Rag 121sains Persekitaran 1b(e)
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RAG 121RAG 121
ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE 1SCIENCE 1
LECTURE 2LECTURE 2Assoc.Assoc.Prof. Ar. Dr. Abdul Majid IsmailProf. Ar. Dr. Abdul Majid IsmailGBI: INTRODUCTION -GBI: INTRODUCTION - SUSTAINABLESUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT ISSUES & GREEN BUILDINGDEVELOPMENT ISSUES & GREEN BUILDING
INDEX & ECOLOGYINDEX & ECOLOGYwebsite:website:
http://www.hbp.usm.my/ventilationhttp://www.hbp.usm.my/ventilation
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LECTURE 2LECTURE 2
CLIMATOLOGYCLIMATOLOGY
Firman AllahFirman Allah
Angin itu membawa awan yang beratAngin itu membawa awan yang berat
(mengandungi wap air), lalu turun air(mengandungi wap air), lalu turun airhujan daripadanya untuk menumbuhkanhujan daripadanya untuk menumbuhkan
tanam-tanaman..tanam-tanaman..
(Surah Al Araf ayat 57)(Surah Al Araf ayat 57)
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LECTURE 2LECTURE 2
CLIMATOLOGYCLIMATOLOGY
Allah says:Allah says:
It is He who send the winds like heraldsIt is He who send the winds like heralds
of glad tidings going before His Mercyof glad tidings going before His Mercy
(rain): when they have carried the(rain): when they have carried theheavy-laden clouds, We drive them to aheavy-laden clouds, We drive them to a
land that is dead, make rain to descendland that is dead, make rain to descend
thereon, and produce every kind ofthereon, and produce every kind of
harvest there with: thus shall We rise upharvest there with: thus shall We rise up
the dead; perchance ye may remember.the dead; perchance ye may remember.Al Araf verse 57Al Araf verse 57
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BASIC CLIMATOLOGYBASIC CLIMATOLOGY
THE IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATETHE IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATE
BASIC DETERMINANT IN DESIGNBASIC DETERMINANT IN DESIGN
DECISION MAKING ESPECIALLY IN THEDECISION MAKING ESPECIALLY IN THE
DESIGN OF BUILT ENVIRONMENTDESIGN OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATIC DETERMINANTSCLIMATIC DETERMINANTS
ATMOSPHERIC LAYERSATMOSPHERIC LAYERS
TROPOSPHERE, TROPOPAUSE,TROPOSPHERE, TROPOPAUSE,STRATOSPHERE, STRATOPAUSE,STRATOSPHERE, STRATOPAUSE,
MESOPHERE, MESOPAUSE, MESAPAUSE &MESOPHERE, MESOPAUSE, MESAPAUSE &
TERMOSPHERE.TERMOSPHERE.
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ATMOSPHERIC LAYERSATMOSPHERIC LAYERS
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EARTH MOVEMENT SYSTEMEARTH MOVEMENT SYSTEM
EARTH ORIENTATION OR AXISEARTH ORIENTATION OR AXISDETERMINED THE INTENSITY OF SOLARDETERMINED THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR
RADIATION RECEIVED.RADIATION RECEIVED.
SOLAR
RADIATION
900
470
470
25.50
25.50
25.50
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EARTH ROTATION AROUND THE SUN INEARTH ROTATION AROUND THE SUN IN
THE FORM OF ELLIPSE RESULTED INTHE FORM OF ELLIPSE RESULTED INTHE FORMATION OF SEASONS ANDTHE FORMATION OF SEASONS AND
CLIMATES.CLIMATES. EQUINOX(MAC)
SOLTICE
(JUN)
SOLTICE
(DEC)
EQUINOX
(SEPT)
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DEFINITIONDEFINITION CLIMATECLIMATE
A REGION WITH SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICA REGION WITH SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC
INCLUDING TEMPERATURE, DRYNESS, WIND,INCLUDING TEMPERATURE, DRYNESS, WIND,LIGHT AND OTHER SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS.LIGHT AND OTHER SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS.
