Radish Botanical Name:Raphanus sativus L. Family:Brassicaceae Chromosome number2n=18 Origin:Western...
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Transcript of Radish Botanical Name:Raphanus sativus L. Family:Brassicaceae Chromosome number2n=18 Origin:Western...
RadishBotanical Name: Raphanus sativus L.Family: BrassicaceaeChromosome number 2n=18 Origin: Western Asia.
☻ Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical and temperate climate used both root cum leaf.
☻ It has a characteristic pungent aroma and taste. ☻ It is easy to grow and widespread vegetable that
can usually be found in most home gardens.☻ Best suitable for sequential, inter- and relay
cropping due to short duration and high productivity, enables maximum use of arable land.
☻ In Himachal Pradesh, it is grown as summer crop in dry and wet temperate zones and both as a winter and summer crop in the sub-temperate region.
► The leafy tops are very rich in vitamin A, B, C and minerals particularly Ca and Fe.
► The roots and leaves are consumed both as salad and as cooked vegetable.
► The roots are good appetizer, effective in curing liver, gall bladder and urinary disorders, piles and gastrodynia.
► It is a good source of vitamin C containing 15-40mg per 100g of edible portion.
► Pink skinned radishes are generally richer in vitamin C than white skinned ones.
► The young tender pods are also used as vegetable.► A salt extracted from roots, dried and burnt to white ash is said
to be used in stomach trouble.► The juice of fresh leaves is used as diuretic and laxative.► Seeds are said to be peptic, expectorant, diuretic and
carminative
Uses
► Young tender pods of rat tail radish are used as vegetable – no edible root is formed in this radish.
► The characteristic pungent flavour is due to the presence of volatile isothiocynates (4-methyl thio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate) – MTB-ITC.
► The colour of the pink cultivars is due to the presence of anthocyanin pigments.
Spring radishes Winter radishesVery common, rapid growing and quick maturing (20-30 days)
Slow growing and late maturing (50-90 days)
Relatively small roots Large roots
Root quality deteriorate quickly and mildly pungent
Stored better and have characteristic strong flavour.
Two groups of radish varietiesAsiatic/tropical/subtropical type European/Temperate Type
Produce seeds in plains Seed production is limited to high hills.
Palam Hriday, Pusa Desi, Pusa Reshmi, Pusa Chetki, Punjab Safed, Japanese White, Punjab Pasand, Arka Nishant, Chinese Pink, Hisar Mooli No. 1, Kalyanpur No. 1, Kalyani White, CO-I, IIVR-I, IIVR-II, C-2, Jaunpuri Mooli, Early Mino White.
Pusa Himani, White Icicle, Rapid Red White Tipped, Scarlet Globe, Scarlet Long, Silver Queen, Kvarta (Short duration suitable for protected cultivation).French breakfast
Varieties recommended for Himachal Pradesh
Asiatic or tropical type European Type or Temperate Type Varieties
Japanese White Palam Hriday
Chinese Pink White Icicle
Pusa Chetki Pusa Himani
French Breakfast
Scarlet Globe Chinese Pink
White Icicle
China white White Globe Japanese White
RADISHES
Schedule for growing radish throughout the year
Variety Sowing time Harvesting time
Pusa Chetki Early April-Mid August
Early May- September
Pusa Desi Mid August- Mid October
Last week of September-Early December
Pusa Reshmi Mid September- Mid November
Last October- early January
Japanese White Mid October- Mid December
Mid December- Early March
Pusa Himani Mid October- Mid February
Mid February- Mid April
White Icicle Last October-end February
Late November- Early March
♠ Light, friable loam soils containing high amount of humus are good to obtain best results.
♠ Usually the heavy soils produce rough ill shaped roots with number of small fibrous laterals.
♠ The optimum soil pH is 5.5-7.0. ♠ Sandy or sandy loam soils are preferred for early
crop.♠ A cool moist soil give best results in summer crop.
