Radiant EDU Primer Rev B - personal.utulsa.edualexei-grigoriev/Radiant... · Sonar, medical...

Radiant Technologies IncRadiant EDU - A Simple Ferroelectric Tester for Education

Teaching Electro-Ceramics

Radiant Technologies Inc Albuquerque NM USAradiantferrodevicescom

Rev BAugust 27 2007


AbstractRadiant Technologies has created the Radiant EDU a simple low costlaboratory instrument with matching ferroelectric capacitor samplesspecifically for the purpose of introducing electro-ceramics to science andengineering students The unit is designed to study ferroelectric devices aswell as sensors and memories made from these components


The EDUThe Radiant EDU consists of an arbitrary waveform generator (AWFG) anelectrometer and an oscilloscope integrated into a single unit controlled byan on-board microprocessor that receives requests from the host computervia USB communications

The EDU does not have an enclosure in order to avoid theperception by students that it is a ldquoblack boxrdquo

The EDUmeasureshysteresiscurves onpackaged

ferroelectriccapacitors

Student projects can be operated using the externalport


System FunctionalityThe external port containing the AWFG stimulus signal the electrometerinput and the oscilloscope input allows students to fabricate their ownexperiments or design and test their own sensors

A homemade force sensor forthe EDU built at Radiant


FerroelectricityFerroelectric materials like Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) or BariumTitanate are complex oxides with highly non-linear properties Theyexhibit polarization hysteresis and sensitivity to force displacement andtemperature changes They are useful as memory materials and assensors

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75

Classic Polarization Hysteresis( 025u thick PZT ]

Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

With packaged PZT capacitorssupplied by Radiant thestudent can explore theprinciples of capacitance theelectrical properties ofmaterials memory andsensors


Radiant TechnologiesRadiant Technologies Inc is the worldrsquos leading manufacturer of testequipment for electro-ceramics Our test systems can actuate 10KVdevices or measure the hysteresis of a thin ferroelectric film capacitor withdimensions less than a square micrometer

A submicron PZT capacitor courtesy of theUniversity of Maryland

045u^2 PZT 4060 PZT Capacitor

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

VoltsP

olar

izat

ion

(uC

cm^2

)

064u x 07u


PhilosophyNon-linear capacitors are an exciting technology used in almost everyaspect of society today Civilization would not function without themSonar medical ultrasound fire detectors infrared camerasaccelerometers medical sensors mechanical actuators microphones andintrusion detectors are just a few of the devices using non-linear capacitorsas the critical operating element Yet these very special capacitors arepractically unknown by engineers or even physicists and chemists

Radiant Technologies created the EDU to make the technology accessibleto university students and encourage them to pursue careers studying non-linear capacitors or building useful circuits with these unique devices


Read MoreFor a narrative on the EDU and its applications click on the link below tojump further into this file

Primer on the Radiant EDU

You may contact us with questions or recommendations for the EDUandor new ferroelectric-based components

ndash Sales information Michelle Bellndash Technical assistance Joe Evans or Bob Howardndash Shipping instructions Geri Martinezndash e-mail radiantferrodevicescomndash Telephone 505-842-8007ndash Fax 505-842-0366ndash web site wwwferrodevicescom



A Primer on the RadiantEDU Educational Tester


Rev BAugust 27 2007


Overview

bull Hardware Design

bull Circuit Architecture

bull Graphical Userrsquos Interface

bull Charge Measurement

bull Ferroelectric Capacitors and Sensor Chips from Radiant

bull External Sensor Projects

bull Oscilloscope Operation

bull Syllabi


Hardware Designbull The test circuitry in Radiantrsquos EDU is implemented with modern surface

mount technology and components to reduce costsbull A USB communications port connects the tester to a host computerbull Standardized ferroelectric capacitor samples connect to the tester

through a built-in TO-18 transistor-type socket

Capacitorunder test


Circuit Architecture

bull The EDU has one plusmn10V output and three synchronously captured 12-bitinputs Its execution clock is 50micros

To Host

Oscilloscope Input

Digital toAnalog

Converter

Analog toDigital

Converter

Cap A

48MHz 8051Microprocessor

with USB engine

On-boardPower Regulators(plusmn15V 5V 33V)

Electrometer

AmpUSB

Power Pack(18V AC) Amp


Hardware Design

Microprocessor

PowerCharge Measurement

Digital-to-AnalogConverter

Stimulus Voltage

Analog-to-DigitalConverter

Cap AB Switches

OSC Port

PackagedSampleSocket


Simple Graphical Users Interfacebull Only one measurement task is

necessary Charge vs Voltage vs Timendash 100Hz to 1Hz frequency rangendash plusmn10V range

bull A separate waveform task allowsrecovery fatigue and imprint tests to beexecuted manually

bull All file formats and export formats are inASCII but plots may be pasted from theGUI directly into other programs

bull Plotting options include derivatives andmeasurements vs time

Next page


Simple GUI

bull Four parameters define the test profile The capacitor values can range from~10pF to 1nF Plus there is an on-board mux to select between Cap A andCap B in the packaged parts


