Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)

8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)

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CHAPTER FOUR

IMMIGRATION


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IMMIGRATION,

A GLOBAL PHENOMENON

Immigration is a

worldwide

phenomenon and

contributes toglobalization as more

and more people see

the world as their

home rather thanone specific country.


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Immigration is usually generated from

countries with lower standards of living.

Wars and famine may hasten the

movement of many people to neighboring

countries.

Push/pull factors also come into play

An important factor is chain imm igrat ion,

an immigrant who sponsors several other

immigrants and who upon their arrival may

still sponsor more.


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PATTERNS OF IMMIGRATION

Immigrant numbers have fluctuated over time

due mainly to US policy changes;

Settlement centers in certain regions and

cities;

Most significant social force for immigration

has been economic;

Reception given to immigrants has not

always been friendly.


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12-13% of todays U.S. population is

foreign-born; The majority of todays 38.5 million

foreign-born people are from Latin

America; California, New York, Texas, Florida, New

Jersey and Illinois account for two-thirds ofthe nations total foreign-born population

but less than 40 percent of the nationstotal population, supporting the unevensettlement across the nation.


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EARLY IMMIGRATION

Xenophobia-the fear or hatred of strangersor foreigners, this fear has led to nat iv ism-the beliefs and policies favoring native-born

citizens over immigrants;Roman Catholics and the Irish were the first

to be ill-treated. The most dramatic outbreakof nativism was in the 19thcentury, aimed atthe Chinese.


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THE ANTI-CHINESE MOVEMENT

Sinophobes-

people with a fear of anything associated withChina;

In the early 1880s over 200,000 immigrated to theU.S.;

Chinese immigrants help to build the cross-continental railroad and then faced the Chinese

Exclusion Act, outlawing immigration for ten years. This law was extended in 1892 for another ten

years.


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CONFLICT THEORY

The Chinese were welcomed when their

labor skills and endurance were needed to

fuel the growth of the U.S. (The railroads)

When this labor was no longer needed, theChinese were then treated unfairly, race and

their culture became the critical issue.


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CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

1882- passed by Congress with little debate

Outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years

Denied naturalization to those Chinesealready in the United States

1892- Congress extended the act for another

10 years


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RESTRICTIONIST SENTIMENT INCREASES

After the Exclusion Act- Anti-Japanese

feelings grew

1908- Gentlemans agreement: Japan

agreed to halt further immigration and the

U.S. agreed to end discrimination against

those Japanese already in the U.S.

Immigration did end, but anti-Japanesefeelings did not


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THE NATIONAL ORIGIN SYSTEM

established quotas for how many immigrants

could enter the U.S. annually;

1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act- set

rules for becoming a citizen;

Naturalization is the granting of citizenship

on a person after birth;


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In 2000 & 2006, between 840,000 & 1,270,000people were admitted legally each year forthese reasons:

1. Relatives of citizens- 55%;

2. Relatives of legal residents- 9%;3. Employment based- 13%;

4. Refugees/people seeking politicalasylum- 17%;

5. Diversity (lottery among applications thatsend few immigrants)-3%;

6. other reasons- 3%.


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FIGURE 4.4: LEGAL IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED TO

THE US

2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. All rightsreserved.


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CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL CONCERNS

Brain Drain-

immigration of skilled workers, professionals and

technicians who are desperately needed by their

home countries.

In the past Brain Drain immigration was mainly from

Germany and Great Britain;

More recent Brain Drain comes from developingnations, including Pakistan, India, the Philippines

and several African nations.


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CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL CONCERNS

CONT

Mixed-Status Fam il ies-families that include members as citizens andmembers as non-citizens. Many legal residents limittheir daily activities for fear of revealing

undocumented members. Language Barriers -

the use of two or more languages in places of workor education and the treatment of each language

as legitimate is bi l ingual ism. Allowing students tolearn in their native language while they learn asecond language is called, bi l ingual educat ion.


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FIGURE 4.5: TEN LANGUAGES MOST

FREQUENTLY SPOKEN AT HOME



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LANGUAGE CONT

As of 2011, 30 states have made English

their official language;

Efforts to amend the constitution declaring

English as the nation's official language have

been made;

This would not outlaw bilingual government

services but would require certain servicesbe in multiple languages such as voting.


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ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION

There are currently more than 11.2 million

illegal or unauthorized immigrants in the

U.S.;

They are pulled by the lure of prosperity and

better lives for their children and pushed out

of their native lands by unemployment,

poverty, etc.