Soils
Climate It is predominantly a cool season crop and best adapted to
cool or moderate climate. Indian types with greater temperature adaptation can resist
heat more than the European types. The optimum temperature for best flavour, texture, root
growth and development is 10-15oC. Different varieties respond to varied range of temperature. This is the fact that radishes are available throughout the year
by growing different varieties in different months. The Asiatic types are tolerant to high temperature than
European types. During the hot weather, the roots become tough, pithy and
pungent before reaching the edible type. Long days coupled with high temperature leads to premature
bolting without adequate root formation.
Sowing Time
Seed Rate
Northern plains
European type Any time between September-March
Asiatic type August-January
Mild Climate Areas Through out the year
Himachal PradeshLow Hills August-September
Mid Hills July – October
High Hills March- August
9-12 kg/haAsiatic type – 10 kgEuropean type – 12-14 kg (1 g seed contains 80-125 seeds)
Spacing
European type - 30cm X 5-10cm Asiatic types – 45 cm X 6-8 cm
◙ Sowing depth 1.5- 3cm deep on the ridges for semi-long type1-1.25cm for round cultivars. ◙ After germination maintain the distance
between the plants with in row by following thinning of plants.
Soil preparation
♣The soil should be thoroughly pulverized so as to obtain fine tilth for getting the best crop, otherwise it results in deformed roots.
Manures and Fertilizers
Farmyard manure (q/ha)
N P2O5 K2 O
(Kg/ha)
100 90 50 40☻Full dose of farmyard manure, P, K and half N should be applied at the time of transplanting.
☻Remaining part of N should be top dressed in two equal installments at an interval of one month each.
Open pollinated varieties
►Weeding and hoeing are necessary at 20-35 days after sowing in mid maturity group of Asiatic type,
►Temperate and early Asiatic types require weeding at 15-20 days after sowing.
►Earthing up is necessary as the growing roots tend to push out of the soil,
►This results in well developed, quality and elongated roots.
►Pre-emergence application of following herbicides is very useful for effective weed control
Pendimethalin 1.2 kg a.i./ha or Alachlor 1.5 kg a.i./ha or Fluchloralin (Basalin)@ 0.9 kg a.i./ha or Isoproturan 1.0 kg a.i./ha or Metalachlor @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha.
Interculture and weed control
Irrigation╠ A pre-sowing irrigation is to be given to
help the seeds absorb moisture and germinate properly.
╠ Irrigation frequency and water quantities are depend on the planting season and available soil moisture.
╠ The soil should have sufficient moisture to obtain tender and attractive roots.
╠ Frequent irrigation is necessary during summer, otherwise the growth will be checked and root will be pungent making them unfit for market.
Harvesting☻The roots are harvested when they are of
usable size and relatively young. ☻The roots are washed and graded
according to size and are tied into bunches alongwith tops for marketing.
☻European types reach harvest maturity in 25-30 days.
☻ Asiatic types require longer period i.e. Chetki type 30-40 days and mid maturity group 40-60 days.
YieldEuropean type 50-80q/ha in 25-30 days
Asiatic type 200-500 q/ha in 40-60 days.
Post Harvest Handling
♣ Cooled quickly to 40oF or below. Hydrocooling is effective in this regard.
♣ At 32oF & 95-100% RH
topped radishes can be stored for 3-4 weeks
bunched roots will generally keep no longer than 1-2 weeks.
♣ At 0oC and 90-95% RH, roots can be stored for 2 months
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Possible Reasons
1. Pore extent or pithiness
☻It does much damage to the quality of the radish destroying the commercial value.
☻Pores are formed by the collapse of parenchymatous cells in root tissues caused by excessive root growth in comparison with the corresponding assimilation ability of leaf tissue.
☻ Pore development is a sign of senescence and its degree differ among cultivars.
☻Harvesting should be done at appropriate time as delayed harvesting leads to this disorder
2. Elongated root or Forking
☻Elongated root is brought about by secondary elongating growth in the root.
Possible Reasons
◙ Excess moisture during the root development.◙ It occurs on heavy soils due to soil compactness.◙ Use of undecomposed organic manure.
Pest management
Problem Management
Damping off Seed treatment
Alternaria blight Seed treatment
White Rust Arka Nishant is reported to be resistant
Aphids Spray malathion(0.05%) or oxy demeton methyl(0.025%)