Data Plotting

Despite its simplicity the EDU has a powerful set of plotting tools All of the datadisplayed on the following pages was taken with an EDU formatted using EDU plottingtools and then copied from the EDU GUI directly into the presentation


Measuring a Linear Capacitor

Plots of the voltage stimulus produced by the EDU (called the Drive) versus the chargegenerated by a linear capacitor in response to the stimulus shown The linear capacitor iswell linear

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

EDU Bipolar Stimulus Voltage[ 10ms Period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Measurement of a Linear Capacitor[ 1nF Polystyrene ]

Cha

rge

(nC

)


Hysteresis of the Linear Capacitor

Plotting the measured charge against the voltage on the X-axis yields Q = CV The slopeof the line is ldquoCrdquo the capacitance This is ldquohysteresisrdquo data albeit with zero hysteresis

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

[ Charge vs Voltage ]

Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor

This is a lot more interesting The ferroelectric material translates the stimulus into acompletely different set of temporal frequencies

-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Packaged PZT Capacitor[ Radiant Type AB White ]

Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)


Hysteresis of the PZT Capacitor

Plotted versus voltage a real hysteresis emerges

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage


Why does Hysteresis Happen

All solid materials are held together by a balance of electrical forcesbetween the atoms in the material lattices Normally atoms in a latticearrange themselves so that all of the electrons and protons cancel eachothersrsquo electric fields

Ferroelectric materials have very complex geometric structures for theiratoms This complexity gives rise to asymmetries in the lattice thatprevent all of the electrical fields of the electrons and protons fromcanceling each other out even though there are an even number ofelectrons and protons From these asymmetries arise all of the usefulproperties of ferroelectric materials

Click on the link to give a short tutorial on the origin of the ferroelectrichysteresis

The Origins of Hysteresis


Packaged Ferroelectric CapacitorsRadiant has designed small packaged ferroelectric capacitors specificallyto work with the EDU The packaged capacitors make it possible for aclass to study and use ferroelectric properties in the lab

ndash Two capacitors to each package

ndash Capacitor sizes range from 100000 square microns down to 100 squaremicrons

Top view

COMMON CAP A

CAP B CASECap A Cap BCommon

TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die

bull 026micro 2080 PZT

bull Platinumelectrodes

bull TiOxSiOx ILD

bull ChromeGoldmetallization

bull 5V saturation

bull Will withstandunlimitedexposure to 9V

10000 square micron capacitor

Contact Pad in GoldPZT

14mm


Building Gadgetsbull The EDU has a built-in port accessible with standard 6-line telephone

cable and telephone jack plugs to allow students to build their ownprojects and operate them using the EDU software

bull The external port on the Radiant EDU has the following signals

ndash plusmn10V AWFG outputndash plusmn10nC electrometer inputndash plusmn10V oscilloscope inputndash plusmn15V power and system ground

bull Using these signals the student can build his or her own gadget powerit stimulate it and measure it from the EDU


Projectsbull Below is short list of interesting projects that can be built

and operated with the EDUndash Traditional Sawyer Tower measurement circuit for ferroelectric

capacitors

ndash FeRAM emulatorbull FeRAM = Ferroelectric Random Access Memory

ndash Air gap metal plate capacitor

ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor

ndash Acoustic sensor


Sensor Diebull 10micro 42080

PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation


bull Can be solderedto PC board

4mm x 4mm PZT capacitor with 1microthick PNZT Piezoelectric Constant ~ 500pCN Pyroelectric Constant ~ 22nCdegC

Top and bottomelectrodecontacts

05cm

10cm

Radiant also manufacturers a large PZTcapacitor suitable for building simple forceand heat sensors by hand


Where do sensor properties come fromThe sensor properties arise directly from the electric dipoles in thematerial

Go to the following link for a very short explanation of the sensorproperties of ferroelectric materials

The Origin of Sensor Properties


Sensor Board for EDUbull Radiant supplies a sensor board compatible with the EDU

external port that uses the sensor die shown earlierndash A charge amplifier powered from the EDU and connected to the sensor

capacitor converts any piezoelectric or pyroelectric stimuli to a voltage onthe oscilloscope input

Sensorcapacitor


The Real Time Oscilloscopebull The real time oscilloscope software supplied with the EDU can capture signals as fast as

