RAD 354 Chapt . 26 Digital Imaging
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Transcript of RAD 354 Chapt . 26 Digital Imaging
RAD 354 Chapt. 26Digital Imaging
• Many types/names for the digital imaging to come– Types• CR: Barium fluorohalide PSP• SPR (scan projection RAD): Nal scintillator/photodiode• Indirect DR: Csl, Gdos scintillator (Cesium Iodide ;
Gadolinium)• Indirect DR: Csl/Charge coupled device (CCD)
(amorphous selenium)• Direct DR: a-Se, Thin-film transistor
ES’s “Clever approach” (capture element, coupling element, collection element
• “Capture element” how the x-rays are captured (PSP’s, Csl,. Gado, etc.)
• “Coupling element” transferring the x-ray “signal” to the collection element
• “Collection element” devices to either collect light photons or electrons
Scan Projection Radiography
• As in CT, uses a “fan beam” (collimated by pre-pt collimators), Post pt., remnant beam is collimated to form a “fan” for the detector array – Neither the tube OR detector move!
• SPR is NOT too successful, but is hanging around
Charge Coupled Devices
• CCD’s are SMALL, thus GREAT for digital imaging– Have HIGHJ sensitivity to radiation and WIDE
dynamic range (dim to bright light)– STRAIGHT H & D “CURVE”
Types of CCD’s
• Cesium Iodide/CCD• Cesium Iodide/Amorphus Silicon• Amorphous Selenium
RAD 354 Chapt. 27 Digital Fluoro
• Terms to remember– DSA – digital subtraction angiography– Registration– Interrogation time– Hybrid subtraction– CCD = charge coupled device– ROI = region of interest– PACS = picture archival and communication system
Advantages of DF
• Speed of image acquisition• Post processing “tweaking” of the image(s)– Spatial resolution is determined by the matrix size
(usually 1024 X 1024) and the size of the image intensifier)
• DF operates at “conventional mAs” (hundreds of mA rather than less than 5 mA as conventional fluoro)
• BUT – DF operates in “pulsed, progressive” fluoro!
“Pulsing” Terms
• Interrogation time = time for unit to be switched on and reach the mA and kVp level
• Extinction time = time for the tube to be switched off (usually times less than 1 ms)
Receptor
• The “receptor” is usually a “charge coupled device” (CCD)– CCD’s are VERY sensitive to light and have a much
LOWER level of noise than a TV camera• This results in much HIGHER SNR than conventional TV
cameras/systems• They also have NO lag time or “blooming” and require
NO maintenance• CCD’s may be “docked” directly to the II’s output
phosphor
Advantages of CCD’s
• High spatial resolution• High SNR• High Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)• No warm up required No lag/blooming• No spatial distortion/maintenance• Unlimited life• Unaffected by magnetic fields• Lower pt. dose
CCD
DR SubtractionTWO Primary Types
• Temporal subtraction– Single kVp setting– Normal filtration– Good contrast resolution (1% @ 1 mm)– Simple arithmetic image subtraction used– Motion artifacts are a problem
(misrepresentation)– Total subtraction is able to be achieved– Subtraction limited by number of images
Energy Subtraction
• Rapid voltage switching is used• Filter switching is preferred• Higher x-ray energy used for + contrast resol.• Complex image subtraction is required• Motion artifacts (misrepresentation) are reduced• Some residual bone is survived (shows)• More types of subtraction are possible• IF BOTH ARE COMBINED = HYBRID SUBTRACTION
DF/D Subtraction RAD Dose
• DF & D Subtraction usually result in much higher pt. dose and PULSED imaging is required to lower the dose!
• Storage and image distribution are used as already discussed in class
Images
Lateral Cerebral DSA
DSA Hand
Latest in hybrid digital fluoro(Sunrise Hospital – 3.9 million $$$
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