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ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION

They are tied to almost every social problemin the nation by the public;

Citizens who are Hispanic or Asian may be

greeted with distrust and prejudice uponhearing their names, assuming that they areillegal.

The vital economic and cultural contributionsto the U.S. are and have been overlooked formany years


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ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION

Following 9/11, greater

control of border traffic

took on a new sense of

urgency, even though

almost all of the men thattook over the planes

entered the U.S. legally.

The Department of Home

Land Security alsofollowed 9/11 in of March

2003, formerly know as

the INS.


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PATH TO CITIZENSHIP:NATURALIZATION

Naturalization- conferring of citizenship on a person

after birth.

Five general rules for becoming a citizen-

1. be 182. have continually resided in U.S. at least 5 yrs. (3

yrs. for spouse)

3. have good moral character4. ability to read, speak and understand English

5. pass a test on U.S. government and history


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TABLE 4.3: SO YOU WANT TO BE A CITIZEN?



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ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION

Remittances- (migradollars)-

monies immigrants return to their

country of origin; overall,immigrants adapt well and are an

asset to local communities;

however in heavy immigration in

some areas may drain communityresources and competition for low

paying jobs.


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WOMEN AND IMMIGRATION

Women face all the

normal challenges of

overseeing their

household, plus theadded pressure of

being in a new

country and trying to

move ahead in adifferent culture.


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GLOBAL ECONOMY AND IMMIGRATION

Global izat ion-

worldwide integration

of government

policies, cultures,social movements,

and financial markets

through trade,

movement of people,and the exchange of

ideas.


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GLOBAL ECONOMY AND IMMIGRATION

Transnationals-

immigrants that

sustain multiple socialrelationships linking

their societies of

origin and settlement.


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THE ENVIRONMENT AND IMMIGRATION

The environment and immigration are linked;

1. Environmental factors are behind a

significant amount of world migration-

cl imate refugees;

2. Some environmentalists favor reducing or

ending the U.S. population growth by

imposing more restrictive immigrationspolicies.


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REFUGEES

Refugees-

people living outside their country ofcitizenship for fear of political or religious

persecution; There are about 11 million refugees

worldwide;

The U.S. makes the largest financialcontribution of any nation to worldwideassistance programs for refugees.


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CHAPTER 7-

THE MAKING OF

AFRICAN

AMERICANS IN A

WHITE AMERICA


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SLAVERY

CONTEMPORARY

INSTITUTIONAL AND

INDIVIDUALRACISM, WHICH IS

CENTRAL TO

TODAYS

CONFLICTS, HASITS ORIGINS IN THE

INSTIUTTION OF

SLAVERY.


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THE FIRST TO ARRIVE

1619- 20 Africans arrived in Jamestown and

were indentured servants;

Their children were free people at birth;

By 1660, the British colonies passed laws

and slavery began in North America.


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SLAVE CODES

Slavery in the U.S. was based on 5 central

conditions:

1) Slavery was for life;

2) The status was inherited;

3) Slaves were considered property;

4) Slaves were denied rights;5) Oppression was used to maintain the

system.


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Salve codes-

were laws that defined the low position ofslaves in the U.S. (Page 176- 13 commonfeatures of slave codes)

The slave family had no standing in law-

marriages were not recognized; Slaves did mange to maintain a strong

religious tradition. Church was the only social

institution they were allowed to participate in;however they were forbidden to practice theirnative religion.


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AFRICAN AMERICANS AND AFRICA

The survival of African culture can be most easily

documented in folklore, religion, language and

music;

Research has identified remnants of grammar andsentence construction in the speech patterns of

low-income and rural blacks;

Ebonicsis the distinctive dialect, with complex

language structure, that is found among blackAmericans


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EBONICS

Minny near bout the best cook in Hinds County, maybe even

all a Mississippi. The Junior League Benefit come around

ever fall and they be wanting her to make ten caramel cakes

to auction off. She ought a be the most sought-after help in

the state. Problem is, Minny got a mouth on her. Shealways talking back. One day it be the white manager a the

Jitney Jungle grocery, next day it be her husband, and ever

day its gone be the white lady she waiting on. The only

reason she waiting on Miss Walter is Miss Walter be deaf asa doe-nob.

