Racial Issues in the 1920’s 13.3. 800,000 African Americans migrated north to join the many who...
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Racial Issues in the 1920’s13.3
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800,000 African Americans migrated north to join the many who did during WWI
More factory jobs in Northern cities
Large black communities develop in: -Chicago – New York City ––Detroit – Other Northern cities
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The Great Migration
Wanted better economic opportunities and less discrimination
Situation better but not perfectBlacks first to lose jobs during
early 1920s recessionViolence – race riots – racial
tension still existed even in North
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Harlem Renaissance
A cultural movement that embraced expression and equality for African-Americans
Centered in Harlem, NY-fashion, entertainment, nightlife– Mecca of “The New Negro”
Also influential to Blacks in Paris, Africa, and the Caribbean
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Harlem Renaissance “The New Negro Movement”
– Betterment of self, escape segregation and economic depravation
Emphasized racial pride, equality– Challenged racism, stereotypes– Promoted progressivism, socialism,
and integration– A freedom of expression
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Themes and characteristics Sociological development,
intellectualism Folk traditions Modern Black life Show humanity Modernism vs. Jazz
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Music
Jazz and Blues: emotional, social, innovation
Duke Ellington-The Cotton Club
Louis Armstrong, Billie Holliday
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Art Visual, photography,
painting, drawing, acting
• Reality brought to life
• Past experiences• Ambitions, dreams,
goals
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Literary Poets, playwrights, novelists, essayists.
– Inspire, influence,Express, progress
• New styles• Imitations of
classic style• Publication
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Intellectual W.E.B. Dubois
– Sociologist, writer– NAACP founder; The Crisis
Marcus Garvey– Pan-Africanism-Unite all Africans– Black Nationalism-independent
nation for all Blacks in Africa– UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement
Association) “Back to Africa”
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Why The Arts and Literature? Saw them as an agent of
change Means of expression and self-
determination Way to inspire and connect Open doors for new
opportunities
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Impact New identity for Blacks-from rural/
undereducated to urban/sophisticated
Players on the world stage Self-determination Set the stage for Civil Rights
Movement Inspiration for people worldwide Movement towards integration
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The Return of theKu Klux Klan
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Reestablishment of the Klan
1st Klan – 1865 - 1870Reestablished in 1915 William Joseph Simmons –
–Preacher –Brought the Klan back at Stone Mountain, GA
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Why did the Klan come back?Racism, industrialization, migration, immigration
Targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and radicals like Communists
Staged mass rallies, kidnappings, beatings, and lynching's
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LynchingA form of
violence, usually execution, outside the law to terrorize and intimidate a group of people
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The Fall of the KlanRapid Rise – Early 1920sAssisted by film Birth of a Nation– 6 million members in 1924
Rapid Decline – Late 1920s–30,000 members in 1930–Today – 6,000 members
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Fall of the KlanDecline Due To:-Negative publicity-D.C. Stevenson Rape Case-Publicity of Klan violence-Some law enforcement crackdowns
-Internal Klan corruption