2KHz or as slow as 10Hz and display data taken over 10 minutes or more

The plotshown is thecarotid arterypressure waveat the neckcaptured withthe EDUsensor boardconfigured tobe a forcesensor

ldquoDownrdquo means compression ofthe sensor capacitor ~1V1N


The Real Time Oscilloscopebull By extending the time scale to the human time frame it is possible to watch the flow and

ebb of heat around the sensor

A sine wavemade bynearby cupsof coffee andice waterinterrupts theserenity of anEDU sensorconfiguredfor detectingradiant heatThe room airconditioningcaused thewiggles

Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee

Sensitivity ~ 02ordmCVoltSample Distance ~ 10cm


Tutorials and Syllabibull Radiant has created a set of tutorials and guided experiments for

the EDUndash Eight lessons describe the physics of the dielectric constant linear

capacitors paraelectric capacitors and ferroelectric capacitors

ndash The first five experiments familiarize the user with the EDU and its tools

ndash The remaining experiments explain remanent polarization and memorysensors test procedures for electro-ceramics and reliability of electro-ceramics

ndash They are installed automatically with the EDU software

bull Professors are welcome to submit their own contributions to thetutorials or to publish their own syllabi for the unit


Contact InformationWe hope that you have enjoyed our tutorial about the Radiant EDUYou may contact us with questions or recommendations for theEDU andor new ferroelectric-based components

ndash Sales information Michelle Bellndash Technical assistance Joe Evans or Bob Howardndash Shipping instructions Geri Martinez

bull e-mail radiantferrodevicescom

bull Telephone 505-842-8007

bull Fax 505-842-0366

bull web site wwwferrodevicescom



A Short Tutorial on theOrigin of Hysteresis in PZT


Rev BAugust 27 2007




Ferroelectric materials exist with a very complex geometric structure fortheir atoms This complexity gives rise to asymmetries in the lattice thatprevent all of the electrical fields of the electrons and protons fromcanceling each other out even though there are an even number ofelectrons and protons From these asymmetries arise all of the usefulproperties of ferroelectric materials


The Lattice and its BondsDiamond has a trihedral structure withsymmetrical covalent bonds betweenall carbon atoms

PZT has a tetragonalstructure with asymmetricalpartially ionic bondsbetween the oxygensand the metals

Symmetrical lattice + covalent bondingmeans no net electric fields

DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead

Titanium (or Zirconium)

Oxygen


The electrons surround each atom equallyin time and space Hence there are noseparated charges for an electric field toact on Diamond has a low very lineardielectric constant ~56

The carbon atoms in diamond are about15Aring apart along an edge Each carbon atomoccupies about 1Aring So as temperature goesdown there is plenty of room for the carbon atomsto move closer without bumping into each otherDiamonds electrical properties are uniformover a wide temperature range

Diamond


Perovskite LatticeIn the perovskite structure most ferroelectric materials haveno metals are bonded to metals Every metal is bonded onlyto nearby oxygens The bonding diagram looks like this

The electrons stay near the red oxygensgiving every metaloxygen pair a netelectric dipole An external electricfield will repel the metals and attractthe oxygens severely distortingthe lattice as it expands

Since dielectric constant depends onphysical ldquoDisplacementrdquo (the ldquoDrdquo in Maxwellrsquos equations) perovskitescan have huge dielectric constants as high as 30000

- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+


The TitaniumOxygen CageAn easy way to visualize the distortion is to lookat the effect of a field on the TitaniumOxygen sub-lattice

+-E

The LeadOxygenlattice also distorts

+-

--

-


Coefficient of Thermal ExpansionAll solids can be treated as a network of balls and springs

Temperature is simply the motion energy of each atom The higher thetemperature the faster they move theharder they bounce off each other and

the further apart they force each other to stay Hence physical sizeof solids changes with temperature The change in dimensions vsthe change in temperature is the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

The CTE of PZT is ~15 times that of Diamond


Remanent PolarizationPZT has a 4Aring lattice constant but many moreatoms are squeezed into the that volume than with diamond Asthe temperature drops and the lattice shrinks eventually thereis not enough room for all the atoms in the symmetricalformat So the lattice distorts to squeeze the atomscloser together A simple model is that thethe body-centered atom slides up about 005Aring soit is no longer co-planar with the oxygens

Since the titaniumrsquos electrons stay mostlyaround the oxygens a net vertical dipole is created