AN INTEGRATION IN TIME THE PHYSICALAN INTEGRATION IN TIME THE PHYSICALCONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE I.ECONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE I.ECHARACTERISTIC OF A CERTAIN LOCATION.CHARACTERISTIC OF A CERTAIN LOCATION.
WEATHERWEATHER
A SHORT DURATION OF AN ATMOSPHERICA SHORT DURATION OF AN ATMOSPHERICCONDITION OF A SPECIFIC LOCATION.CONDITION OF A SPECIFIC LOCATION. EXAMPLE: THE WEATHER IN PENANG TODAY ISEXAMPLE: THE WEATHER IN PENANG TODAY IS
PREDICTED TO BE HOT AND SUNNY IN THE EARLYPREDICTED TO BE HOT AND SUNNY IN THE EARLYMORNING BUT RAINING IN THE LATE AFTERNOON.MORNING BUT RAINING IN THE LATE AFTERNOON.
IN TROPICAL CLIMATE, HEAT IS A MAJORIN TROPICAL CLIMATE, HEAT IS A MAJOR
PROBLEM. THEREFORE PROTECTION FROMPROBLEM. THEREFORE PROTECTION FROMHEAT AND RAIN IS REQUIRED ALMOSTHEAT AND RAIN IS REQUIRED ALMOSTTHROUOUT THE YEAR. THE MEAN ANNUALTHROUOUT THE YEAR. THE MEAN ANNUALTEMPERATURETEMPERATURE 2020OOC.C.
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CLIMATE AND ITSCLIMATE AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP WITHRELATIONSHIP WITH
BUILDINGSBUILDINGS BASIC HUMAN NEED (PHYSICAL)BASIC HUMAN NEED (PHYSICAL)
FOOD, SHELTER, CLOTHINGFOOD, SHELTER, CLOTHING
BASIC FUNCTION SHELTER/HOUSEBASIC FUNCTION SHELTER/HOUSE PROTECT OCCUPANTS FROM:PROTECT OCCUPANTS FROM: EXESSIVE CLIMATE (CLIMATIC FILTER)EXESSIVE CLIMATE (CLIMATIC FILTER)
DANGERDANGER
UNCOMFORTABLE CONDITIONUNCOMFORTABLE CONDITION
ROOM FOR ACTIVITIESROOM FOR ACTIVITIES RESTING, SLEEPING ETC.RESTING, SLEEPING ETC.
INDOOR RECREATIONINDOOR RECREATION
PRIVACYPRIVACY
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TYPE OF HOUSING NEEDED NORMALLYTYPE OF HOUSING NEEDED NORMALLYDEPENDS ON TIME AND LOCATION.DEPENDS ON TIME AND LOCATION.
DESIGN REQUIREMENT:DESIGN REQUIREMENT: STUDY THE REQUIREMENT OF EACHSTUDY THE REQUIREMENT OF EACH
INDIVIDUAL OCCUPANT (BUILT FOR EACHINDIVIDUAL OCCUPANT (BUILT FOR EACHINDIVIDUAL & FAMILY MEMBERS)INDIVIDUAL & FAMILY MEMBERS)
STUDY THE STYLE &STUDY THE STYLE &CONSTRUCTION/STRUCTURE OFCONSTRUCTION/STRUCTURE OFTRADISIONAL/EXISTING HOUSES BEFORETRADISIONAL/EXISTING HOUSES BEFOREDESIGNING ANY NEW ONE TRADISIONALDESIGNING ANY NEW ONE TRADISIONALARCHITECTURE IS A PRODUCT OFARCHITECTURE IS A PRODUCT OFEXPERIENCE & EXPERIMENTATIONEXPERIENCE & EXPERIMENTATION
THROUGH TIME WHERE ADAPTATION &THROUGH TIME WHERE ADAPTATION &CONSIDERATION ON LOCALCONSIDERATION ON LOCALENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION HAS BEENENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION HAS BEENCAREFULLY TAKEN CARE.CAREFULLY TAKEN CARE.
