Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear...

31
Radioactivity Lecture 1 Environmental and Societal Implications Michael Wiescher

Transcript of Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear...

Page 1: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Radioactivity

Lecture 1

Environmental and Societal Implications

Michael Wiescher

Page 2: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Radioactivity has a fear factor

Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests 1945-1999, with major emission of radioactivity into the atmosphere

Page 3: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,
Page 4: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Michael Wiescher NSH 181 [email protected]

A more multi-facetted picture of

John Wilkinson NSH 284 [email protected]

Page 5: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

What will we cover - the painful stuff first!

1. The phenomenon of radioactivity

1.1. The discovery of radioactivity

1.2. The physics of radioactive decay

1.3. The laws and detection of radioactivity

1.4. Natural and induced radioactivity

1.5. Dosimetry and exposure limits

1.6. The biological impact of radioactivity

Page 6: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Scientific heroes

Pierre Curie

Ernest Rutherford

Enrico Fermi

George de Hevesy

Otto Hahn

Liese Meitner

Robert Oppenheimer

Marie Skłodowska Curie (Madame Curie)

Henri Becquerel

Conrad Wilhelm Röntgen

Page 7: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

The features and laws • Pitchblende

• New elements

• Isotopes

• Decay law

• Detection

• Quantifying

• Assessing

Page 8: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Radiation Sources

Page 9: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Radiation Detection

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Dosimetry

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• 2. The origin of radioactivity

• 2.1. The origin of the elements

• 2.2. The radioactive universe

• 2.3. The radioactive earth

• 2.4. Geological implications and consequences

• 2.5. The human radioactivity cycle

• 2.6. The origin and evolution of life

What will follow - from astro- to geo- to bioscience!

Page 12: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Galactic Chemical Evolution

Page 13: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

The origins of the heavy elements

Page 14: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

The Origin of the Solar System

Gravitational contraction of pre-solar cloud possibly initiated by near by supernova (60Ni as decay product of 60Fe, t1/2=2.6Ma). Dust clusters to rocks, rocks cluster to planetesimals, planetesimals cluster to planets. Lots of violent

interaction in the early solar system when orbits around the sun intersect and rocks, planetesimals, and planets scatter around during the early 1 Billion years of the solar system.

Page 15: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Early Earth

Inner core

Outer core

Mantle

Crust

Hadean Period

Page 16: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Expedition Underground

Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne Radioactivity underground

Borexino Kurf Surf

Page 17: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Geothermal Heat

Page 18: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Human Radioactivity

Page 19: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Consequences? • Mutation

• Evolution

• Death

Depends on radiation dose (radiation sickness) Depends on radiation damage Depends on enzyme repair mechanisms Depends on natural selection (survivability)

• Cancer

• Death

Alexander Litvinenko, 1962-2006

Page 20: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Godzilla the ultimate mutant

Page 21: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Origin of life

Astrobiological radiogenic origins

Environmental chemical origins Geological chemical origins

Water, carbon, energy & nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

Page 22: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

From Geocene to Anthropocene

• 3. The environmental impact of radioactivity

• 3.1. Atmospheric Radioactivity

• 3.2. Radioactivity in agriculture

• 3.3. Radioactivity in building materials

• 3.4. Radioactivity and natural resources

• 3.5. Radioactivity and renewable energy

• 3.6. Radioactivity and nuclear energy

Page 23: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Cosmogenic Radioactivity

Bombardment of the atmosphere by intense high energetic particle radiation (electrons, protons, and heavy elements) produced and accelerated by the magnetic field of the sun (solar activity cycle) and by distant cataclysmic events such as supernovae.

Page 24: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Radon exposure – from mines to buildings

Radon is a noble gas, it’s radioactive components 220, 222Rn are produced as part of the natural decay chain. Radon gas cannot be chemically bound, it diffuses into soil or bedrock and into basements of buildings where it accumulates and can be inhaled, potentially causing lung cancer by subsequent emission of it’s decay products, breaking DNA bonds.

Page 25: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Anthropogenic radioactivity

Mining

Traffic and exhaust

Nuclear energy

Fall-out, cooling water Fertilizer

Building

Anthropogenic enhancement

Coal

Page 26: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Should we, can we, must we live with it?

• 4. Societal impact of radioactivity

• 4.1. Radioactivity in the industrial production process

• 4.2. Radioactivity in the art market

• 4.3. Radioactivity and homeland security

• 4.4. Radioactivity and medical applications

• 4.5. Radioactivity in war

• 4.6. Radioactivity and fear

Page 27: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Radioactivity in Industry Oil Search

Food Irradiation

Nuclear Energy

Material Analysis

Quality Control

Solar Panels

Fire Safety

Page 28: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Radioactivity as human tool in art

Radiocarbon dating

Pb Fe Co Ca

XRF and PIXE analysis

Page 29: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Radioactivity in homeland security

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Nuclear bomb tests

Nuclear medicine

http://ntsi131.nci.nih.gov/
Page 31: Radioactivity - Institute for Structure and Nuclear ... has a fear factor More than 2000 Nuclear Weapons Tests Beginning from the days of cold war and the nuclear test program 1945-1999,

Nuclear Nightmare triggers nuclear fears


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