Railway Unit 1.1

8/11/2019 Railway Unit 1.1

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UNIT 1-RAILWAY ENGINEERING

• Railway track cross-section

• coning of wheels

• Rail cross-section, Weight of rail, length of rail, wear of rails, creep of rails, rail joints and welding of rail,

• sleepers, various types, spacing and density fastenings, ballasts.

Namesh Killemsetty ^ Transportation Engineering II: Railway Engineering^ Sem 5 (2014) ,Civil @ OPJIT

Railway Engineering

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING II



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RAILWAY ENGINEERING

The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the

design, construction and maintenance of therailway tracks for safe and efficient movements of

trains is called Railway Engineering.


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A part from design, construction and maintenance of tracks, Railwayengineering also includes the study of the following important topics :-

Types of surveys necessary in marking the alignment of different railways

tracksMaterials required in the construction of railway tracks.

Track geometrics.

Points and crossings.

Railways stations and yards.

Signaling and interlocking, etc.

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SCOPE OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING


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IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS

1. Railway:-A track formed of rails of iron or steel along which trains are driven is known asrailway.

In general, the term railway also includes all lines of rails,*sidings or branches,

worked over for the purpose of or in connection with a railway.

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2. Rolling stock:-The locomotives, passenger coaches and goods wagons which roll or run onrailway tracks constitute rolling stock. The different types of rolling stock areillustrated.


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3. Locomotive:-

The mechanical device which transfers chemical energy of fuel into mechanical

energy in the form of motion is called locomotive. The fuel used in thelocomotives may be in the form of water and coal, diesel or electricity.


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4. Wagons :-

The goods compartments are called wagons. This term applies only to good stock.

5. Coaches or vehicles :-

The passenger compartments are called coaches or vehicles. This term applies

only to coaching stock.

6. Coaching stock :-All types of vehicles that run in passenger trains are called coaching stock.

7. Goods stock :-Wagons used for movement of goods, heavy and bulky commodities are calledgoods stock.


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Rolling Stock

Locomotives

Steam

Locomotives

Diesel

Locomotives

Electric

Locomotives

Coaching

Stock

Passenger

Vans Coaches Vans

Mail Vans

Luggage Vans

Parcel Vans

Brake Vans

Others

Goods Stock

Covered

Wagons

Open Top

Stock

High wall

Wagons

Small

Wagons

Without wall

Wagons

Others

8Namesh Killemsetty ^ Transportation Engineering II: Railway Engineering^ Sem 5 (2014) ,Civil @ OPJIT

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The necessity or utility of Railways can be well realized from the following purpose

and advantages of Railways :-

• Railways provide convenient and safe means of transporting people and goods over large

distance in a country.

• Railways help in uniting the people of different religious, customs and traditions living

in different parts of a country and thus strengthen national unity.

• Railways help in developing cultural and social ties among the people living in different

parts of a country.

• Railway facility cheap and convenient communication of bulks of letters, parcels and

heavy goods like raw materials, coal, ores, etc. from mines and manufacturing

concerns within a country.

• Railways play its vital role in national defense of a country by transporting army and

ammunition quickly on a country by transporting army and ammunition quickly on a

large scale during war days.


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• Railways help in growth of trade and industrial development in a country.

• The value of land increases due to industrial development because of Railways, which

ultimately results into the increase of national wealth.

• Railways help in providing efficient distribution of natural resources and agricultural

products all over the country.

• Railways help in price stabilization of commodities due to mobility of products in allparts of a country.

• Railways help in removing distress of people in famine affected areas by transportingfood and clothing on a large scale.

• Railways provide employment opportunities to people on a large scale and thus help inreducing unemployment problem of the country.

• Railways help in maintaining better law and order in a country.

• Railways form a main source of revenue to a country without any taxation.

The development, civilization and efficiency of a nation can be easily judged by the

extent of its Railways.



MERITS OF RAILWAYS WITH RESPECT TO ROADWAYS,

WATERWAYS AND AIRWAYS

Every mode of transportation has got its advantages. Whatever may be theadvantages of other modes of transportation, Railways have got the followingpeculiar merits which are responsible for its importance over other modes oftransportation :-

1. Railways provide a comfortable and safe means of communication within thereach of a common man.

2. Transport of bulk of letters, parcels and heavy goods like raw materials, coal, ores,etc. from the mines and manufacturing concerns for long distance is cheap and

convenient only by Railways.

3. Railways transport requires the least amount of power as compared to its weight.


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4. In case of Railways, only the direction of movement of trains is controlled and

practically no steering is required for diverting the trains from one track to an other

track.