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MODIFYING FACTORS SUCH AS CLIMATE,MODIFYING FACTORS SUCH AS CLIMATE,
GROUND CONDITIONS, LOCAL BUILDINGGROUND CONDITIONS, LOCAL BUILDING
MATERIALS & TOPOGRAPHY HASMATERIALS & TOPOGRAPHY HAS
DIVERSIFIED THE FORMS OF TRADISIONALDIVERSIFIED THE FORMS OF TRADISIONAL
OR INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE.OR INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE.
THESE FACTORS HAS LEAD TOTHESE FACTORS HAS LEAD TO
DIFFERENT TYPE OF PLANNING,DIFFERENT TYPE OF PLANNING,
MASSING & CONFIGURATION OFMASSING & CONFIGURATION OF
TRADISIONAL HOUSES IN DIFFERENTTRADISIONAL HOUSES IN DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE WORLD WITH DIFFERENTPARTS OF THE WORLD WITH DIFFERENTCLIMATIC CONDITIONS (HOT,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS (HOT,
MODERATE & COLD CLIMATES)MODERATE & COLD CLIMATES)
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MICRO CLIMATIC INFLUENCES:MICRO CLIMATIC INFLUENCES:
SOLAR & WIND MOVEMENTSOLAR & WIND MOVEMENT DETERMINE THE FORM OF PHYSICAL PLANNINGDETERMINE THE FORM OF PHYSICAL PLANNING
(LAYOUT & BUILDING ORIENTATION)(LAYOUT & BUILDING ORIENTATION)
GROUND COVER, HILLS DAN VALLEYS:GROUND COVER, HILLS DAN VALLEYS:
DETERMINE THE DRAINAGE, SANITARY ANDDETERMINE THE DRAINAGE, SANITARY ANDACCESSIBILITY SYSTEMSACCESSIBILITY SYSTEMS
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS (RAINFALLCLIMATIC ELEMENTS (RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION & WIND)DISTRIBUTION & WIND) INFLUENCE THE DESIGN OF EXTERIOR SECTIONINFLUENCE THE DESIGN OF EXTERIOR SECTION
OF BUILDINGS, ROOMS LAYOUT, LOCATION &OF BUILDINGS, ROOMS LAYOUT, LOCATION &TYPES OF PARTITION, ROOF CONSTRUCTION &TYPES OF PARTITION, ROOF CONSTRUCTION &
OPENINGS.OPENINGS.
INFLUENCE THE TYPES OF BUILDINGINFLUENCE THE TYPES OF BUILDING
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL.ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL.
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HOT HUMID CLIMATEHOT HUMID CLIMATE
REDUCE THE HUMIDITYREDUCE THE HUMIDITY
LOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURELOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURE
HOT DRY CLIMATEHOT DRY CLIMATE INCREASE THE HUMIDITYINCREASE THE HUMIDITY
LOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURELOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURE
EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: LAYOUT: HOT-HUMID (SACTERED & DISTANCE)LAYOUT: HOT-HUMID (SACTERED & DISTANCE)
LAYOUT: HOT DRY (COMPACT & SOLID)LAYOUT: HOT DRY (COMPACT & SOLID)
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LAYOUT (HOT-HUMID)LAYOUT (HOT-HUMID)
TRADITIONALTRADITIONAL
MODERNMODERN
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LAYOUT (HOT-DRY)LAYOUT (HOT-DRY)
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MASSING & FORMMASSING & FORM HOT-HUMID:HOT-HUMID:
