RAH Day 13 AgendaRAH Day 13 AgendaRAH Day 13 AgendaRAH Day 13 AgendaGoal – understand that Ike’s administration addressed

domestic issues and foreign policy including civil rights and vietnam.

1. Ike’s foreign policy – p 10p 10groups will complete G.O. on p 10p 10 according to chart

Pick up Blue and YellowYellow Packets4. Complete Yellow packet p 1 # 1-10Yellow packet p 1 # 1-105. Study chart on CR (blue) Packet p 5 – answer questions 1-

4 re: chart A – attitudes about race ‘636. Read a Southern Defense of Segregated Ed. Explain the

arguments made. Pp 6 7. Complete p 4 – Taking on Segregation beginning of civil

rights movement #2-11

group 1

Taiwan/China

group 2

USSR and Khrushchev

group 3

Hungary and Suez

group 4

Iran 1951-1953

group 5

Guatemala 1954

Ike’s Foreign PolicyIke’s Foreign PolicyPracticality – •rhetorically tough, but understood that global communism was not monolithic like the PRC and USSR at odds.•Did not go into Hungary during ’56 even though “rolling back” called for it.•Saw Soviets as wanting to avoid war w. us so “New Look” kept up appearance of pressure but allowed US to avoid costly wars like Korea

Resultant policy choices•New Look – reliance on massive retaliation of Nuclear Weapons•Avoiding Hungary situation•Ending Korean War•CIA covert actions in Iran, Guatemala, planning Bay of Pigs•Regional defense treaties like ANZUS and SEATO

Beliefs of Economics and politics on Foreign PolicyWanted to cut spending and have a smaller gov’t w less taxes and less risk of long-term war but still containing communism

Resultant policy choicesEnded Korean WarNew LookBuilt massive nuclear arsenalDecreased defense spending from 14% to 9% of GDPBuilt Strategic Air Command with long-range nuclear-armed bombers and the first Polaris missile-armed nuclear submarines

’62 H-bomb test on Christmas Island ’52 H-bomb test Ivy King 2 – 550kt

’62 104 kt 635 ft underground test made this 1280ft wide 320ft deep crater

12 million tons of earth moved by blast

C. Led to new strategy of "Massive Retaliation"1. Idea of John Foster Dulles (Sec. of State)2. Implied U.S. would use nuclear weapons in response to any act of communist aggression.3. Was the U.S. bluffing?4. Dulles said it was sometimes necessary to "go to the brink." 5. Critics called the idea brinkmanship” and said it was way too dangerous.6. Proved to be impractical.

C. Led to new strategy of C. Led to new strategy of "Massive Retaliation""Massive Retaliation"

1. Reliance on nuclear weapons to keep the peace (deter war) based on concept of MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction).2. If war came, both sides hoped to destroy other side's nuclear weapons before they could be used.3. Neither side could allow the other to get too far ahead - an arms race developed.

H. Nuclear Arms RaceH. Nuclear Arms Race

Dulles’ Foreign PolicyDulles’ Foreign PolicyBeliefs – communism is a monolithic evil menace – an unholy alliance of imperialism and Marxism.Containment is like appeasement

Policy proposals – rolling back communism - liberate the people under its evil systemBrinkmanshipMassive retaliationShould have fought to win in Korea (MacArthur was right)

Connecting the present with the pastBut in fact the invasion of Iraq and the doctrine of preventive war have a sterling conservative pedigree; they were handed down from the right-wingers in the early years of the Cold War who rejected the strategy of containing communism and argued instead for rolling it back (an idea that Dwight Eisenhower considered sheer madness). Michael Kinseley – Washington Post 11/15/06

John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State 1953-1959

The New LookThe New LookSituation described US New Look response

Taiwan – PRC won by CCP in China, so Nationalists went to Taiwan. Chinese attacked islands of Matsu and Quemoy leading conservatives to think PRC was imperialist

