Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology
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Transcript of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology
Miodrag BolicAssociate ProfessorSchool of Information Technology and EngineeringUniversity of [email protected]
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Outline
Introduction to RFID technology Applications Classification of RFID systems RFID tags, readers and middleware Problems with RFID technology Introduction to RFID standards Novel RFID technologies
What is RFID?What is RFID? RFID is an ADC wireless technology that
uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track...
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a wireless automatic data capture (ADC) technology that comprises small data-carrying transponders ('tags'), and fixed or mobile scanners ('readers'). Tags are attached to or embedded in objects to be identified.
It is used for:
Major application: detect the presence of tagged objects and/or
people. Identify the objects/people
Other applications: Tracking objects and people localization of objects and people
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Forecast volume RFID tags – Instat 2005
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Components of RFID systems
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RFID API Software(Communicates with the RFID Reader)
Customer-SpecificApplication Software
Host Computer
Host Memory Space
Reader
AntennaAntenna
ApplicationProgramInterface
(API)
ApplicationProgramInterface
(API)
RFID System components
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R R
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T T
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TTT
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Ap p lic a tio ns o f tw ar e
R ead er c o n tr o lle r /M id d lew ar e
R ead er s an dtag s
R ead er to tagp r o to c o l
R ead er to r ead erc o n tr o lle r p r o to c o l
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Reader Functionality
• Constantly poll or “interrogate” the space
• Communicate with the tags
• Translate tag data into events understandable by middleware
• Resolve physical-layer communication constraints
RFID readerRFID reader
tag
01.43200B9.23AE1F.345C4D012
antenna
Interface to host computer (RS485, RS232/422, ethernet, 802.11, etc)
1- The Reader sends an interrogation command, which is radiated by the antennas (*)
2- The tag responds to the reader’s command by sending its tag identifier
3- The reader communicates the ID read to the host computer.
ID: 01.43200B9.23AE1F.345C4D012
Reader Functionality
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RFID Technology
From: http://www.idtechex.com/products/en/article.asp?articleid=42
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EPC Data Standards
Electronic Product Code (EPC)Uniquely identifies item in supply chain
96 bit EPC 268 million companies Each with 16 million distinct object classes Each class with 68 billion serial numbers
From: http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Ecommerce/rfid/index.html
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Applications
Parcels – Fedex, UPS, DHL (2004) Retail (Consumer Goods) – Walmart, Metro Healthcare – Pharmaceuticals, patient tracking Agriculture – Live stock tracking, perishables Lifestyle – Amusement Parks, Speedpass(Esso) Security – Personnel, Assets Defence – US DoD suppliers
Portal Portal ApplicationsApplications
Bill of LadingMaterial Tracking
Portal Portal ApplicationsApplications
Limited number items at forklift speeds8’ X 10’ doorwaysElectronic receipt & dispatchWrong destination alertElectronic markingPallet/container item tracking
Hand Held Application Hand Held Application CategoriesCategories
Wireless Batch
Fixed Station
Application ExamplesApplication Examples
Wireless / Batch Inventory Management
Material HandlingBy Destination
Material HandlingInspecting / Maintaining
Material HandlingAggregate / De-aggregate
Where is it? What is it?What is inside the box?
Where is it going? Where has it been?Should it be here?
What have I assembled or disassembled?How many do I have? Do I have enough?
Has this been repaired?Is this under warrantee?Has this been inspected?Is this complete? What is the asset’s status or state?