The Help, page 7


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THE ATTACK ON SLAVERY

Abolitionists, or antislavery advocates

included both whites and blacks;

Harriet Tubman along with others, developed

the Underground Railroad to assist escapingslaves to freedom in the North and Canada;


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SLAVERYS AFTERMATH

January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamationwas issued; however it only freed slaves inthe confederacy,

Six months later, the 13thAmendmentabolished slavery throughout the nation;

In 1870, the 15thAmendment was ratified,prohibiting the denial of the right to vote onthe grounds of color, race, or previouscondition of servitude;


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SLAVERYS AFTERMATH

In 1896, the United States Supreme Courtruled in Plessy v. Fergusonthat state lawsrequiring separate but equalaccommodations for blacks were a

reasonable use of state governmentpower; this ruling strengthened Jim Crowlaws

J im Crow -southern laws passed in the late19thcentury that kept Blacks in theirsubordinate position; these laws enforcedofficial segregation.


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REPARATIONS FOR SLAVERY

Slavery reparations refers to the act of

making amends for the injustice of slavery.

In 2009, Congress issued a joint resolution

apologizing for slavery but it contained a specificdisclaimer that nothing in the resolution

authorized or supported any claim against the U.S.

Celebrations of the Civil war speak of not forgetting

the bravery of the soldiers but never make mention

of slavery.


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THE CHALLENGE OF BLACK LEADERSHIP

Booker T. Washington- politics of accommodation-compromise;

W.E.B.DuBois- was critical of Washington;

- Thought education for African Americans should

emphasize academics, was the 1stBlack to earn adoctorate from Harvard;

- Meetings at Niagara Falls- the result of thesemeetings placed the responsibility for problems

facing blacks on the shoulder of whites;- In 1910 the NAACP was founded by the NiagaraMovement.


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THE CHALLENGE OF BLACK LEADERSHIP

DuBois felt that Washingtons ideas

encouraged Whites to place the burden of

Black problems on themselves;

DuBois believed in the Talented Tenth-meaning that privileged Blacks should serve

the other 9/10s and that the emphasis on

education should be on academics and notvocational.


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REEMERGENCE OF BLACK PROTEST

Racial turmoil during WWII included marches for

employment opportunities and racial disturbances

in cities throughout the country;

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)- 1942-founded to fight discrimination with nonviolent direct

action;

Phillip Randolph- threatened a march on

Washington to ensure employment of Blacks in1941 of nonviolent direct action, modeling the

practices of Mahatma Gandhi


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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

It is suggested by theauthor that the civilrights movementbegan with Brown v.

Board o f Educationof Topeka, Kansas.This ruling ended theassigning of students

to schools on thebasis of race ratherthan neighborhood.


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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

Civil disobedience is

based on the belief

that people have theright to disobey the

law under certain

circumstances- Rosa

Parks


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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

Martin Luther King developed a strategy of

nonviolent disobedience to unjust laws;

1.Active nonviolent resistance,

2. Seek to win friendship and understanding or

opponents,

3.Accept suffering without retaliation

* It does not include passive acceptance of

injustice.


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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

1973- Government records became public

revealing a systematic campaign by the FBI

to penetrate civil rights groups, all in an effort

to discredit them in the belief that theseactivist groups were subversive.


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URBAN VIOLENCE AND OPPRESSION

Riff-raff theory -violence in the 60s was said to be caused bymostly unemployed youths who had criminalrecords and were outnumbered by the African

Americans. Relat ive deprivat ion -conscious feeling of a

negative discrepancy between legitimateexpectations and present actualities;

Rising expectat ions -refers to increasing sense of frustration thatlegitimate needs are being blocked.


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BLACK POWER

Stok ley Carm ichael-

distanced himself from King, he proclaimedWhat we need is Black Power.

The Black Pan ther Partywas organized in 1966 with the intention torepresent urban blacks in a political climate

that the Panthers felt was unresponsive.


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THE RELIGIOUS FORCE

Historically, black leaders have emergedfrom the pulpits to seek rights on behalf of allblacks;

Today, the Christian faiths are embraced bymost African Americans, with most beingProtestant.

A few non-Christian groups have influencedAfrican Americans such as the Nation ofIslam and Black Muslims.


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THE NEW IMMIGRATION

A dramatic flow of

immigrants has come

from Africa and the

Caribbean today; These new

immigrants face all

the problems of

transitioning into anew society as with

other immigrants.


