Parameters

DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE ON ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE

RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE

WHO OWNS RAINWATER ?

WATER SCARCITY