Classification of RFID systems the way they obtain power, the way they transmit data, the type of EM link formed with the
Interrogator
Frequency of operation
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100kHz
LF 125 ~134Khz
1MHz
HF 13.56Mhz UHF 868 ~ 928Mhz
1GHz
2.45Ghz 5.6Ghz
•Access Control•Automotive Immob
•Animal-ID•Asset Tagging
•Access Control•Logistics
•Post •Parcel •baggage •libraries
•Item•Carton•Case•Retail
Transport - road pricing - train location - fleet management
Under development
Frequency
Transport
• Road tolling
• Container tracking
• Pallets
Tag Type Selectionactive tags
passive tags
EPCEPCUHF = extended read range
RFID Tag Spectrum
Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA 19
WAVELENGTH
FAR FIELD NEAR FIELDFREQ WL 1/6 WL
LF 134 kHz1.3 miles 1100 feetHF 13.5 MHz 66 feet 11 feetUHF 900 Mhz 13 inches 2 inchesMW 2.45 GHz 5 inches 1 inch
Wavelength (m) = Speed of Light (m/s) / Frequency (Hz)
NEAR FIELD = Energy storage FieldFAR FIELD = Displacement Field
Tag technology categories
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No Batteries Batteries
Em
itte
d E
nerg
y ActiveEnergy Harvesting(Semi Active)
Asset Tamperand Seal Tags
Solar Vibration
Far-F
ield –
EM
Rad
iation
Near-F
ield –
Magn
etic Cou
plin
g
Ref
lect
ed E
nerg
y Semi-PassivePassive
Toll CollectionSupply Chain Labels
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Performance and feature trade-off
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Em
itte
d E
nerg
yR
efle
cted
Ene
rgy
Near-Field Far-Fielde.g. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), UHF RFID (ISO18000-7), UWBe.g. RuBee (IEEE P1902.1), NFC (ISO 18092)
e.g. UHF RFID (ISO18000-6 & EPC)e.g. HF RFID (ISO 14443), LF RFID (ISO 14223-1)
Benefits• Robust link around
dense RF media
• Magnetic field zone control
• Simple narrow-band protocols maximize battery life
Deficiencies• Range limited to
antenna loop diameter
• Multi-tag arbitration speed limited by data rate
Benefits• Long range due to RF
propagation and higher transmit power
• High multi-tag arbitration rates possible due to larger bandwidth & data-rate
Deficiencies• Some bands require
spread spectrum and complex multiple access protocols; leads to higher power consumption
• Poor zone control
Benefits• Excellent zone
control
• Robust near-field energy harvesting for passive HF/LF RFID
• Robust media penetration
Deficiencies• Backscatter reader
sensitivity and loop antenna diameter limits practical range to within one meter
• Multi-tag arbitration limited by bandwidth and data rate
Benefits• Tens of meters of
range for passive tags
• Longer range for semi-passive tags; limited primarily by reader sensitivity
• High multi-tag arbitration rate
• Longer battery life
Deficiencies• Poor zone control
• Poor RF media penetration
• Highly orientation sensitivity due to weaker backscatter and multi-path propagation
Intern
al Pow
er Sou
rce (e.g. Batteries)
Extern
al Pow
er Sou
rce (e.g. RF, V
ibration
, Ligh
t)
Application vs. Technology
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PersonnelTracking
HighLow
Long
Short
VehicleTracking
ShelvedItems
ConveyorBelts
Near-Field Passive
Semi-ActiveFar-Field Passive& Semi-Passive
Throughput
Ra
ng
e
Far-Field Active
Classifications
Near-field propagation LF HF UHF
Far-field propagation Narrow band Wide band
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LF Tags
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LF tags very effective at penetrating water and living
tissues used to identify livestock.
inductive coupling to operate, read ranges are comparable to the size of the
reader antenna, typically a few 10’s of cm (5-10 inches) for a small
reader antenna the tags are composed of many turns of wire
around the ferrite core to increase coupling
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Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA 27
LF PASSIVE TAGS
TI-RFID (previously TIRIS)
• glass tubes - injectable animal chip • key fobs - Mobile Speed Pass• Disks - CARMAX Asset Tracking• ID Cards - Access Security Proximity• Rods - Vehicle Tracking• Mount-on-Metal Transponders
Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA 28
LF PASSIVE TAGS
COST (dependant on quantity)
• glass tubes - $2 • key fobs - $3• Disks - $5• ID Cards - $3• Rods - $9• Mount-on-Metal Transponders - $7
Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA 29
LF PASSIVE TAGS
RANGE - Depends on Reader/Antenna
• glass tubes - 1 foot• key fobs - 1 foot• Disks - 5 feet• ID Cards - 3 feet• Rods - 6 feet• Mount-on-Metal Transponders - 5 feet
HF
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This frequency is available for industrial use in most jurisdictions worldwide.
inductive coupling is used as larger induced voltage, so the reader usually
uses a single-turn coil, and transponders typically incorporate 3-5 turns of wire.