HOUSES ON STILTSHOUSES ON STILTS SAHADEDSAHADED
MANY & LARGE OPENINGSMANY & LARGE OPENINGS
MINIMUM PARTITIONINGMINIMUM PARTITIONING
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SECTION
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HOT DRY:HOT DRY: SOLID MATERIALSSOLID MATERIALS
SMALL OPENINGSSMALL OPENINGS
ACTIVITIES ON THE ROOF IN THE EARLY EVENINGACTIVITIES ON THE ROOF IN THE EARLY EVENING
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HOUSES WITH COURTYARDS
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CLIMATE & WEATHER &CLIMATE & WEATHER &
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIESDEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
RAIN & WINDRAIN & WIND NORMAL RAINNORMAL RAIN
WORKS & LANDUSE (PADIFIELD, RUBBER, HOUSING)WORKS & LANDUSE (PADIFIELD, RUBBER, HOUSING)
PLANTATION & AGRICULTUREPLANTATION & AGRICULTURE
FORESTRY, FISHING & GEOLOGYFORESTRY, FISHING & GEOLOGY
MINING & INDUSTRYMINING & INDUSTRY
EXTREME RAINEXTREME RAIN FLOOD & LAND SLIDE (HIGHWAY, SATTLEMENT HILLFLOOD & LAND SLIDE (HIGHWAY, SATTLEMENT HILL
SLOPES)SLOPES)
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DISTURBANCES TO AIR TRAFFIC (DESIGNDISTURBANCES TO AIR TRAFFIC (DESIGNOF AIRPORTS)OF AIRPORTS)
HIGHWAY TRAFFIC (FLASH FLOOD,HIGHWAY TRAFFIC (FLASH FLOOD,ACCIDENTS)ACCIDENTS)
INCREASED IN HUMIDITY (INSECTINCREASED IN HUMIDITY (INSECTBREEDING, FUNGUS & ROTTING)BREEDING, FUNGUS & ROTTING)
TOURISM SECTOR (HOTELS)TOURISM SECTOR (HOTELS) CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
EXTREME WIND (STORM,EXTREME WIND (STORM,HURRICANE)HURRICANE)
TALL BUILDINGS (STRUCTURAL DESIGN)TALL BUILDINGS (STRUCTURAL DESIGN) ROOF & MAIN STRUCTURESROOF & MAIN STRUCTURES
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR S (PLANNING,ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR S (PLANNING,WIND BARRIER)WIND BARRIER)
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DROUGHT (NO RAIN FOR ADROUGHT (NO RAIN FOR ALONG DURATION LONG DURATION CONTINUOUS DRY WEATHER)CONTINUOUS DRY WEATHER)
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DROPPEDAGRICULTURAL SECTOR DROPPED
FOREST PRODUCT DROPPEDFOREST PRODUCT DROPPED
WATER STORAGE & CATCHMENTWATER STORAGE & CATCHMENTSYSTEM (DRY/FAILED)SYSTEM (DRY/FAILED)
BUILDING & FOREST FIREBUILDING & FOREST FIRE(PREVENTION & FIGHTING)(PREVENTION & FIGHTING)
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NATURAL DISASTERNATURAL DISASTER
DROUGHTDROUGHT EARTHQUAKEEARTHQUAKE
STORM/HURRICANESTORM/HURRICANE
TSUNAMITSUNAMI
HEAT WAVEHEAT WAVE
SNOWSNOW
EFFECT OF POLLUTION & DELAPIDATIONEFFECT OF POLLUTION & DELAPIDATION
OF ENVIRONMENTOF ENVIRONMENT
LAND SLIDELAND SLIDE
FLOODFLOOD
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EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE
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IS THIS NATURALDISASTER?
