Radiogenic Isotopes Applied to Mineral Exploration and Oil ......radiogenic isotopes in geology...
Transcript of Radiogenic Isotopes Applied to Mineral Exploration and Oil ......radiogenic isotopes in geology...
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Radiogenic Isotopes
Applied to Mineral
Exploration : New Trends
COLOMBO C. G. TASSINARI
UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO
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Isotope Geology
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RADIOGENIC ISOTOPES
IN GEOLOGY
GEOCHRONOLOGY
Age of rocks, minerals and
mineralizations
Age of geological events
GEOCHEMISTRY
Sources of Magmas and Fluids
Water – rock interaction and
magma contamination
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CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR ORE
DEPOSITS
source
migration
Geological
Control
Precipitation and
Concentration
Preservation
Age and Nature
Time and Interaction
Type and Timing
Time
Erosion rates
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TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIPS OF MINERALIZATION TO
GEOLOGICAL EVENTS
AGE?
AGE?
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?
SOURCE OF HYDROTHERMAL FLUID AND
FLUID/ROCK INTERACTION
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What target
look first?
CRITERIA
FOR
MINERAL
EXPLORATION
PROGRAM
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87Rb – 87Sr
235U – 207Pb238U – 206Pb
232Th – 208Pb
U - Pb
Pb - Pb
147Sm – 143Nd176Lu - 176Hf
187Re – 187Os40K – 40Ar40Ar – 39Ar
ISOTOPIC SYSTEMS IN ORE
DEPOSITS AND OIL SYSTEMS
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RADIOACTIVE DECAY
87 Rb 87 Sr
Radioactive Radiogenic
Element Element
λ
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EQUATION: N = N0 e-t
GEOCHRONOLOGICAL EQUATION
T = 1/ LN(1 + D/N)
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Age can be calculated in different
ways
0 2 4 6 10
0.702
0.706
0.710
0.714
0.718
data-point error boxes are 2
87 86Rb Sr/
8786
SrSr
/
Sr = 0.7048 ± 0.0003i
HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATED VOLCANIC ROCKSEL SOLDADO
AGE = 109 ± 6Ma
Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Re-Os and Pb-Pb Isochronic Diagram
U-Pb Concordia Diagram
Ar-Ar Plateau Age Diagram
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AGE is related to TEMPERATURE (Closure Temperatures)SYSTEM MINERAL TEMPERATURE (°C)
K – Ar (Ar - Ar) hornblend 500
K – Ar (Ar - Ar) muscovite 350
K – Ar (Ar - Ar) biotite 300
K – Ar (Ar - Ar) microcline 250 - 150
Rb - Sr whole - rock ~ 700
Rb - Sr muscovite 450
Rb - Sr biotite 350
Sm - Nd garnet 600
U – Pb zircon ≥ 700
U - Pb monazite 600
Re - Os pyrite 500
Re - Os molybdenite 450
Re - Os chalcopyrite 400
Re - Os sphalerite 350
FT apatite 70 to 110
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Indirectly mineralization datinghydrothermal alteration minerals
Sericite
Biotite
Alunite
Illite
Monazite
Hydrothermal zircon
Strongly altered whole-rock
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Ar – Ar Biotite, (Vinasco 2001)
Marmato stock: 6.7 ± 0.1 Ma
Cauca Romeral Shear Zone: 5.6 ± 0.4 Ma
MARMATO GOLD DISTRICT – ECHANDIA SECTOR
MINERAL
Plagioc.
ROCK
Porph.
Dacitic
% K
1.766
40Ar rad.
ccSTP/g
0.38
40Ar atm.
(%)
65.3
IDADE
(Ma)
5.6 ±0.6
Tassinari et. al., 2008
PgserE
p Ep
Ca
Ser
Pgser Pg
ser
Pg
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0 2 4 6 10
0.702
0.706
0.710
0.714
0.718
data-point error boxes are 2
87 86Rb Sr/
87
86
Sr
Sr
/
Sr = 0.7048 ± 0.0003i
HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATED VOLCANIC ROCKSEL SOLDADO
AGE = 109 ± 6Ma
El Soldado - Chile
Mantle Type Cu Mine
Tassinari & Munizaga unp.