5. Railways act as the biggest undertaking in the world and thus provide employmentopportunities on large scale.

6. Railways from the chief sources of revenue to a country without any taxation.


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SYSTEMS OF RAILWAYS

The Railways can be provided on, above thebelow the ground surface, suiting to the area.Further, the Railways below the groundsurface can be constructed just below theground surface can be constructed just belowthe ground level or at greater depths.

Namesh Killemsetty ^ Transportation Engineering II: Railway Engineering^ Sem 5 (2014) ,Civil @ OPJIT14

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There are, therefore, the following four systems of

Railways :-

1. Surface railways;

2. Elevated railways;

3. Under ground railways;4. Tube railways (underground at a greater depth of about

18 m or more (up to 52 m) are called tube railways)


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COMPONENT PARTS OF A PERMANENT WAY :

The finished or completed part of a railway track is commonlyknown as a permanent way . The following are the component partsof a permanent way or a railway track :-

• Formation or sub grade ;

•

Ballast ;• Sleepers ;

• Rails ;

• Fixtures and fastenings.

All these component parts of a permanent way are illustrated in Fig given

below :-


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REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL

PERMANENT WAYThe following are the principal requirements of an ideal

permanent way or of a good railway track :-

• The gauge of the permanent way should be uniform, correct and itshould not get altered.

• Both the rails should be at the same level on tangent (straight) portionof the track.

• Proper amount of *superelevation should be provided to the outer railabove the inner rail on curved portion of the track.

• The permanent way should be sufficiently strong against lateral forces.

• The curves, provided in the track, should be properly designed.


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• An even and uniform gradient should be provided through out the lengthof the track.

• The **tractive resistance of the track should be minimum.

• The design of the permanent way should be such that the load of the trainis uniformly distributed on both the rails so as to prevent unequalsettlement of the track.

• It Should provide adequate elasticity in order to prevent the harshness ofimpacts between the rails and the moving wheel loads of a train.

• It should be free from excessive rail joints and all the joining should be

properly designed and constructed.

• All the components parts such as rails, sleepers, ballast, fixtures andfastenings, etc. should satisfy the design requirements.


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• All the fixtures and fastenings such as chairs, bearing plates, fish plates, fish bolts,spikes etc. should be strong enough to withstand the stresses occurring in thetrack.

• All the *points and crossings, laid in the permanent way, should be properlydesigned and carefully constructed.

• It should be provided with fence near level crossings and also in urban areas.

• It should be provided with proper drainage facilities so as to drain off the rainwater quickly away from the track.

• It should be provided with safe and strong bridges coming in the alignment of thetrack.

• It should be provided with safe and strong bridges coming in the alignment of thetrack.

• It should be so constructed that repairs and renewals of any of its portion can becarried out without any difficulty.


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TYPES OF GAUGES PREVALENT IN INDIA

The different gauges prevalent in India are of the following these types :-

1. Broad gauge (1676 mm),

2. Standard gauge (1435 mm)

3. Metre gauge (1000 mm),4. Narrow gauge (762 mm & 610 mm).


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1. Broad Gauge :-

When the clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of

two parallel rails forming a track is 1676mm the gauge is called

Broad Gauge (B.G).

Suitability :- Broad gauge is suitable under the following

Conditions :-

(i) When sufficient funds are available for the railway project.

(ii) When the prospects of revenue are very bright.

This gauge is, therefore, used for tracks in plain areas whichare densely populated i.e. for routes of maximum traffic,

intensities and at places which are centers of industry and

commerce.


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2. Metre Gauge :-

When the clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of twoparallel rails forming a track is 1000mm, the gauge is known as MetreGauge (M.G)The other countries using Metre gauge are France, Switzerland,

Argentine, etc.

Suitability :- Metre Gauge is suitable under the following conditions:-

(i) When the funds available for the railway project are inadequate.

(ii) When the prospects of revenue are not very bright.

This gauge is, therefore, used for tracks in under-developed areas andin interior areas where traffic intensity is small and prospects for futuredevelopment are not very bright.

Namesh Killemsetty ^ Transportation Engineering II: Railway Engineering^ Sem 5 (2014) ,Civil @ OPJIT24

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3.Narrow Gauge :-

When the clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of two

parallel rails forming a track is either 762mm or 610mm, the gauge isknown as Narrow gauge (N.G)The other countries using narrow gauge are Britain, South Africa, etc.

Suitability :- Narrow gauge is suitable under the following conditions :-

(i) When the construction of a track with wider gauge is prohibited due to the provisionof sharp curves, steep gradients, narrow bridges and tunnels etc.

(ii) When the prospects of revenue are not very bright.

This gauge is, therefore, used in hilly and very thinly populated areas.The feeder gauge is commonly used for feeding raw materials to biggovernment manufacturing concerns as well as to private factories suchas steel plants, oil refineries, sugar factories, etc.


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