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CLIMATIC ELEMENTSCLIMATIC ELEMENTS
INFORMATION NEEDED :INFORMATION NEEDED :
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCEDCLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCED
HUMAN COMFORT & ITS INTERACTIONHUMAN COMFORT & ITS INTERACTION
WITH BUILDINGSWITH BUILDINGS
FORM OF INFORMATION:FORM OF INFORMATION:
MEAN, CHANGES & EXTREMEMEAN, CHANGES & EXTREME
CONDITIONSCONDITIONS
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ELEMENTS NEEDED IN BUILDINGELEMENTS NEEDED IN BUILDINGDESIGN:DESIGN: AIR TEMPERATUREAIR TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITYHUMIDITY
SKY CONDITIONSKY CONDITION
SOLAR RADIATIONSOLAR RADIATION RAIN & ITS DISTRIBUTIONRAIN & ITS DISTRIBUTION
WIND MOVEMENTWIND MOVEMENT
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS (WIND, RAIN,SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS (WIND, RAIN,STORM, SAND STORM, HURRICANESTORM, SAND STORM, HURRICANE&TAIFOON)&TAIFOON)
THIS FACTORS OR ELEMENTS NEEDTHIS FACTORS OR ELEMENTS NEEDTO BE ANALYSE & SIMPLIFIEDTO BE ANALYSE & SIMPLIFIED(HELPS DESIGNERS & BUILDING(HELPS DESIGNERS & BUILDING
OCCUPANTS).OCCUPANTS).
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AIR TEMPERATUREAIR TEMPERATURE MEASURED USING THERMOMETER UNITMEASURED USING THERMOMETER UNIT 00CC
DBT (DRY BULB TEMPERATURE) ACTUALDBT (DRY BULB TEMPERATURE) ACTUALTEMPERATURE MEASURED UNDER THE SHADE (IN ATEMPERATURE MEASURED UNDER THE SHADE (IN A
STEVENSON SCREEN).STEVENSON SCREEN).
MAXSIMUM & MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ( MAX.&MAXSIMUM & MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ( MAX.&
MIN.THERMOMETER)MIN.THERMOMETER)
CONTINOUS RECORDS IN GRAPHICAL FORMSCONTINOUS RECORDS IN GRAPHICAL FORMS(TERMOGRAPH)(TERMOGRAPH)
IMPORTANT TEMPERTURE DATA:IMPORTANT TEMPERTURE DATA:
MONTHLY OR DAILY MEAN TEMPERATUREMONTHLY OR DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE
MONTHLY MEAN RANGEMONTHLY MEAN RANGE
MONTHLY MAX.& MIN. AND EXTREMESMONTHLY MAX.& MIN. AND EXTREMES IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE:
DETERMINE HUMAN COMFORTDETERMINE HUMAN COMFORT
DETERMINE RELATIVE HUMIDITYDETERMINE RELATIVE HUMIDITY
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STEVENSON SCREENSTEVENSON SCREEN
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DIGITAL TERMOMETERDIGITAL TERMOMETER
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HUMIDITYHUMIDITY
MEASUREMENT:MEASUREMENT:
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY (AH)ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY (AH) SUM OF THE SUM OF THEACTUAL HUMIDITY AT A UNIT MASS OR UNITACTUAL HUMIDITY AT A UNIT MASS OR UNIT
VOLUME (g/mVOLUME (g/m33))
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH) RATIO OF THE RATIO OF THE
TOTAL HUMIDITY CONTAINED TO THE HUMIDITYTOTAL HUMIDITY CONTAINED TO THE HUMIDITY
THAT CAN BE ACCOMMODATED BY THE AIR ATTHAT CAN BE ACCOMMODATED BY THE AIR ATSPECIFIC TEMPERATURE (%)SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE (%)
SATURATED HUMIDITY (SH)SATURATED HUMIDITY (SH) TOTAL HUMIDITY TOTAL HUMIDITY
THAT CAN BE ACCOMODATED BY THE AIR:THAT CAN BE ACCOMODATED BY THE AIR:
SH = AH/RH X 100SH = AH/RH X 100
HUMIDITY MEASURED USING WET & DRY BULDHUMIDITY MEASURED USING WET & DRY BULD
HIGROMETER. THE RELATED RH TAKEN FROMHIGROMETER. THE RELATED RH TAKEN FROM
PSYCROMETRIC CART FROM THE RELATEDPSYCROMETRIC CART FROM THE RELATED
READINGS OF DBT & WBT.READINGS OF DBT & WBT.