Note P = Q x d ~ 100microCcm2 for PZT unit cell

+

-


Finally HysteresisOn many materials called ldquoelectretsrdquo the lattice is rigid and the internaldipoles are fixed relative to the lattice never to switch Ferroelectricmaterials on the other hand have just the right amount of softness soexternal forces like an external electric field can make the charged atomsshift position to line up with the voltage but the right amount of rigidity sothe resultant dipoles stay lined up when the force is removed at zero volts

Q

V

The next page shows howdipoles make this ldquohalfrdquohysteresis loop


The Electrical Measure of Hysteresis Negative Charge Positive Charge

(a)Dipole

starting atzero volts

+

-

CurrentMeter

(b)Apply voltage andcharge capacitor in

opposite direction asdipole Dielectric andremanent charge both

move

(d)Dipole at zero

volts again and inthe opposite

direction

(c)Dischargecapacitor

+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory

The ferroelectric capacitor will give a ldquolittle bitrdquo of charge or a ldquolotrdquo of charge dependingon the direction of the applied voltage and the direction of the dipoles This property isused in modern Ferroelectric RAM ICs to make high-speed non-volatile memory chips

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Half Loops in a PZT Capacitor[ Radiant Type AB White ]

Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop

Non-switching Half Loop


Mysteries of Memory

What is this waveform It happens millions of times a second to individual databits in a magnetic disk drive when new data is written to the disk Disk drivesdepend on magnetic hysteresis to store data

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Hint This is thestarting point


Conclusion HysteresisElectrical hysteresis arises in natural materials much like magnetichysteresis in magnetite with which many more people are familiarMaterials engineers tinkering with composition and process have nowcreated new materials with strong ferroelectric properties and usefulness

Click on the link below to return to the main narrative

Return to Narrative



A Very Short Tutorial on theOrigin of Environmental

Sensing in PZTRadiant Technologies Inc Albuquerque NM USA

radiantferrodevicescomRev B

August 27 2007



ndash The dipoles are tied directly to the lattice and their strengths aredetermined by the lattice spacing

ndash Force and temperature change the size of the lattice

ndash Since the dipoles hold the remanent electrical charge on the plates of theferroelectric capacitor force or temperature changes applied to thecapacitor cause the dipole strength to change and force electrons to flowonto or off of the capacitor plates to keep the net electric field of thecapacitor zero


Direct Piezoelectricity(The generation of charge due to the application of force)

The remanentdipoles exist without

an external forceapplied

An external forcestretching the latticestretches the dipolesCharge flows onto

the capacitor tocompensate

F

An external forcecompressing the

lattice shrinks thedipole Chargeflows off of the

capacitor tocompensate

F


Pyroelectricity

The remanentdipole existswithout anexternal appliedfield

A decrease in thetemperature makes the

lattice shrink moreasymmetrically andthe dipole strength

grows Charge flowsonto the capacitor to

compensate

An increase in thetemperature makes the

lattice expandallowing more

symmetry and thedipole strength

reduces Charge flowsoff of the capacitor to

compensate

(The generation of charge due to the change in temperature)


An environmental stimulus either force or temperature on a ferroelectriccapacitor causes the capacitor to change the amount of charge stored on itsplates An external sensor circuit should keep track of the total charge to leaveor enter the capacitor due to a stimulus The charge integrator circuit belowperforms this function

The Charge Amp Sensor Circuit

IntegratingCapacitor (Ci)

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

SensorCapacitor (Cs)

+

-Op Amp


An environmental stimulus forces charge to leave the capacitor The circuit willact to keep the ldquo-rdquo node of the operational amplifier equal in voltage to the ldquo+rdquonode ie ground Thus the output voltage will change to force current to flowthrough the integrating capacitor Ci from the ldquo-rdquo node so just as much chargeleaves the ldquo-rdquo node as enters the node from the sensor capacitor The voltage onCi which is also Vout is the sum of the charge that left or entered the sensorcapacitor since the measurement began The ldquo-rdquo node always stays at zerovolts

Sensor Circuit Operation


Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp


Conclusion SensorsForce (piezoelectricity) and temperature (pyroelectricity) sensing arisedirectly from the remanent polarization of ferroelectric capacitors Thecapacitors are exquisitely sensitive and rugged Simple circuits may beused to detect changes in the capacitors originating from environmentalenvironment changes around the capacitor


Return to Narrative


AbstractRadiant Technologies has created the Radiant EDU a simple low costlaboratory instrument with matching ferroelectric capacitor samplesspecifically for the purpose of introducing electro-ceramics to science andengineering students The unit is designed to study ferroelectric devices aswell as sensors and memories made from these components












-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage






-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

VoltsP

olar

izat

ion

(uC

cm^2

)