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HIDROTHERMAL ALTERATION MINERAL ASSEMBLAGE
Rb –Sr Technique
0,72
0,76
0,80
0,84
0,88
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
87Rb/86Sr
87Sr
86Sr
Age = 364.4 ± 3.6 MaInitial 87Sr/86Sr =0.74606 ±
0.00028
data-point error ellipses are 2s
MUESTRA 1819
Sericite
Quartz
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ZIRCONS FROM THE MINERALIZED METAGRAYWACKE
(MINA III – LEVEL 600)
1900
1940
1980
2020
2060
2100
2140
2180
2220
0,114
0,118
0,122
0,126
0,130
0,134
0,138
2 3 4 5
207P
b/2
06P
b
238U/206Pb
2165 +/- 47 Ma
500 - 450 Ma
HYDROTHERMAL ZIRCONS
Jost et. al. 2010
Hydrothermal
zircon
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U-Pb HYDROTHERMAL Monazite SHRIMP AGE
Cuiaba and Morro Velho gold minesU–Pb SHRIMP monazite ages of the giant Morro Velho and Cuiabá gold deposits,
Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Lobato et. al. 2007
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Directly mineralization datingOre and Gangue minerals
Sulfides
(Py.; Cpy.; Sph.; Ga.; Pyrt.; Cov.; Moly)
Schellite
Magnetite
Tourmaline
Fluorite
Garnet
Chromite
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0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
87Rb/
86Sr
87Sr/
86Sr
T(Ma) = 99.1 ± 1.9
Ro = 0.70597 ± 0.00011
MSWD = 0.9323 R = 0.9996
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
El Toqui
Zn Deposit - Chile
Sphalerite
Stepwise leaching technique
Tassinari & Munizaga unp.
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10
20
30
40
50
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
206Pb/
204Pb
20
7P
b/2
04
Pb
Idade = 2112 ± 12 Ma
MSWD = 1.8
Produtos Lixiviados de
MAGNETITAS - SALOBO 3A
AGE
Carajás Mineral Province
Tassinari et. al. 2003
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Pb-Pb Stacey & Kramers Model Ageprimary pyrite and secondary calchopyrite
Serra dos Carajás – Gradaús prospect
2700
2500
2300
2100
14.4
14.6
14.8
15.0
15.2
15.4
13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.8
206Pb/
204Pb
20
7P
b/2
04P
b
2729 Ma
2168 Ma
Py
Cpy
Stacey & Kramers Curve
2500 Ma
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Lusitanica Sedimentary Basin, Portugalstacey and kramers Pb-Pb model age
152 Ma Distension and reactivation of
preexisting faults associated with the
development of basin rifting
59 Ma Stage of inversion of the
sedimentary basin
30 Ma Second Stage of inversion of the
sedimentary basin
Pyrite
Ferreira (2017)
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Kirk et. al. 2003
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25
147Sm/
144Nd
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
143N
d/1
44N
d
0.510
0.512
0.514
0.516
Age = 2668+64 Ma
initial 143
Nd/144
Nd ratio = 0.50918+0.00010
Sm-Nd isochron diagram illustrating data from scheelite (CaWO4) from
lode Au deposits associated with an shear zone system in Zimbabwe
Darbyshire et. al. (1996)
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Chromitite and gabbro of the Tapo Ultramafic MassifCentral Peru
Tassinari et. al. 2010
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Ar – Ar Pyrite Dating Method
Pyrite may armour K-bearing mineral
inclusions from alteration induced by Ar
loss
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p
Figure 1. Photomicrograph showing muscovite inclusions in pyrite grains from (A) Mount Charlotte sample MC1 and (B)
Kanowna Belle sample GD1.
Phillips D , Miller J M Geology 2006;34:397-400
©2006 by Geological Society of America
Pyrite
Muscovite
inclusion
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Figure 2. A: 40Ar/39Ar step-heating age spectrum for matrix muscovite from Mount Charlotte sample MC1.
Phillips D , Miller J M Geology 2006;34:397-400
©2006 by Geological Society of America
AGE = 2564 ± 9 Ma
AGE = 2595 ± 19 Ma
AGE = 2594 ± 8 Ma
Matrix
muscovite
Pyrite
muscovite
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What can be done with radiogenic
isotopes beyond ages?