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MEASUREMENT:MEASUREMENT:
MIN MONTHLY MAXIMUM, MIN MONTHLYMIN MONTHLY MAXIMUM, MIN MONTHLYMINIMUMMINIMUM
CONTINOUS RECORDING USINGCONTINOUS RECORDING USINGHIGROGRAPH OR READINGS TAKENHIGROGRAPH OR READINGS TAKEN
TWICE DAILY (AT 6:00 AM. MAXIMUM &TWICE DAILY (AT 6:00 AM. MAXIMUM &AT 15:00 HRS MINIMUM)AT 15:00 HRS MINIMUM)
IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE: DETERMINE COMFORTDETERMINE COMFORT
INFLUNCED PROPERTIES OF BUILDINGINFLUNCED PROPERTIES OF BUILDINGMATERIALSMATERIALS
CONTROL THE DRYING PROCESS OFCONTROL THE DRYING PROCESS OFPAINTWORKPAINTWORK
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THERMOHYGROGRAPHTHERMOHYGROGRAPH
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SOLAR RADIATIONSOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENT:MEASUREMENT:
DURATION OF THE SUN SHINE IN A DAYDURATION OF THE SUN SHINE IN A DAY(HOURS/ DAY) SUN SHINE RECORDER(HOURS/ DAY) SUN SHINE RECORDER
QUANTITY OF SOLAR RADIATION (W/mQUANTITY OF SOLAR RADIATION (W/m22) ) SOLARIMETERSOLARIMETER
IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE: INFORMATION ON THE DAILY MEANINFORMATION ON THE DAILY MEAN
REQUIRED FOR PLANNING & DESIGN OFREQUIRED FOR PLANNING & DESIGN OFBUILDINGS (TYPE & SYSTEM OFBUILDINGS (TYPE & SYSTEM OF
INSULATION, FINISHES, SYSTEM OFINSULATION, FINISHES, SYSTEM OFENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, TYPE OFENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, TYPE OFCONSTRUCTION JOINTS & METHOD OFCONSTRUCTION JOINTS & METHOD OFSHADING)SHADING)
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SOLARIMETERSOLARIMETER
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SKY CONDITIONSSKY CONDITIONS
MEASUREMENT:MEASUREMENT: DESCRIBES THE PRESENT OF CLOUDS INDESCRIBES THE PRESENT OF CLOUDS IN
THE ATMOSPHERE PRESENTED ASTHE ATMOSPHERE PRESENTED AS
PERCENTAGE OR PERTEN, PEREIGHT &PERCENTAGE OR PERTEN, PEREIGHT &
OKTAS (50% = 5/10 ATAU 4/8OKTAS (50% = 5/10 ATAU 4/8 HALF OFHALF OFTHE SKY HEMISPHERE OVERCAST BYTHE SKY HEMISPHERE OVERCAST BY
CLOUD).CLOUD).
IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE:
DAYLIGHT DESIGN, OVERHANG &DAYLIGHT DESIGN, OVERHANG &SHADING DEVICES.SHADING DEVICES.
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RAIN & PRECIPITATIONRAIN & PRECIPITATION
MEASUREMENT:MEASUREMENT:
USING RAIN GAUGE (mm/DAY,USING RAIN GAUGE (mm/DAY,
mm/MONTH, mm/YEAR)mm/MONTH, mm/YEAR)
TOTAL RAIN PERMONTH SHOWS:TOTAL RAIN PERMONTH SHOWS: SEASONAL PATTERNSEASONAL PATTERN
PREDICTION RAIN CATHCMENT POTENTIALPREDICTION RAIN CATHCMENT POTENTIAL
IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE:
TOTAL MAXIMUM RAINFALL & PROBABBLETOTAL MAXIMUM RAINFALL & PROBABBLE
OF RAIN DURATION REQUIRED FOR:OF RAIN DURATION REQUIRED FOR: GUTTERS DESIGN, RAINWATER DOWNPIPES,GUTTERS DESIGN, RAINWATER DOWNPIPES,CONCRETE/COVERD AREA, DIMENSION &CONCRETE/COVERD AREA, DIMENSION &
ANGLE OF STORM DRAINS & CATHMENT AREA.ANGLE OF STORM DRAINS & CATHMENT AREA.