Typical read range varies from a few cm to a meter.
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Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA 32
HF PASSIVE TAGS
ISO 15693 (previously TI Tag-it, I-Code) (vicinity card)
ISO 14443 (proximity card)
• foil inlays • paper labels• cardboard tickets• ID bracelets• ID Cards (photo ID)
Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA 33
HF PASSIVE TAGS
COST (dependant on quantity)
• foil inlays - $.050• paper labels - $0.75• cardboard tickets - $0.75• ID bracelets - $2.00• ID Cards (photo ID) - $2.00
Dynasys Technologies Inc Clearwater, Florida USA 34
HF PASSIVE TAGS
RANGE - Depends on Reader/Antenna - Depends on Foil Size
• foil inlays - 2 feet• paper labels - 2 feet• cardboard tickets - 1 foot• ID bracelets - 1/2 foot• ID Cards (photo ID) - 2 feet
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UHF Near Field
Novel technology Near-field UHF work on bottles and even
inside liquids It works on metal as well It provides up to 64 times higher data
transmission rates than HF while the reading range is similar
UHF tags are cheaper to produce than HF tags
UHF Near Field
UHF tag’s antenna that has only one turn compatible with EPC Gen 2 standard ability to read all the tags on the items that
are close to each other
Expensive UHF readers No mobile solutions yet
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UHF RFID tag
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Far-field narrow band UHF bands: 315 MHz and 433 MHz Allocate a few tens of kilohertz of bandwidth. The 433.92 MHz UHF band is uniformly allocated
world-wide. Very low transmitted power allowed (6microW) 433 MHz :container security and military logistics. The Interrogator transmission periodicity is also
limited to one transmission every ten seconds or less often.
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Far-field UHF
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UHF systems
Between 860 and 960 MHz In North America Industrial, Scientific, and
Medical (ISM) band at 902-928 MHz. radiative coupling to achieve read ranges not
available for LF or HF devices. Read range for passive UHF tags can be as
much as 10 meters
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Far-field 2.4GHz
Available for unlicensed operation worldwide. Very small tags can be used because of the consequent small antennas,
the amount of power collected by a tag is reduced in comparison to UHF tags.
Read range for passive systems1 to 3 meters More bandwidth than UHF High data rate
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Passive systems - Backscatter Reader generated the RF field:
Induce enough power into the tag coil to energize the tag.
Provide a synchronized clock source to the tag Act as a carrier for return data from the tag.
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Passive systems backscatter
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Semi-passive systems - Battery operated systems antennas are optimized for larger range, there is a support for more complex
operations, sensors can be easily added, memory capacity is larger.
Some tags can continue its operation even when the battery is dead
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Active systems
Modes: beacon mode periodically after some conditions
are specified Motion sensors Dual frequency
Interogatted mode Battery life
Critical parameter Measure and report the capacity of the battery
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Active
Standards RFID Wireless standards: WiFI, Zigbee
RTLS – real time location systems
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ASIC Resistors &Capacitors
Antennas
GPIO
Battery
Substrate
RFID Tags and Readers
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RFID – Sample Tags / Readers
Pallet tag, UHF (Matrics)
Cardboard-case tag, MW (Matrics)
Plastic crate tag, UHF (Rafsec)
Sample Tags Sample Readers
Stationary reader and antenna (Alien)
Signpost activator (Savi)
Stationary reader (Matrics)
Handheld reader (Checkpoint)
Doorway antenna (Checkpoint)
Stationary reader and antenna (SAMSys)
Stationary readers are typically deployed at warehouse portals or loading docks, on conveyor belts or forklift arms, on store shelves, check-out lanes, etc.
