RADIOCHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY
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Transcript of RADIOCHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY
RADIOCHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY
511 keV radiation 4.1 mm HVL (Pb)HVL = Halving layer
74 GBq (2 Ci) *A/d2 = 188*74 ≈ 14 mSv= gamma specific constant (µSv m2 GBq-1 h-1)A = activity (GBq)D = distance from source
Max body exposure (per year, professional worker) = 50 mSv
Sources MUST be used within shielded environment(thickness >50 mm Pb), time of exposure must be minimised and distance maximised
The quest for remote handling
Lead shield + tongue Remote operationvia swithches
SequencersSensing & reacting
Look + handle
Look(indirect)
Blind trustFull confidence
1985
2005
Radiochemistry & Radiopharmacy
Kit based synthesisers
O
OAc
AcOAcO
AcO
OTf
HO
O
OH
HOHO
18F
OcA
AcOOAcO
AcO 18 F
SEPARATION
SUBSTITUTION
HYDROLYSIS
PURIFICATION
18O 18 F
FH 218 O(p,n)
18 -
HCl or NaOH
[KC(2.2.2.)]/ or TBA /
18 F18 F
+
Synthesis steps of FDG
Fixed glassware synthesisers
CLEANING PROCEDURE(30-40 minutes)
Preparation of the modules(loading columns, reagents, solvents,etc)
Transfer of target water
START OF THE SYNTHESIS
Separation of [18F]F- from [18O]H2O
End of synthesis(35-40minutes)
Protected FDG formation
Hydrolysis
Chromatographic purification
QuickTime™ e undecompressore TIFF (LZW)
sono necessari per visualizzare quest'immagine.
All transfers are pressure (helium) or vacuum driven
Real time monitoring of temperature, pressure and radioactivity
Handling of products for parenteral administration
•Integrity of formulation must be preserved throughout the process•Preparation must be protected from microbial contamination•Processing may include:
oDilution to adjust radioactive concentrationoFractionation of bulk solutionoDispensing into vials
Final operation (non sterile)•Labelling•Packaging (shielded & shipping containers )
Final product dispensing
Class “C”
Class “A”
Raw material acceptance
Raw material QC
Raw material QC Passed
Production
Dispensing
Packaging
Shipping
Passed
discard
NO
YES
Clean room operations
batch unreleased
NO
YES
batch released