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RECORD OF MAXIMUM RAINFALL WITHINRECORD OF MAXIMUM RAINFALL WITHIN
24 HOURS REQUIRED FOR:24 HOURS REQUIRED FOR: DESIGN OF DRAINAGE & CATCHMENT AREADESIGN OF DRAINAGE & CATCHMENT AREA RECORD OF MAXIMUM & MINIMUM SHOWSRECORD OF MAXIMUM & MINIMUM SHOWS
THE DEVIATION FROM AVERAGETHE DEVIATION FROM AVERAGE
RECORD OF DRIVING RAIN IMPORTANT FOR:RECORD OF DRIVING RAIN IMPORTANT FOR:
ROOF DESIGNROOF DESIGN COVERED WALKWAYCOVERED WALKWAY
PROJECTION & SHADING DEVICESPROJECTION & SHADING DEVICES
LOCATION & SAIZ OF WINDOWSLOCATION & SAIZ OF WINDOWS
THUNDER STORMS (FREQUENCY &THUNDER STORMS (FREQUENCY &INTENSITY)INTENSITY)
INSTALLATION OF LIGHTENINGINSTALLATION OF LIGHTENING
RODS/WIRERING (TALL & ISOLATEDRODS/WIRERING (TALL & ISOLATED
BUILDINGS)BUILDINGS)
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WINDWIND
MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT SPEED & DIRECTION MEASURED USING COPSPEED & DIRECTION MEASURED USING COP
ANEMOMETER OR PITOT TIUB AT A HIGHT OF 10MANEMOMETER OR PITOT TIUB AT A HIGHT OF 10M
20M IN AN UNOBSTRUCTED OPEN FIELD. 20M IN AN UNOBSTRUCTED OPEN FIELD.
WIND DIRECTION DIVIDED INTO 8WIND DIRECTION DIVIDED INTO 8 1616
CATEGORIES KOMPASS DIRECTIONSCATEGORIES KOMPASS DIRECTIONS
N
S
W E
NE
SW
NW
SE
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AN IMPORTANT NATURAL ELEMENT BUTAN IMPORTANT NATURAL ELEMENT BUTVERY DANGEROUS WHEN IT IS IN EXTREMEVERY DANGEROUS WHEN IT IS IN EXTREME
CONDITIONCONDITION BUILDINGS ARE SUPPOSED TO FACE THEBUILDINGS ARE SUPPOSED TO FACE THE
MAIN WIND DIRECTION FOR EASY ENTRYMAIN WIND DIRECTION FOR EASY ENTRYTHROUGH OPENINGS.THROUGH OPENINGS.
RECORD FOR A PERIOD OF 20 25 YRSRECORD FOR A PERIOD OF 20 25 YRS(PREVAILING/ SECONDARY WIND) IS(PREVAILING/ SECONDARY WIND) ISREQUIRED SPEED, DIRECTION & AVERAGEREQUIRED SPEED, DIRECTION & AVERAGEFREQUENCY.FREQUENCY.