87Sr/86Sr Rb/Sr
147Sm/143Nd Sm/Nd
206Pb/204Pb U/Pb
208Pb/204Pb Th/Pb
188Os/187Os Re/Os
ISOTOPE COMPOSITION = Source + fluid-rock interaction
0.705
0.709
0.703
0.706
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ISOTOPE
SYSTEMSTECTONIC
MODEL
METALLOGENETIC
MODEL
ISOTOPIC
PROSPECTING
MODELLING
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ONE OF THE MOST USEFUL, CONSERVATIVE, AND
STABLE ELEMENTS FOR
ISOTOPIC STUDY
IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
(CARBONATES AND EVAPORITES)
87Sr / 86Sr
Sr Isotopes in Mineral Exploration
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singenetic
epigenetic
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ISOTOPIC MODELLING FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION: MISSISSIPPI VALLEY
TYPE MINERALIZATIONS
Important Ore Deposits
(Kentucky + Tenesse + Virginia)
Small Deposits (No economic)
(NW Ohio)
Kessen et. al. 1988
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MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DISTRICT
87Sr/86Sr
pugh Aug. Lima Wt.rock
Mining Occurrences
0.709
0.708
No Economic Mineralizations
Host carbonates
MVT ore minerals
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MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DISTRICT
87Sr/86Sr
0.709
0.708
cave salem gratz Masc. Aust.
Mines
Host Carbonates
Ore minerals
Economic Mineralizations
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ISOTOPIC MODELLING FOR MINERAL
EXPLORATION OF
Cooper Porphyry Deposits
Sr ISOTOPES AS INDICATOR OF THE POTENTIAL SIZE OF DEPOSIT
BHP's Escondida Mine in Chile
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0.704936COLLAHUASI
Clark, 1993, modified
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Os Isotopes: 187Os/188Os vs. Tonnes
Porphyry Cu Deposits – CHILE
Mathur et. al., 2000
crustal contamination
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Mpodozis & Kay (2000)
MINERALIZATIONS
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ISOTOPIC MODELLING FOR MINERAL
EXPLORATION OF PGE
Bathopele Mine – Anglo American, SA
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PGE magmatic deposits Manto derived
silicated magmas
Low S content
in the mantle
S and PGE
concentration
Mafic magmas contaminated
by Felsic magmas
S + PGE concentration should be close to the limit
between contaminated and non-contaminated
zones
Sr Isotopes in PGE Mineral Exploration
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Merensky
Reef
Crustal
Contamination
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Mafic – Ultramafic bodiesHypotetical Situation
0.7042 – 0.70330.7071 – 0.7068
0.7094 – 0.7087
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Nd Isotopes
mineralization fluid sources
CrixásCrixás
Mina Nova
Mina III
8387500
8392500
8390000
612500 615000610000
Forquilha
Palmeiras
Seqüência
Santa Terezinha Gnaisse Komatiito Basalto Metagrauvaca DolomitoFilito
carbonoso
LEGENDA
Corpos
mineralizados
Principais falhas
de empurrão Rodovia
Atitude geral
da foliação
N
0 1250 m
Mescla de muscotiva
e talco xistos Cidade
4
144
143
144
143
, 101
CHUR
sample
CHURNd
NdNd
NdNd
Mina III Crixas
Brasil
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RANGE OF Nd VALUES (Mina III - CRIXAS)
PYRRHOTITE
ARSENOPYRITE
METAKOMATIITE
(Arndt et. al. 1989)
METABASALT
METAGRAYWACKE
CARBONACEOUS SCHIST
Nd (2.2 Ga) - 4 - 2 0 + 2 + 4
Tassinari et. al. In prep.
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The Re-Os systematics of gold and sulfides from the
Witwatersrand basin were utilized to determine whether
the gold is detrital or was introduced by hydrothermal
solutions from outside the basin.
(2003)
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GOLD
Placer or Hydrothermal
Model?
