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RAILWAY

SECURITY

SUPERVISOR:

Mr.Chandrashankar

PRESENTED BY:

Harshit Jain (0909122015)Himanshu Singh (0909122018)

Shivam Chahal (0909122051)

Utkarsh Gaurav (0909122059)

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Introduction 159th Year of dedicated service has grown from a mere 32 Km to a vast network of

more than 62,000 kms. has acted as a great unifying factor for the nation

with diverse geographical/ regional features.

Stood up in times of national emergencies, natural

disasters etc. faced many challenges with the inherent resilience of

this vast organization.

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Causes of defects Material defects originating during the manufacturingprocess such as clusters of nonmetallic inclusions,hydrogen flakes etc. which may be present in spite ofsuccessful non-destructive tests carried out on the railsduring quality assurance examination.

Residual stresses induced during manufacture

(cooling, rolling, gas pressing and straightening). Defects due to incorrect handling e.g. plastic

deformation, scoring, denting, etc.

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Defects associated with faulty welding i.e. gas pores,

lack of fusion, inclusions, cracks etc. Dynamic stresses caused by vertical and lateralloads particularly by vehicles with wheel flats or

when the vehicle runs over poorly maintained rail

joints etc. Excessive thermal stresses due to variation in railtemperature beyond specified limits.

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Train accidents during last

ten years

16%

2%

7%

75%

Level Crossing Accidents Fire in Trains Collisions Derailments

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Microcontroller

Simple construction and control

Lower cost

Low total area occupied on the circuit board

Flexibility-changes can be made by simply changing thesoftware(code used to program microcontroller)

A few well known microcontroller of various families are givenbelow.

Intels family 8051 (commercially available as 89C51), 8052, 8031

8085 , Pentium etc.Avr family - ATtiny12 , ATtiny15 , AT90S1200(A) , AT90S2313 ,AT90S2323 , AT90S2333, AT90S2343 , AT90S4414 , AT90S4433 ,AT90S4434 , AT90S8515, AT90S8535 , ATmega 16 , ATmega83 ,ATmega103 , ATmega161 , ATmega163 ,ATmega603 , etc

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Pin description of ATMEGA 16

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Block diagram

MICROCONTROLLERSENSOR1

SENSOR 2

DC MOTOR DRIVER

(L293D)

DC MOTOR

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PCB LAYOUT

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y not tra-son c

sensor??? Parts that are rough, irregular in shape, very smallor thin, or not homogeneous are difficult to

inspect. Extensive technical knowledge is required for the

development of inspection procedures.

Some ultrasonic sensors (such as the Lego mind-

storms ultrasonic sensor unit) are designed in sucha way that the sensor unit does not detect "thin"objects very well unless turned 90 degrees to stand"upright".

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I.R Sensors

Transmitter (Tx)

Receiver (Rx)

IR sensor PairObject /Line

Transmitter = LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Receiver = Photodiode

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THANKYOU