IMPORTANCE:IMPORTANCE:
FOR HUMAN COMFORT (SPEED INSIDE & OUTSIDEFOR HUMAN COMFORT (SPEED INSIDE & OUTSIDEBUILDINGS)BUILDINGS)
DETERMINE LIVE LOAD/ WIND AT BUILDINGDETERMINE LIVE LOAD/ WIND AT BUILDINGSTRUCTURE (BRACING & AERODYNAMIC)STRUCTURE (BRACING & AERODYNAMIC)
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PROPELLER ANEMOMETERPROPELLER ANEMOMETER
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DIGITAL HOT WIREDIGITAL HOT WIRE
ANEMOMETERANEMOMETER
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DATA LOGGERDATA LOGGER
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INTEGRATEDINTEGRATED
METEOROLOGICAL STATIONMETEOROLOGICAL STATION
CLIMATICCLIMATIC
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CLIMATICCLIMATIC
CONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION MACRO CLIMATE:MACRO CLIMATE:
CLIMATE FOR A DISTRCT (COVERING AN AREACLIMATE FOR A DISTRCT (COVERING AN AREAOF A STATE/ DISTRICT)OF A STATE/ DISTRICT)
MICRO CLIMATE:MICRO CLIMATE: LOCAL DEVIATION OF CLIMATE OF A LARGELOCAL DEVIATION OF CLIMATE OF A LARGE
AREA (CLIMATE OF A TOWN)AREA (CLIMATE OF A TOWN)
SITE CLIMATE:SITE CLIMATE: CLIMATE OF A SMALL AREA PROJECT SITE /CLIMATE OF A SMALL AREA PROJECT SITE /
BUILDING SITE.BUILDING SITE.
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CLIMATIC DATA OF A CLIMATOLOGICALCLIMATIC DATA OF A CLIMATOLOGICALSTATION REPRESENTS A MICRO CLIMATE.STATION REPRESENTS A MICRO CLIMATE.
THE INFORMATION WILL DIFFER FOR ATHE INFORMATION WILL DIFFER FOR ASMALLER LOCATION OR SITE CLIMATE.SMALLER LOCATION OR SITE CLIMATE.
FACTORS CAUSING DEVIATIONFACTORS CAUSING DEVIATION TOPOGRAPHY:TOPOGRAPHY:
HILL SLOPE, EXPOSURE, HILL & VELLY YANGHILL SLOPE, EXPOSURE, HILL & VELLY YANGCLOSE TO THE SITE.CLOSE TO THE SITE.
SURFACE OF THE GROUND :SURFACE OF THE GROUND : NATURAL OR MAN MADE (TURFED, PAVED ORNATURAL OR MAN MADE (TURFED, PAVED OR
PRESENT OF WATER ELEMENT) TEMPERATUREPRESENT OF WATER ELEMENT) TEMPERATUREOF THE GROUND SURFACES.OF THE GROUND SURFACES.
3 DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS:3 DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS: BIG TREES, ROW OF TREES, WALL & BUILDINGBIG TREES, ROW OF TREES, WALL & BUILDING
(WIND MOVEMENT & SUN RADIATION)(WIND MOVEMENT & SUN RADIATION)
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AN EXAMPLE OF SITEAN EXAMPLE OF SITE
ANALYSISANALYSIS
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CLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT ARECLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT ARE
CHANGESCHANGES:: AIR TEMPERATURE:AIR TEMPERATURE: INFLUENCD BY TOPOGRAPHY (EVERY 100M RISEDINFLUENCD BY TOPOGRAPHY (EVERY 100M RISED
IN HEIGHT, TEMPERATURE DROP BY 1IN HEIGHT, TEMPERATURE DROP BY 100C)C)
HUMIDITY:HUMIDITY:
INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE & WATER (IFINFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE & WATER (IFTHERE ARE WATER ELEMENTS OR COVERED WITHTHERE ARE WATER ELEMENTS OR COVERED WITHTREES, EVEPORATION INCREASESTREES, EVEPORATION INCREASES HUMIDITYHUMIDITYINCREASES)INCREASES)
RAIN:RAIN:
IF THE WIND CARRYING CLOUD ARE IN THE SAMEIF THE WIND CARRYING CLOUD ARE IN THE SAMEDIRECTION AS THE WIND BLOWING TOWARDS ADIRECTION AS THE WIND BLOWING TOWARDS AHILL / CITY, RAINFALL WILL EXCEEDING THEHILL / CITY, RAINFALL WILL EXCEEDING THEAVERAGE RAINFALL FOR THE AREA.AVERAGE RAINFALL FOR THE AREA.
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HOT AIR
COLD AIR
DRY
SLOPE
CERUN
BASAH
HILL
CITY
COLD AIR
HOT AIR
PARTICLES &
DUST IN
ATMOSPHERE
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