Tags can be attached to almost anything: pallets or cases of product vehicles company assets or personnel items such as apparel,
luggage, laundry people, livestock, or pets high value electronics such
as computers, TVs, camcorders
What is RFID? -- The What is RFID? -- The TagsTags
Variations: Memory
Size (16 bits - 512 kBytes +) Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM Type: EEProm, Antifuse
Arbitration (Anti-collision) Ability to read/write one or
many tags at a time Frequency
125KHz - 5.8 GHz Physical Dimensions
Thumbnail to Brick sizes Price ($0.50 to $250)
Are All Tags The Same?Are All Tags The Same?
Tags
Tag separation Types of antennas
Dipole Dual-dipole ...
Material of the antennas: copper, silver, film aluminium, ink
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Reader classification
Mobility Fixed Mobile
stand-alone or card interface
Intelligence Intelligent – program and filter data Nominal – read/write
Interface Wired: TCT, RS232, USB Wireless: WLAN
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Reader classification
Powering method AC Battery DC from the forklift or a track
Reading mode Autonomous Interactive
Triggering device Reducing interference
Connection with external devices PDA, barcode readers, cameras
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Hand-held reader Contain
UHF RFID reader PDA computer that is embedded WiFi, USB and RS232 connectivity, external memory slot bar code scanner very often are sealed IP64 or IP65
Options usually include: GPS Bluetooth Camera module Additional battery 2D bar code scanner Cradle Other readers such as 13.56MHz readers Printing labels
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Protocols
Tag singulation Tree based algorithms Aloha based algorithms
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Software and Integration
From: http://www.infosys.com/rfid/Infosys_White_Paper_on_RFID_Architecture_Strategy.pdf
RFID Architecture
Object Name Service (ONS)• Provides a global, distributed lookup service to translate an
EPC into one URL where further information on the object (XML - metadata) may be found
• Dynamic ONS services record a sequence of custodians as an object moves through a supply chain
• Uses same technology of DNS• Integration and security are key
The Vertical-Based Extendable Mark-Up Language (XML) • XML vocabularies to represent and distribute information
related to objects• Specific functionality data representation for specific
industries
RFID Middleware (Edge Server)• ALE - Application Level Events standard• Middleware software designed to process the streams of
tag or sensor data • Accommodates different reader vendors• Standardizes interfaces between readers, ONS, XML,
and Enterprise Applications• Uses XML-RPC and SOAP over HTTP• Filtering, aggregation, reduction of the volume of data
prior to sending to Enterprise Application• Scalability is important, since readers may process
hundreds of tags per second
RFID Middleware
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Problems Read ranges Read rates Tag separation Interference Deployment of large RFID systems Analysis of data Software and integration Security
Read range
Maximum distance between the tag and the antenna where the tag can be read by the reader.
Affected by the following parameters of reader and tag Reader antenna gain Reduced lekeage between transmit and receive antennas Tag antenna gain Optimum tag reflection coefficient Appropriate data coding scheme and modulation Environment ...
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Read rates
Percentage of read tags in the read range
One of the biggest problems in RFID industry Depends on
Tag separation Orientation of tags Material around the tag Obstacles ...
