Radiology Chiari Malformation

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    Sagittal and coronal MRI images of Chiari type I malformation. Note descent of cerebellar

    tonsils (T) below the level of foramen magnm (white line) down to the level of C! posterior arch

    (asteris").

     #$ial MRI image at the level of foramen

    magnm in Chiari type I malformation. Note crowding

    of foramen magnm by the ectopic cerebellar tonsils (T) and the medlla (M). #lso note the absence of

    cerebrospinal flid.

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    CS% hypotension syndrome& 'ostcontrast MRI before (#) and after () treatment with lmbar epidral

    blood patch. Notice the thic" meningeal enhancement (arrows) the relative pacity of CS% in front of thebrainstem and behind the cerebellar tonsils and the engorgement of the pititary gland before treatment

    (#). Notice reversal of these abnormalities and ascent of the cerebellar tonsils after treatment (). In this

    case an ac*ired Chiari malformation was not present bt in some cases it is.

    T+ hyperintense region on MRI (arrow) depicting edema in central cord region of a

    patient with Chiari I malformation. ,eft ntreated this patient is li"ely to develop cavitation of the

    edematos central cord reslting in syringomyelia.

    Gejala Chiari 1 berkembang sebagai hasil dari 3 konsekuensi patofsiologi

    anatomi teratur: (1) kompresi medula dan sumsum tulang belakang bagian atas, (2)

    kompresi otak kecil, dan (3) gangguan aliran CS melalui !oramen magnum"

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    #ompresi tali dan medula dapat men$ebabkan m$elopath$ dan sara! kranial $ang

    lebih rendah dan dis!ungsi nuklir" #ompresi otak dapat men$ebabkan ataksia,

    d$smetria, nistagmus, dan d$se%uilibrium" Gangguan aliran CS melalui !oramen

    magnum mungkin account untuk gejala $ang paling umum, n$eri"

    &leh karena itu, sakit kepala dan sakit leher di Chiari Sa$a sering diperburuk

    oleh batuk dan 'alsaa manuer" idrose!alus terjadi lebih jarang" Selain itu, aliran

    teratur CS melalui !oramen magnum dapat mengakibatkan pembentukan

    s$ringom$elia dan kabel pusat gejala seperti kelemahan tangan dan dipisahkan

    hilangn$a sensasi" Gejala*gejala ini biasan$a asimetris, karena s$rin+ memiliki

    kecenderungan untuk mengembangkan di sisi sumsum tulang belakang $ang lebih

    signifkan dipengaruhi oleh ectopia tonsil" -.

     /2 0ila$ah hiperintens pada (panah) $ang menggambarkan ed

     /2 0ila$ah hiperintens pada (panah) $ang menggambarkan edema di

    0ila$ah tali pusat pasien dengan Chiari mal!ormasi " 4iobati, pasien ini mungkin

    mengembangkan kaitasi kabel pusat edematous, sehingga s$ringom$elia"

    5atofsiologi Chiari lebih kompleks" eskipun mekanisme tekan

    kemungkinan memainkan peran, seperti di Chiari , mekanisme tambahan mungkin

    operasi di Chiari " 5eregangan berorientasi abnormal sara! kranial di$akini

    berperan" Chiari dapat menjadi akut dengan gejala kerusakan shunt, mungkin

    karena hidrose!alus kian perpindahan ke ba0ah batang otak dan peregangan sara!

    kranial" a telah mengemukakan bah0a iskemia ireersibel batang otak ba0ah

    ketegangan mungkin bertanggung ja0ab untuk prognosis $ang lebih buruk dari

    Chiari setelah operasi dibandingkan dengan Chiari " Selanjutn$a, kelainan

    neuroembr$ological intrinsik di Chiari tersebar luas dan tidak terbatas pada !ossa

    posterior (misaln$a, heterotopia, kelainan g$ral, callosal dan kelainan thalamic,

    selain hidrose!alus dan m$elomeningocele), lebih rumit patofsiologi gangguan ini"

    Characteristic Chiari I Chiari II

    Usual age of

    diagnosis

    Adults and older children Infants and young children

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    Clinical findings Headache and neck pain

    (worsened by cough or Valsalva

    maneuver)

    yelopathy

    Cerebellar symptoms

    !ower brainstem symptoms

    (eg" dysarthria" dysphagia" downbeatnystagmus)

    Central cord symptoms (eg"

    hand weakness" dissociated sensory

    loss" cape anesthesia)

    In infants" signs of brainstem

    dysfunction predominate#

    swallowing$feeding difficulties" stridor"

    apnea" weak cry" nystagmus

    %eakness of e&tremities

    'rimary anatomicalabnormalities

    Herniation of cerebellar

    tonsils through foramen magnum"

     producing compression of

    cervicomedullary unction

    Herniation of lower brainstem

    through foramen magnum

    Cephalad course of cranial

    nerves

    inking of cervicomedullary

     unction

    *+eaking* of tectumUpward herniation of vermis

    through incisura

     ,early vertical tentorium

    yelomeningocele ,o Always

    Hydrocephalus !ess than -./ of cases Very common

    0yringomyelia 1.23./ Common

    Associated

    abnormalities

    Craniocervical hypermobility

    syndromes

    lippel24eil anomaly

    Hereditary connective tissuedisorders and neurofibromatosis type

    II

    Callosum corpus pellucidum

    septum of agenesis

    Hypoplasia or 

    5nlargement of massaintermedia

    Heterotopias and gyral

    abnormalities

    0hared associated

    abnormalities

    +asilar invagination

    6ccipitali7ation of atlas

    +ifida of C- posterior arch

    4oramen magnum variant

    anatomy

    +asilar invagination

    6ccipitali7ation of atlas

    +ifida of C- posterior arch

    4oramen magnum variant

    anatomy

    0U+58 # http#$$emedicine9medscape9com$article$-:;1