US threatened to use nukes on PRC and signed defense agreement with Taiwan

Khruschev – NK wanted to improve relations and to have USSR spend less money on defense but still needed army for political reasons and to weaken US ties w/ NATO

Open Skies proposal (USSR turned it down) and slowign of arms race, but still relied on nukesGeneva meeting in 55 - personal contact

Hungary ’56 – Hungarian revolted against and kicked out communists – USSR rolled in tanks and killed 30,000

US sent some medical supplies – this showed the major weakness of New Look

Suez ’56 – Israel, France and UK attack Egypt and take Suez canal b/c Nasser nationalized the canal because US cancelled help for Aswan Dam because Nasse got closer to USSR – USSR threatens to side w/ Egypt

Ike told the allies to back offThreatened USSR with nukes and issued Eisenhower Doctrine – noone can mess with mideast or US will strike with nukesUses UN to keep peace in Sinai

Nikita Khrushchev – General Secretary of Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Hungarians overthrow the communists in October 1956 and destroy tanks and symbols of the Soviet Union

In November 1956, Soviet tanks return, taking Hungary back and putting it under a new Communist dictatorship, and killing 30,000 Hungarian “freedom fighters.”

The New LookThe New LookSituation described US New Look response

Iran ’51-’53– popularly and freely elected Prime Minister Mossadeqh nationalizes Iranian oil fields but promises to pay UK for its losses.

US CIA overthrows Mossadeqh and installs a king, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlevi

Guatemala ’54 – Jacobo Arbenz implements land reform and 200,000 acres of United Fruit Company land is given to peasants – seems communistic

CIA supports and organizes and army trainied in Honduras to overthrow Arbenz. CIA planes help rebel army. General Armas becomes dictator

Locations of CIA covert operations to overthrow unwanted leftist governments

E. Cold War Politics in the Third World1. Third World - non-white, developing countries in Africa~ Asia Latin America, and the Middle East.2. Movements for national independence resulted in many new countries.3. Third World important to U.S. for resources and allies against communist expansion.4. U. S. assumed these- struggles for self-determination were directed by the Soviet Union.5. U.S. feared these revolutions would lead to new communist countries.6. U.S. sent massive amounts of foreign aid to the Third World to win friends and combat Soviet influence there.

E. Cold War Politics in the Third E. Cold War Politics in the Third WorldWorld

Vietnam beginning of US involvementVietnam beginning of US involvement

Events in Vietnam US response

1945 – WWII the US was allied closely with Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh League for Vietnamese independence, Ho declared the independence of Vietnam from France and JapanFrance wanted to recolonize Vietnam

US at first supported Vietnamese independence but then allowed France to try to recolonize and turned down Ho’s request for aid.

1950 – France losing the war to Ho wants helpViet Minh turn to USSR for help

Truman begins funding French war effort – total of $3 billionIke provide 75% of war’s costIke pushes France to be more reasonable b/c he sees that the winner of a civil war is the one with the most public support.

1954 – France loses at Dien Bien PhuVietnam separated at 17th parallel

US signs agreement in Geneva for national elections in all of Vietnam in 1956

1956 – supposed to be free elections but Diem cancels them

Ike supports cancellation of elections, CIA harasses the North, lots of $ to Diem

Domino Theory – if one country in southeast Asia falls to communism so will all of the others

Causes for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘Nam

• For about 1000 yrs before the 8th century C.E., Vietnam was ruled by China: Vietnamese always rebelled

• From the 8th C until the 19th C Vietnamese culture had a major theme: repel invaders by guerilla war

• France’s first attempt at colonization was in 1802 then from 1858 they conducted wars of conquest until France completely controlled Nam by 1883 – But there were always rebels trying to oust France

• When Japan conquered Nam in 1940, the French administration there collaborated with Japan. The only opposition to Japan was the Viet Minh (1. founded to gain independence for Vietnam) led by Nguyen That Than (Ho Chi Minh)

Causes for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘Nam

•After March 9, 1945 Japan removed the French administration; only then did France fight against Japan•On September 2, 1945 Ho Chi Minh (2.) declares the independence of Vietnam

–US soldiers, the US flag, the US national anthem and the US Declaration of Independence play a prominent role in the ceremony

• Following WWII, at the beginning of the Cold War, US needed France to be on its side against the USSR. France wanted to be a world power – France wanted to regain its colonies, especially – Vietnam.

