Radiation Basics Mary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, PhD Idaho State University/Idaho National Laboratory ANS...
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Transcript of Radiation Basics Mary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, PhD Idaho State University/Idaho National Laboratory ANS...
![Page 1: Radiation Basics Mary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, PhD Idaho State University/Idaho National Laboratory ANS Teachers’ Workshop Anaheim, CA November 2014.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffa1a28abf838cc073b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Radiation BasicsMary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, PhD
Idaho State University/Idaho National Laboratory
ANS Teachers’ WorkshopAnaheim, CA
November 2014
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Medicine/Health
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Voyager
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Soda Can
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Bugs
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What we’ll cover . . .• Atomic Basics• What is Radiation?
– Types– Characteristics
• Sources of Ionizing Radiation• Concepts
– Radioactivity– Half-Life– Contamination vs. Exposure– Protection and Biological Effects
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Atomic Structure of Helium
THE HELIUM’S subATOMIC HELIUM ATOM COMPOSITION
2 Protons
2 Neutrons
2 Electrons
e-
n
e-p+
n
p+
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MASS NUMBER
is the total number of protons and neutrons42He
ATOMIC NUMBER
is the number of protons
ELEMENT SYMBOL
nNeutrons have a large mass approximately equal to a proton’s mass. Neutrons have no charge.
p+
Protons have a large mass and a positive charge. The number of protons identifies an element.
Electrons have a very small mass and a negative charge. Electrons travel outside the nucleus.
e-
More on helium . . .
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What is Radiation?
Transmission of energy via . . .
Particles or
Waves
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Types of radiation
Ionizing
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X-Rays
Neutrons
Non-Ionizing
Radiowaves
Microwaves
Infrared
Ultraviolet
Visible Light
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Why is it called ionizing?Because it creates Because it creates ionsions -- --atoms with a charge.atoms with a charge.
Ionizing Radiation
Ejected ElectronNeutrons
and Protons
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Where does radiation come from?
Atoms . . .from
radioactive or unstable
atoms
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What part of atoms?
The NucleusHence, we have terms such
as nuclear medicine.
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What is radioactivity?
The spontaneous emission of “fragments” or “bundles” of energy from energetic nuclei creating more stable nuclei.
Radioactive atom
More stable atom formed
Energy and radiation released
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If radiation comes from atoms and everything is made of atoms, is there radiation
around us right now?
Absolutely!It’s called background radiation
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Samuel Brinton
Kansas State University
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In 1987 the average American received 360 millirem of radiation per year
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The average American now receives 620 millirem of radiation per year
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A Comparison of the Sources
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The Reason for the Change1980s to 2006
• Radiation from medical procedures increased 7 times.
• Increase in medical imaging procedures– computed tomography (CT) – nuclear medicine
Source: http://www.ncrponline.org/Publications/160press.html
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Terms
• Roentgen (R) - unit of exposure - ionization of air by x or gamma rays
• RAD (Radiation Absorbed Dose) - energy deposited in material
• rem - (Roengten Equivalent Man)
– unit of dose equivalent
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Radiation TypesAlpha ()
2 protons, 2 neutrons
positively charged particle
n
p+n
p+
Beta ()like an electronnegatively charged particle
-
Gamma ()Wave energy (not a particle)
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PENETRATING ABILITY
+ +
-
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Paper
alpha
beta
gamma
Wood
Lead
Concrete
SHIELDING
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RADIOACTIVE DECAY REACTIONS
ALPHA DECAY
BETA DECAY
GAMMA DECAY
23892 U
23490 Th +
4
2
Th
Pa +
m
56Ba
Ba +
+
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Units of “Activity”
Activity - a rate; the number of emissions (of radiation) per unit time.
dps - disintegrations per second
Bequerel = 1 dps
Curie = 37,000,000,000 dps
Picocurie = 0.037 dps or 2.2 dpm
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Radioactive Decay
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Half-Lives
RadioactiveAtoms
Half LifeHalf Life
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Radioactive Decay
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Half-Lives
"Stable" Atoms
RadioactiveAtoms
Half LifeHalf Life
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When we are exposed to radiation
do we become more radioactive?
NO!!
We have beenirradiated.
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NO!!
We have beenirradiated.
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Which is not to be confused with . . .
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Radioactive Contamination - is radioactive material in an unwanted place.
Radioactive ContaminationRadioactive Contamination
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Why are we concerned about Radiation?
Ionizing Radiation
Human Cells
Atoms in Cells Form Ions
Not Replaced
ReplacedReproduces
Malignant Growth Benign Growth
Change in Cell Cell DiesNo/Neutral Change in Cell
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Time
How do we protect ourselves?How do we protect ourselves?
Distance
Shielding
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The End . . .