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CHAPTER 8

AFRICAN AMERICANS TODAY


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Race is socially constructed, but that doesnot mean that being Black does not haveconsequences and being White carriesprivileges. Despite the publicity given to

obvious discrimination that has persistedwell into the present, a superficial sense ofcomplacency about the position of African

Americans in the United States exists nowin the twenty-first century

Page 198


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EDUCATION

A gap in the percentage of African Americans andwhite students graduating from high school stillexists, though this gap is narrowing;

Inadequate conditions of the schools themselves

are related to the higher dropout rate amongAfrican Americans;

Although several of these problems can beaddressed with more adequate funding, there aremany disagreements over what changes wouldlead to the best outcome;

Fi 8 1 P t f Ad lt


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EDUCATION

Fifty years after Brown v. Board of Ed.,schools are still segregated as a result of defactosegregation;(residential paterns)

Trackinga practice of placing students in specificcurriculum groups on the basis of test scoresand other criteria, whites are more likely tobe placed in college preparatory coursesthan are blacks.

ACTING WHITE ACTING BLACK OR


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ACTING WHITE, ACTING BLACK, OR

NEITHER

A common view

advanced by some

educators is that the

reason AfricanAmericans, especially

males, do not

succeed in school is

that they dont want tobe caught acting

white


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THE ECONOMIC PICTURE

There is a significant gap between theincomes of black and white families in the

U.S. The poverty rate for blacks is 3 times

that of whites;Wealth shows even greater disparity

between whites and blacks than does

income.

Fi 8 2 I G Bl k


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Figure 8.2: Income Gap: Black

versus White



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EMPLOYMENT


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EMPLOYMENT

Official unemployment rate is higher for blacksfor many reasons, including living in adepressed economy of central cities, immigrantsand illegal aliens presenting competition andmore middle-class women entering the labor

force; Underemployment-refers to working at a job

which one is overqualified, involuntarily workingpart-time, or being employed only intermittently;

African Americans, who constitute 12% of thepopulation, are underrepresented in high-status,high-paying occupations.


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FAMILIY LIFE

Challenges for the family include-about 1/3 of African American householdshad both a father and mother present in

2007; For many single African American women

living in poverty, having a child is an addedburden- extended family may ease thatburden.

Figure 8 4: Living Arrangements for


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Figure 8.4: Living Arrangements for

Children Younger Than 18


STRENGTHS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN


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STRENGTHS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN

FAMILIES

Strengths despite theirchallenges include successdespite discrimination and

economic hardship,s t rong k insh ip bonds, astrong wo rk or ientat ion,adaptabi l i ty of fam ily

roles, strong achievement

or ientat ion,and astrong rel ig ious

orientat ion.


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AFRICAN AMERICAN MIDDLE CLASS

In 2008, nearly 1/4 of African Americansearned more that the median income for

whites, at least 23 % are then middle class or

higher;William J. Wilson stated that, class has

become more important than race in

determining black life chances in the modernworld.


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HOUSING

The quality of black housing is inferior to whites atall income levels, yet blacks pay a larger proportionof their income for shelter;

Housing was the last major areas to be covered by

civil rights legislation; Redlining-refers to the practice of discrimination

against people trying to buy homes in minority andracially changing neighborhoods;

Zoning laws- enacted to ensure that specificstandards of housing construction will be satisfied.


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CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Data collected by the FBI show that blacksaccount for 28% of arrests, even though they

represent only 12% of the population;

In contrast, African Americans are especiallylikely to be victims of serious crimes and

35% more likely to be victims of violent

crimes;


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CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Differential jus t ice-is that whites are dealt with more lenientlythan blacks, whether at the time of arrest,

indictment, conviction, sentencing, or parole; Vict im discoun t ing-

refers to societys tendency to view crimes as

less socially significant if the victim is viewedas less worthy.


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HEALTH CARE

Compared to whites, blacks have higher deathrates from disease of the heart, pneumonia,diabetes, and cancer;

The con f l ic t p erspect ivesuggest that racial

tensions contribute to the medical problems ofblacks;

Additionally, problems associated with toxicpollution and hazardous garbage dumps are more

likely to be faced by low-income black communitiesthan their affluent counterparts.


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POLITICS

It was not until1928 that a black was againelected to Congress, recent years have

brought improvement in the numbers of

elected officials; Gerrymander ing

refers to the bizarre outlining of districts to

create politically advantageous outcomes.


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BCC-WEEK TWO QUIZ

Quiz #2 will be available onblack board-

beginning at 10:00pmtonight,

September 11, 2013until the end of the day

(11:59 PM)

September 14, 2013

20 questions,25 minutes,

Good luck!


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CCC-WEEK TWO QUIZ

Quiz #2 will be available onblack board-

beginning at 10:00pmtonight,

March 14, 2013until the end of the day

(11:59 PM)

March 17, 2013

20 questions,25 minutes,

Good luck!

Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)

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Transcript of Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)