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Experiment
Fixed RFID reader Impinj Speedway Symbol XR400
Antenna Configuration Monostatic Bistatic
Polarization Circular Circular
Output Power 1 W 1 W
Sensitivity ≈ -70 dBm ≈ -90 dBm
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Results
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Tag Type
Readability at Computer Lab
Readability at Anechoic Chamber
Impinj Reader
Symbol Reader
Impinj Reader
Symbol Reader
ALN-9540
80.6% 73% 78.2% 82.7%
AD-220 81.9% 73% 76.6% 83.9% RSI IN-
10 100% 87.9% 97.6% 100%
RSI IN-22
99.2% 83.1% 95.6% 100%
PowerID 100% 100% 91.9% 95.2%
Results
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RECEIVING AREARECEIVING AREA
STORAGE AREASTORAGE AREA
DOCK 1
RRRR
RRRR
Reader-to-Reader Interference Zone
Reader-to-Tag Interference Zone
Interrogation Zone
LEGEND
Reader Density
From: Presentation by Reva Systems
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Interference
Reader to reader Dense-Reader Mode: readers can detect weak tags
amongst many strong readers
Reader to tag Typical tags are not selective => Susceptible to
interference From far-away readers On channel or in different channels
From: Presentation by Reva Systems
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Analysis of information Functionality of RFID system
Capture information. Manage information. Analyze information. Access information. Act on information and events.
The amount of information is overwhelming Example: major retail chain tagged all the items. If
there are 10 billion items read every 5 minutes, they will generate 15 Terabytes of data per day.
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Security
Technical security is addressed in the Gen 2 protocol Reader does not transmit electronic product code(EPC) Tag memory can be locked
Access is password protected 32-bit access password
“Kill”command can permanently disable the Tag Protected by 32-bit kill password
Masked Reader -> Tag communications RN16 sent by tag used to mask Reader payload Protects data, passwords from eavesdropping
BUT…Security really depends on us How much information do we want exposed? Public policy will decide the limits
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EPC Data Standards
Electronic Product Code (EPC)Uniquely identifies item in supply chain
96 bit EPC 268 million companies Each with 16 million distinct object classes Each class with 68 billion serial numbers
From: http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Ecommerce/rfid/index.html
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EPC Class I - V
Class V tags Readers. Can power other Class I, II and III tags;
Communicate with Classes IV and V.
Class IV tags: Active tags with
broad-band peer-to-peer communication
Class III tags:semi-passive RFID tags
Class II tags: passive tags with additional
functionality
Class 0/Class I:read-only passive tags
EPC Classes EPCglobal – a joint subsidiary of the Uniform Code
Council and EAN International
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Properties Speed
1500 tags/sec in North America 600 tags/sec in Europe 70ms to write 96-bit EPC
Reliability Adapts to rapidly changing tag populations Including large populations (>1,000 tags) Can identify late-arriving tags immediately
Selection Select command allows flexible tag pre-selection Can select / mask specific tags for identification
Range 8m read range 6m write range
From: EPCglobal. Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard Version 1.0.9, 2005.
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Link timing
From: EPCglobal. Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard Version 1.0.9, 2005.
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Memory Organization
From: EPCglobal. Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard Version 1.0.9, 2005.
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Class 1 Generation 2 Commands Select Inventory commands
Query QueryAdjust QueryRep ACK NAK
Access commands Req_RN Read Write Kill Lock Access BlockWrite BlockErase
From: EPCglobal. Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard Version 1.0.9, 2005.
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1. Tags reusable or one-time use ?
2. Distance performance required ?
3. Materials being tagged ?
4. Orientation of tags ?
5. Number of tags ?
6. Speed performance required ?
7. Power required ?
Deployment - RFID QUESTIONS
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Deployment - MORE QUESTIONS
1. Required accuracy ?
2. Environmental noise ?
3. Size restrictions for tags, readers, antennas ?
4. Mounting methods ?
5. Cost of ownership ?
6. Availability of equipment ?
7. Availability of support ?
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THE OPTIMUM CASE
Need to track valuable, important stuff
Tags can be presented in a predictable location
Orientation of tags is predictable
Materials will not interfere with tags
Tags can be attached easily
Tags will remain in the field long enough to be detected
Tags can function within environment
New technologies
Rubee Dual frequency tags
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Rubee technology
Antenna
Tag 1
Tag 2
Tag 3
Tag 4
Reader
Possible scenario
Dual frequency RFID
IPICO: LF communication
low ranges and low data rates regulations usually allow high-power transmission LF is used only to power-up the tags
HF range is used for back-scattered modulation.
Access Inc. Multiple frequency tags
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