Kirk et. al. 2003
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Re-Os Isochron
Kirk et. al. 2003
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Pb ISOTOPES
IMPORTANT TOOL IN MINERAL EXPLORATION
COMPARISON OF MINERAL DEPOSITS
CHARACTERIZATION OF ROCKS SOURCE OF FLUIDS
CRITERIA TO PRIORITIZATION
OF GEOCHEMICAL / GEOPHISICAL ANOMALIES OR TARGETS
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MAGMATIC ARCS AND SELECTED
METALLOTECTS
San Lucas-
Norosí
Triassic-Jurassic
San Lucas-Norosí Metallotect (early Jurassic)
El Bagre Metallotect (mid to late Jurassic)
Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene
Antioquia Metallotect
Late Miocene
Middle Cauca Metallotect
El Bagre
AntioquiaMiddle
Cauca
Simplified from Cediel et al., 2003
Leal Mejia et. al., 2009Leal Mejia, (2009)
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ORE Pb-Pb ISOTOPE RESULTS
EW
San Lucas-Norosí Metallotect
(early Jurassic)
El Bagre Metallotect
(mid to late Jurassic)
Antioquia Metallotect
(late Cretaceous – Early Paleocene)
Middle Cauca Metallotect
(late Miocene)
PLUMBOTECTONIC MODEL CURVES
Leal Mejia et. al., 2009
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Carbonate Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits in the Yahyal Region, Southern Turkey OSMAN KOPTAGEL et.al. 2007
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Epithermal Porphyry (?) System
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isotopic compositions
of fluids and rocks
may indicate
relative
contributions
from crustal versus
mantle sources
geothermal systems
Cu Porphyry
Epithermal Au
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Porphyry Cu
Epithermal Au o
Marcoux et. al. 2002
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MARMATO GOLD DISTRICT - COLOMBIA
Echandia
Cien Pesos
Marmato Bajo
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Pb isotopic variationsMarmato Gold District - Colombia
Melo, 2015
206Pb/204Pb
1600m – 1400m
1260m – 1160m
1060m - 960m
930m – 820m
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Pb ISOTOPES APPLYED TO
MINERAL EXPLORATION
• GENERAL CONCEPT
• A MINERAL OCCURRENCE THAT HAS
THE SAME ISOTOPIC SIGNATURE AS A
ECONOMIC DEPOSIT, WITHIN THE SAME
DISTRICT OR GEOLOGICAL PROVINCE,
MAY BE ECONOMIC TOO.
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lead isotopes applied to VMS
mineral exploration
Example: Elliot Bay District, SW Tasmania (Gulson, 1986)
MINERALIZATION TYPES:
Stratiform Massive Sulfide
Pb-Zn disseminated sulfide, with low gold contente
Sulfide bearing quartz veins
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PROCEDURES
Establishment of the Pb isotopic composition of all the mineralization styles
of the most important deposit in the district (Isotopic Data-Base)
206Pb/204Pb ; 207Pb/204Pb ; 208Pb/204Pb
To measure the Pb isotopic composition of the areas with geochemical and
geophysical anomalies
Soil samples were collected from the C horizon in trenches 5 meters deep
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Base metal exploration of the Mount Read Volcanics, western
Tasmania; Pt. II, Lead isotope signatures and genetic implicationsBrian L. Gulson and
Patricia M. Porritt
Economic Geology April 1987 v. 82 no. 2 p. 291-307
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Pb isotopic compositions for the main mineralized zone
(VMS)
15,50
15,54
15,58
15,62
15,66
15,70
17,9 18,1 18,3 18,5 18,7
207P
b/2
04P
b
206Pb/204Pb
data-point error ellipses are 2s
Rosebery
Ores
Gulson and Porritt, 1987
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Henty Fault Zone Prospect
Pulverized samples from drill core and from the trench
15,50
15,54
15,58
15,62
15,66
15,70
17,9 18,1 18,3 18,5 18,7
207P
b/2
04P
b
206Pb/204Pb
data-point error ellipses are 2s
Rosebery
Ores
Henty Fault
Zone
Prospect
Gulson and Porritt, 1987
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Red Hills prospectpulverized samples from drill core
15,50
15,54
15,58
15,62
15,66
15,70
17,9 18,1 18,3 18,5 18,7
207P
b/2
04P
b
206Pb/204Pb
data-point error ellipses are 2s
Rosebery Ores
Red Hills
Prospect
Gulson and Porritt, 1987
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Isotopic Analysis Program Costs
Applied to Mineral Exploration and Oil and GasExploration
~ US$ 10.000 – 15,000
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US$ 10,000 – 15,000
Cost of one tire