• The US agreed to allow France to retake Vietnam

Causes for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘NamCauses for War in ‘Nam

How the Cold War helped How the Cold War helped cause ‘Namcause ‘Nam

• France’s enemy in its attempt to retake Vietnam was “Uncle” Ho Chi Minh and his League for Vietnamese Independence (Viet Minh)– he had communist leanings and got

military assistance from USSR– (3.) Ho and the Viet Minh violent resist

the return of French colonization

•Therefore, (4. ) helping France grew more important to Truman and the US•(5. ) The US sent money and military supplies to the French war effort in Vietnam•Because (6.)The Cold War spread and communism seemed to spread in Europe through the 1940s – then China, in Asia, fell to communism in 1949 – the US could not see both France in Europe and Vietnam in Asia fall to communism – it would violate containment

Background Background to the Warto the War

Background Background to the Warto the War

The French lost the war to The French lost the war to Ho Chi Minh’s Ho Chi Minh’s Viet MinhViet Minh forces in 1954 at forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Dien Bien PhuPhu

President Eisenhower declined to President Eisenhower declined to intervene on behalf of France, intervene on behalf of France, seeing it as a lost cause.seeing it as a lost cause.

(8.)(8.) France more or less France more or less surrendered and negotiated a surrendered and negotiated a peace settlement called the peace settlement called the Geneva Accords of 1954Geneva Accords of 1954

Background to the WarBackground to the WarBackground to the WarBackground to the War

(9.)(9.) International Conference International Conference at Genevaat Geneva Vietnam was divided at 17Vietnam was divided at 17thth

parallelparallelO Ho Chi Minh’sHo Chi Minh’s

nationalist nationalist forces controlled the forces controlled the NorthNorth

O Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem, a French , a French and US-educated, and US-educated, Roman Catholic Roman Catholic claimed control of the claimed control of the SouthSouth

O The two sides agree that The two sides agree that national elections would national elections would occur in 1956occur in 1956

Background to the WarBackground to the WarBackground to the WarBackground to the War

(7.)(7.) Ike saw the Ike saw the southeast Asian southeast Asian nationsnations as a row of dominos that as a row of dominos that would fall to communism if would fall to communism if Vietnam fell first.Vietnam fell first.

(10.)(10.)With Eisenhower’s approval, Diem backed out With Eisenhower’s approval, Diem backed out of the elections, leading to military conflict between of the elections, leading to military conflict between North and SouthNorth and SouthHo Chi Minh seemed like everyone’s Uncle in ‘Nam – he is very popular

–Ho seems to Americans to be a communist–Ho would win a nation-wide election–Diem holds a mock-election where he wins through voter fraud–Vietnam remains split: North under Ho and South under Diem with American financial support

U.S. Military U.S. Military Involvement BeginsInvolvement Begins

U.S. Military U.S. Military Involvement BeginsInvolvement Begins

Repressive dictatorial rule by DiemRepressive dictatorial rule by Diem– Diem is Catholic in a 90% Bhuddist country– Diem is wealthy, western educated, aristocratic in 90% poor, rural, peasant Diem’s family holds all powerDiem’s family holds all power Wealth is hoarded by the eliteWealth is hoarded by the elite Buddhist majority persecutedBuddhist majority persecuted Torture, lack of political freedom prevailTorture, lack of political freedom prevail

The U.S. aided Diem’s government and the The U.S. aided Diem’s government and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Ike sent financial and military aidIke sent financial and military aid 675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960.675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960.