064u x 07u













Rev BAugust 27 2007


Overview








bull Syllabi





Capacitorunder test




To Host

Oscilloscope Input

Digital toAnalog

Converter

Analog toDigital

Converter

Cap A


with USB engine


Electrometer

AmpUSB



Hardware Design

Microprocessor



Stimulus Voltage


Cap AB Switches

OSC Port








Next page


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative












-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage






-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

VoltsP

olar

izat

ion

(uC

cm^2

)

064u x 07u













Rev BAugust 27 2007


Overview








bull Syllabi





Capacitorunder test




To Host

Oscilloscope Input

Digital toAnalog

Converter

Analog toDigital

Converter

Cap A


with USB engine


Electrometer

AmpUSB



Hardware Design

Microprocessor



Stimulus Voltage


Cap AB Switches

OSC Port








Next page


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative





-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

VoltsP

olar

izat

ion

(uC

cm^2

)

064u x 07u













Rev BAugust 27 2007


Overview








bull Syllabi





Capacitorunder test




To Host

Oscilloscope Input

Digital toAnalog

Converter

Analog toDigital

Converter

Cap A


with USB engine


Electrometer

AmpUSB



Hardware Design

Microprocessor



Stimulus Voltage


Cap AB Switches

OSC Port








Next page


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative













Rev BAugust 27 2007


Overview








bull Syllabi





Capacitorunder test




To Host

Oscilloscope Input

Digital toAnalog

Converter

Analog toDigital

Converter

Cap A


with USB engine


Electrometer

AmpUSB



Hardware Design

Microprocessor



Stimulus Voltage


Cap AB Switches

OSC Port








Next page


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative


Overview








bull Syllabi





Capacitorunder test




To Host

Oscilloscope Input

Digital toAnalog

Converter

Analog toDigital

Converter

Cap A


with USB engine


Electrometer

AmpUSB



Hardware Design

Microprocessor



Stimulus Voltage


Cap AB Switches

OSC Port








Next page


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative





Capacitorunder test




To Host

Oscilloscope Input

Digital toAnalog

Converter

Analog toDigital

Converter

Cap A


with USB engine


Electrometer

AmpUSB



Hardware Design

Microprocessor



Stimulus Voltage


Cap AB Switches

OSC Port








Next page


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative




To Host

Oscilloscope Input

Digital toAnalog

Converter

Analog toDigital

Converter

Cap A


with USB engine


Electrometer

AmpUSB



Hardware Design

Microprocessor



Stimulus Voltage


Cap AB Switches

OSC Port








Next page


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative


Hardware Design

Microprocessor



Stimulus Voltage


Cap AB Switches

OSC Port








Next page


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative







Next page


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative


Simple GUI



Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative


Data Plotting





-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative




-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

-50

-25

00

25

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Cha

rge

(nC

)




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative




-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5


Cha

rge

(nC

)

Voltage


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative


A PZT Capacitor


-75-50-2500255075

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[ 10ms period ]

Driv

e V

olts

Time (ms)

0

25

50

75

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative




-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative











Top view

COMMON CAP A


TO-18 Can


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative


The Packaged Die



bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 5V saturation




14mm










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative










capacitors



ndash Force sensor

ndash Heat sensor




PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative



PNZT


bull TiOxSiOx ILD


bull 15V saturation





05cm

10cm










Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative









Sensorcapacitor










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative










Coffee IceWater

IceWater

CoolerCoffee















bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative














bull Fax 505-842-0366






Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative





Rev BAugust 27 2007









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative









DIAMOND

Carbon

Lead


Oxygen




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative




Diamond





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative





- -

-

-

-

-

++

+

++

+

+

+

+



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative



+-E


+-

--

-










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative










+

-



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative



Q

V




(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative



(a)Dipole


+

-

CurrentMeter



move

(d)Dipole at zero


direction


+

-

-

++

-

+

-

(A)

Q

V

(B)

Q

V

(C)

Q

V

(A)

Q

V


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative


Memory


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage

Switching Half Loop



Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative


Mysteries of Memory


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-75 -50 -25 00 25 50 75


Pol

ariz

atio

n (micro

Cc

m2)

Voltage





Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative




Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative






August 27 2007












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative












F




F


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative


Pyroelectricity





compensate





compensate






Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative





Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci


+

-Op Amp





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative





Isensor

Vout =-∆Qsensor

Ci

Iout


+

-Op Amp




Return to Narrative




Return to Narrative

Radiant EDU Primer Rev B - personal.utulsa.edualexei-grigoriev/Radiant... · Sonar, medical...

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Transcript of Radiant EDU Primer Rev B - personal.utulsa.edualexei-grigoriev/Radiant... · Sonar, medical...